288 lines
37 KiB
XML
288 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="5A94A6BE2A2B465804023972950E30CE">
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<mods:title id="4768A1ADC8325608C8698FF9BF62564B">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ED7DB668943BCEAEA8A8EB935A24EF79">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67D5FA60181AB567CB7ABC2145069011">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="FA52D9849531B95A60B6075CD09BB868">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:placeTerm id="4306336CAD54E9E02EA4A77DE6C89374">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="FCD1CBDBE733EE6E2F54FE7BACA879D0">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="62792011E70D0802C54D60E8B89F8489">716</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="C7F79D7F354F6124F67A88AF54ABDA8D" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF4C6AFCFA86929B1A7EBDAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6564725" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628170" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6564725" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF4C6AFCFA86929B1A7EBDAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF4C6AFCFA86929B1A7EBDAC" lastPageId="184" lastPageNumber="946" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3FA86929B1BCCBFC6" box="[1402,1484,1218,1268]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA86929B1BCCBFC6" blockId="183.[1400,2340,1218,1308]" box="[1402,1484,1218,1268]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<heading id="9F638192FF4C6AF3FA86929B1BCCBFC6" box="[1402,1484,1218,1268]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF4C6AF3FA86929B1BCCBFC6" box="[1402,1484,1218,1268]" captionStart="Plate 71: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="175.[135,165,3283,3308]" captionTargetBox="[14,2759,17,3659]" captionTargetPageId="174" captionText="394. Gray Myotis (Myotis grisescens), 395. South-eastern Myotis (Myotis austroriparius), 396. Yuma Myotis (Myotis yumanensis), 397. Cave Myotis (Myotis velifer), 398. Peninsular Myotis (Myotis peninsularis), 399. Guatemalan Myotis (Myotis cobanensis), 400. Chilean Myotis (Myotis chiloensis), 401. Silver-upped Myotis (Myotis albescens), 402. Yellowish Myotis (Myotis levis), 403. Dinelli’s Myotis (Myotis dinellu), 404. Izecksohn’s Myotis (Myotis izecksohni), 405. LaVal's Myotis (Myotis lavali), 406. Montane Myotis (Myotis oxyotus), 407. Clyde Jones's Myotis (Myotis clydejonesi), 408. Schwartz's Myotis (Myotis martiniquensis), 409. Dominican Myotis (Myotis dominicensis), 410. Barbados Myotis (Myotis nyctor), 411. Atacama Myotis (Myotis atacamensis), 412. Curacao Myotis (Myotis nesopolus), 413. Colombian Black Myotis (Myotis caucensis), 414. Sir David Attenborough’s Myotis (Myotis attenboroughi), 415. Handley’s Myotis (Myotis handleyi), 416. Diminutive Myotis (Myotis diminutus), 417. Common Black Myotis (Myotis nigricans), 418. Brandt's Myotis (Myotis brandtii), 419. Siberian Whiskered Myots (Myotis sibiricus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398942/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">417.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3FA22929B19B6BFC6" box="[1502,1974,1218,1268]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA22929B19B6BFC6" blockId="183.[1400,2340,1218,1308]" box="[1502,1974,1218,1268]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<heading id="9F638192FF4C6AF3FA22929B19B6BFC6" box="[1502,1974,1218,1268]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF4C6AF3FA22929B19B6BFC6" ID-CoL="8LZKK" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1502,1974,1218,1268]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">Common Black Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3F816929B1723BFC6" box="[2026,2339,1218,1268]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3F816929B1723BFC6" blockId="183.[1400,2340,1218,1308]" box="[2026,2339,1218,1268]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<heading id="9F638192FF4C6AF3F816929B1723BFC6" box="[2026,2339,1218,1268]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F816929B1723BFC6" ID-CoL="8LZKK" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[2026,2339,1218,1268]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF4C6AF3F816929B1723BFC6" box="[2026,2339,1218,1268]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Myotis nigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3FA85935F16D3BE29" box="[1401,2259,1286,1307]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA85935F16D3BE29" blockId="183.[1400,2340,1218,1308]" box="[1401,2259,1286,1307]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<heading id="9F638192FF4C6AF3FA85935F16D3BE29" box="[1401,2259,1286,1307]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF4C6AF3FA85935F1BC5BE29" bold="true" box="[1401,1477,1286,1307]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF4C6AF3FA33935F185ABE29" ID-CoL="8LZKK" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1487,1626,1286,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">Murin noiratre</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF4C6AF3F98C935F18CBBE29" bold="true" box="[1648,1739,1286,1307]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF4C6AF3F92F935F199FBE29" ID-CoL="8LZKK" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1747,1951,1286,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">Schwarzes Mausohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF4C6AF3F84F935F160EBE29" bold="true" box="[1971,2062,1286,1307]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF4C6AF3F7E5935F16D3BE29" ID-CoL="8LZKK" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[2073,2259,1286,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">Ratonero hollinoso</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3F82193101627BEA0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3F82193101627BEA0" blockId="183.[2013,2606,1353,1781]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF4C6AF3F82193101678BE58" bold="true" box="[2013,2168,1353,1386]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F76193101621BEA0" ID-CoL="1612d0fb-0836-46d2-a179-8fd46e4fdf72" authority="Schinz, 1821" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">Vespertilio nigricans Schinz, 1821</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3F7CF932C1779BD1D" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3F7CF932C1779BD1D" blockId="183.[2013,2606,1353,1781]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF4C6AF3F7CF932C1779BD1D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319704" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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“Ostkiiste von
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF4C6AF3F702932C1778BEA0" box="[2302,2424,1397,1426]" name="Brazil" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Brasilien</collectingCountry>
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[= east coast of
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF4C6AF3F7FD93F9165BBE8B" box="[2049,2139,1440,1465]" name="Brazil" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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].” Based on neotype selection, restricted by R. K. LaVal in 1973 to “
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F64293991413BED3" box="[2494,2579,1472,1505]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="km" value="42.0">42 km</quantity>
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S
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF4C6AF3F82293BE16B0BD3A" box="[2014,2224,1511,1544]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
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[Seropédica Municipality,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF4C6AF3F822904F16FCBD1D" box="[2014,2300,1558,1583]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Rio de Janeiro State</collectingRegion>
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],
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF4C6AF3F6E9904F1769BD1D" box="[2325,2409,1558,1583]" name="Brazil" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3F82290631766BCA0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3F82290631766BCA0" blockId="183.[2013,2606,1353,1781]" lastBlockId="183.[1399,2607,1787,3477]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
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Subgenus Pizonyx;
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F71590631758BD65" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1806" box="[2281,2392,1594,1623]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albescens">albescens</taxonomicName>
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species group. Based on morphology and molecular data,
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F7CD90DC16DBBD94" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1821" box="[2097,2267,1669,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="944" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">M. nigricans</taxonomicName>
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is a complex of undescribed cryptic species. Recent taxonomic revisions of population samples previously identified as
|
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F9CB90A218E0BC2E" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1821" box="[1591,1760,1787,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="944" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">M. nigricans</taxonomicName>
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||
have resulted in new species (e.g. M.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F6E990A2175DBC2E" box="[2325,2397,1787,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lavali">lavali</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F68D90A21427BC2E" box="[2417,2599,1787,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clydejonesi">M. clydejonesi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3FA85917A1855BC76" box="[1401,1621,1827,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenboroughi">M. attenboroughi</taxonomicName>
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, M.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F969917A1900BC76" box="[1685,1792,1827,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="handleyi">handleyi</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F8AC917A1603BC76" authorityName="Moratelli & Wilson" authorityYear="2011" box="[1872,2051,1827,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diminutus">M. diminutus</taxonomicName>
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) and raising subspecies to species level (e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3FA3F9113186FBC59" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1914" box="[1475,1647,1866,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="944" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caucensis">M. caucensis</taxonomicName>
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||
). Nevertheless, thorough taxonomic revision of all populations currently referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F9649128193DBCA0" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1821" box="[1688,1853,1905,1938]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="944" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">M. nigricans</taxonomicName>
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is needed. Four subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3FA8491C017A4B3FC" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA8491C01806B33B" blockId="183.[1399,2607,1787,3477]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF4C6AF3FA8491C01909BC88" bold="true" box="[1400,1801,1945,1978]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3FA85919C1806B33B" authority="Schinz, 1821" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1821" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricans" subSpecies="nigricans">M.n.nigricansSchinz,1821—SouthAmericaNof¢.26°S,includingTrinidadandTobagoIs.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA859E491923B36A" blockId="183.[1399,2607,1787,3477]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3FA859E491923B36A" authority="LaVal, 1973" authorityName="LaVal" authorityYear="1973" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricans" subSpecies="carteri">M.n.carteriLaVal,1973—PacificcoastofMexico,fromNayaritandMichoacantoBalsasBasininSMexicoState.</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA859E3B19D2B395" blockId="183.[1399,2607,1787,3477]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3FA859E3B19FDB34D" authority="G. S. Miller & G. M. Allen, 1928" authorityName="G. S. Miller & G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1928" box="[1401,2045,2146,2175]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricans" subSpecies="extremus">M. n. extremus G. S. Miller & G. M. Allen, 1928</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Gulf coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF4C6AF3F7279E3B1741B34D" box="[2267,2369,2146,2175]" name="Mexico" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
from S
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF4C6AF3F64F9E3B1BA5B395" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
|
||
S through Central America to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF4C6AF3F8A79EDF19CDB395" box="[1883,1997,2182,2215]" name="Panama" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA859EF417A4B3FC" blockId="183.[1399,2607,1787,3477]" box="[1401,2468,2221,2254]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3FA859EF41909B3FC" authority="Cornalia, 1849" authorityName="Cornalia" authorityYear="1849" box="[1401,1801,2221,2254]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricans" subSpecies="osculatii">M. n. osculatii Cornalia, 1849</taxonomicName>
|
||
— throughout the Andes from c.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1A05039FF4C6AF3F72E9EF41711B3FC" box="[2258,2321,2221,2254]" degrees="5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" precision="55555" value="5.0">5° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
to c.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1A05039FF4C6AF3F6A99EF417A1B3FC" box="[2389,2465,2221,2254]" degrees="15" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" precision="55555" value="-15.0">15° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3FA849E8C163FB0D6" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA849E8C163FB0D6" blockId="183.[1399,2607,1787,3477]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF4C6AF3FA849E8C1870B3C4" bold="true" box="[1400,1648,2261,2294]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F8BC9E8C19DAB3C4" box="[1856,2010,2261,2294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="45.5" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="39.0">39-52 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F7DA9E8C16BCB3C4" box="[2086,2236,2261,2294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="33.5" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="28.0">28-39 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F6F79E8C17A0B3C4" box="[2315,2464,2261,2294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">10-14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3FA859EA51BEAB22F" box="[1401,1514,2300,2333]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.0">6-9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 31-2-36-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F9149EA5193BB22F" box="[1768,1851,2300,2333]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F8539EA519FAB22F" box="[1967,2042,2300,2333]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="g" value="5.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.0">3-7 g</quantity>
|
||
. Fur is silky and moderately long (dorsal fur
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3FA559F711818B277" box="[1449,1560,2344,2373]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.0">6-9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; ventral fur
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F9409F711931B277" box="[1724,1841,2344,2373]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5—7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Dorsal hairs are bicolored, with black bases (two-thirds the length) and blackish brown to medium brown tips (one-third). In some darker specimens, dorsal hairs are nearly unicolored. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with black bases and yellowish brown to ocherous buff tips. Ears are comparatively short (length), extending forward halfway from eye to nostril. Tragus is long and slender, tapering slightly at tip. Membranes are mummy brown or blackish. Plagiopatagium is attached to feet by a broad band of membrane;fringe of hairs along trailing edge of uropatagium is absent. Skull is medium-sized (greatest length of skull 12-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F7C89C6116B8B16B" box="[2100,2232,2616,2649]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="8.0">8-15 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Generally, parietals slope forward in lateral view, and occipital usually projects well behind posterior limit of occipital condyles; sagittal is normally absent, but if present,it is always low. P* usually is aligned in tooth row and visible in labial view, but in some individuals,it is displaced lingually and not clearly visible labially. Bacular sizes and proportions are extremely variable among localities; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF4C6AF3F9D59CA71890B02D" box="[1577,1680,2814,2847]" name="Mexico" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Central America, and South America, respectively, mean lengths are
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3FA569D701825B074" box="[1450,1573,2857,2886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="33.5" valueMax="67.0" valueMin="0.0">0-67 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F9CF9D7018AEB074" box="[1587,1710,2857,2886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="34.0" valueMax="68.0" valueMin="0.0">0-68 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F9059D701973B074" box="[1785,1907,2857,2886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="34.5" valueMax="69.0" valueMin="0.0">0-69 mm</quantity>
|
||
; mean depths are
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F7929D7016E8B074" box="[2158,2280,2857,2886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="0.0">0-28 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F70B9D701772B074" box="[2295,2418,2857,2886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="0.0">0-27 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F6409D701426B074" box="[2492,2598,2857,2886]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.0">0-3 mm</quantity>
|
||
; and mean widths are
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F9619D0C1918B05C" box="[1693,1816,2901,2926]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="18.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="0.0">0-36 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F8D49D0C19A3B05C" box="[1832,1955,2901,2926]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="0.0">0-32 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F8139D0C166BB05C" box="[2031,2155,2901,2926]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="31.0" valueMin="0.0">0-31 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with three large pairs and one small pair of metacentric and 17 pairs of medium to minute acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is small submetacentric.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3FA8B9DB31632B768" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA8B9DB31632B768" blockId="183.[1399,2607,1787,3477]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF4C6AF3FA8B9DB31BE6B739" bold="true" box="[1399,1510,3050,3083]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Virtually every tropical and subtropical forest formation, savannas, wetlands, scrublands, agricultural landscapes, and peri-urban areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3FA009A641867B768" box="[1532,1639,3133,3162]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
|
||
(more common below
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF4C6AF3F8459A641623B768" box="[1977,2083,3133,3162]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF4C6AF3FA8B9A391780B6A7" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF4C6AF3FA8B9A391780B6A7" blockId="183.[1399,2607,1787,3477]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF4C6AF3FA8B9A391882B7B3" bold="true" box="[1399,1666,3168,3201]" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Common Black
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F8429A391618B7B3" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1982,2072,3168,3201]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is forages in forests and forest edges and over water. It catches insects in flight, and usually forages near the surface of water or a few meters aboveground. Its diet includes various insects, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F6529AF61BAFB7CA" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3FA439A8E185DB7CA" box="[1471,1629,3287,3320]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F9509A8E1918B7CA" box="[1708,1816,3287,3320]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other arthropods such as spiders. Small seeds were found in feces of an individual from Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Plant remains were also found in the stomach of a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF4C6AF3F8309B7C1660B674" box="[1996,2144,3365,3398]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="183" pageNumber="945">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. These observations suggest that the Common Black
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F96C9B1418EAB65C" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1680,1770,3405,3438]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be the only species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF4C6AF3F77D9B1416D4B65C" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2177,2260,3405,3438]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="945" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
that eats plant parts, but rarity of these reports might suggest that plant consumption is incidental.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF436AFCFF5397411B63B882" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF436AFCFF5397411B63B882" blockId="184.[174,1385,280,1699]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF436AFCFF5397411F36BA0B" bold="true" box="[175,310,280,313]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In tropical climates, the Common Black
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF436AFCFC8A97411DCEBA0B" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[886,974,280,313]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be polyestrous. Observations from Barro Colorado Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF436AFCFD16971A1D5BBA52" box="[746,859,323,352]" name="Panama" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, show that mating and implantation occur in late December and earlyJanuary. Gestation lasts c.60 days, and first parturition peak occurs in February. Parturition is followed by postpartum estrus and repeat of the reproductive cycle resulting in second birth peak in April-May and third in August. After third birth peak, reproductive activity declines until late December when the new annual cycle begins. First birth peak results in a maximum number of young that are weaned in April, coinciding with onset of rainy season and increased insect availability. Decrease in reproductive activity from August seems to be correlated with seasonal insect supply, such that no young are weaned during dry season when insects are relatively scarce. Spermatogenic cycle of males is in synchrony with female cycle. Spermatogenesis slows or stops in September—-November, and no sperm storage occurs. Common Black
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF436AFCFEAD94A81FAAB820" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[337,426,753,786]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF436AFCFDFE94A81C67B820" box="[514,615,753,786]" name="Mexico" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
have a pattern of reproduction more similar to that of species in temperate zones, with one annual reproductive peak. Females give birth to one young that remain attached to them for the three first days oflife; then they are left in large nursery groups when mothers leave to feed at night. Males become reproductively active at 15-17 weeks old, and females can mate when they are ¢.8 weeks old.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF436AFCFF5395EF1A1ABFAF" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF436AFCFF5395EF1A1ABFAF" blockId="184.[174,1385,280,1699]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF436AFCFF5395EF1F9AB8E5" bold="true" box="[175,410,950,983]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Common Black
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF436AFCFD7595EF1CE2B8E5" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[649,738,950,983]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
often emerge from diurnal roosts before sunset. Activity peaks occur immediately after dusk and just before dawn, periods that correspond to periods of greatest abundance of flying diurnal and nocturnal insects. In Brazilian Atlantic Forest, individuals returned to roosts ¢.b hours after sunset and leave again to forage c.1 hour before dawn. Roosts include hollow trees, under foliage, caves, rock crevices, buildings (e.g. roofs), bridges, and mines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF436AFCFF4D92FB1ACEBE83" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF436AFCFF4D92FB1ACEBE83" blockId="184.[174,1385,280,1699]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF436AFCFF4D92FB1D65BFF1" bold="true" box="[177,869,1186,1219]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
On Barro Colorado Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF436AFCFB1092FB1B5EBFF1" box="[1260,1374,1186,1219]" name="Panama" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, some Common Black
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF436AFCFE1692931C44BFD9" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[490,580,1226,1259]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
could return to the roost from distances of up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF436AFCFAFB92931B5FBFD9" box="[1287,1375,1226,1259]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
|
||
. Common Black
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF436AFCFE6892AB1FEEBE21" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[404,494,1266,1299]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are colonial and form groups of hundreds of individuals. Small to large clusters of females, young of both sexes, and few adult males suggest a social hierarchy such as harem formation. Most of males in roosts are solitary. Common Black
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF436AFCFEF793311F65BEBB" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[267,357,1384,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually share roosts with other bat species, such as Pallas’s Mastiff Bat (Molossus molossus) and the Greater Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF436AFCFF4D93EE1AA3BECD" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF436AFCFF4D93EE1AA3BECD" blockId="184.[174,1385,280,1699]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF436AFCFF4D93EE1C0FBEEA" bold="true" box="[177,527,1463,1496]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Common Black
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF436AFCFEAE93871FACBECD" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[338,428,1502,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread and presumably has a large population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF436AFCFF4E90571A7EBDAC" pageId="184" pageNumber="946" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF436AFCFF4E90571A7EBDAC" blockId="184.[174,1385,280,1699]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF436AFCFF4E90571F4BBD15" bold="true" box="[178,331,1550,1575]" pageId="184" pageNumber="946">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bogan (1978), Larsen, Knapp et al. (2012), LaVal (1973b), Lopez-Gonzélez et al. (2001), Moratelli & Morielle-Versute (2007), Moratelli & Wilson (2011), Moratelli, Gardner et al. (2013), Moratelli, Peracchi et al. (2011), Moratelli, Wilson, Gardner et al. (2016), Moratelli, Wilson, Novaes et al. (2017), Novaes et al. (2015), Solari (2019j), Wied-Neuwied (1826), Wilson (1971, 2008b, 2014b), Wilson & LaVal (1974).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |