288 lines
34 KiB
XML
288 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="3A5A8AAEB4CAF13EDA603CF641641EB7" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.203509" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ec5e2890-7fa0-4e39-ae83-413a82ffc5cd" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="203509" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460330696900" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Maciel, Adriano O. & Hoogmoed, Marinus S." docDate="2011" docId="3E0BA8424D442A4ABD96D48D1A63F883" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02984p053.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2984" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Siphonops annulatus Mikan 1820" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="C232D03A4D5B2A55BD01D41A1954FFDD" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and distribution of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) of Brazilian Amazonia, with a key to their identification" masterLastPageNumber="53" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1698258619034" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A7BC35558BB89F5D393F3F0C993F3FB6">Taxonomy and distribution of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) of Brazilian Amazonia, with a key to their identification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="61EC2E261520A1C5B41BBF04E77A3078">Maciel, Adriano O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E2411E19F023E9A85E51B7468BA9B4C">Hoogmoed, Marinus S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8F3358B66D4A8D3AC5430029FF9182ED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="73D946D4A9FF3DAE66F03B7F3B2BAA6A">
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<mods:date id="B228782725A251D804ED0449CE435D1F">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="734403514CA34292781FFEC770F8B392" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="60B4AD54F7FBDBB0686BA4E97E13AF35">2984</mods:number>
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<treatment id="3E0BA8424D442A4ABD96D48D1A63F883" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5635419" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119404458" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5635419" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3E0BA8424D442A4ABD96D48D1A63F883" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E0BA8424D442A4ABD96D48D1A63F883" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<subSubSection id="FEB84ADF4D442A4ABD96D48D1B75FF29" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABD96D48D1B1AFF6C" blockId="31.[151,590,151,177]" box="[151,590,151,177]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<heading id="ED55AE384D442A4ABD96D48D1B1AFF6C" bold="true" box="[151,590,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="71A262D74D442A4ABD96D48D1B1AFF6C" authority="Mikan, 1820" authorityName="Mikan" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,590,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Siphonops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annulatus">
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<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABD96D48D1B1AFF6C" bold="true" box="[151,590,151,177]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABD96D48D18C3FF6C" bold="true" box="[151,407,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Siphonops annulatus</emphasis>
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(Mikan, 1820)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABD96D4C51B75FF29" blockId="31.[151,1436,222,306]" box="[151,545,222,245]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="71A262D74D442A4ABD96D4C5188BFF29" authority="Mikan, 1820" authorityName="Mikan" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,479,222,245]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Caecilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annulata">
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<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABD96D4C51819FF28" box="[151,333,223,245]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Caecilia annulata</emphasis>
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: Mikan, 1820
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</taxonomicName>
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: pl. II.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FEB84ADF4D442A4ABD96D4E71ABBFEEC" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABD96D4E71ABBFEEC" blockId="31.[151,1436,222,306]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="96B23E7A4D442A4ABD96D4E71ABBFEEC" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="71A262D74D442A4ABD96D4E71B69FECF" authority="Goeldi, 1899: 170" authorityName="Goeldi" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,573,253,275]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Siphonops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annulatus">
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<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABD96D4E71839FECE" box="[151,365,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Siphonops annulatus</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="37033F454D442A4ABC7CD4E71B69FECF" author="Goeldi" box="[381,573,253,275]" page="170" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1899">
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABC7CD4E71B53FECF" author="Goeldi" box="[381,519,253,275]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Goeldi, E. M. (1899) Uber die Entwicklung von Siphonops annulatus. Zoologische Jahrbuecher Systematik 12, 170 - 173." type="journal article" year="1899">Goeldi, 1899</bibRefCitation>
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: 170
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="37033F454D442A4ABF4BD4E71A42FECF" author="Spengel" box="[586,790,253,275]" page="220" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1915">
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABF4BD4E71BB5FECE" author="Spengel" box="[586,737,253,275]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Spengel, F. W. (1915) Briefliche Mitteilung an den Herausgeber. Blatter fur Aquarien und Terrarienkunde, 26, 220." type="journal article" year="1915">Spengel, 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 220
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="37033F454D442A4ABE25D4E41A83FECF" author="Dunn" box="[804,983,253,275]" page="480" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1942">
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABE25D4E41AF5FECF" author="Dunn" box="[804,929,253,275]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1942) The American caecilians. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 91, 439 - 540." type="journal article" year="1942">Dunn, 1942</bibRefCitation>
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: 480
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="37033F454D442A4ABEE5D4E71DCBFECE" author="Taylor" box="[996,1183,253,275]" page="555" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1968">
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABEE5D4E71D3EFECE" author="Taylor" box="[996,1130,253,275]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968</bibRefCitation>
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: 555
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; Hoogmoed, 1979: 273;
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<treatmentCitation id="37033F454D442A4ABDC6D5071824FEEC" author="Frost" box="[199,368,283,306]" page="631" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1985">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABDC6D507186AFEEC" author="Frost" box="[199,318,283,306]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Frost, D. R. (Ed.) (1985) Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press. Inc., and Assoc. Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. 732 pp." type="book" year="1985">Frost, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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: 631
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="37033F454D442A4ABC7AD5071BC9FEEC" author="Lescure" box="[379,669,284,306]" page="297" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="2000">
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABC7AD5071B3EFEEC" author="Lescure" box="[379,618,284,306]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Lescure, J., & Marty, C. (2000) Atlas des Amphibiens de Guyane. Patrimoine nationale 45, 1 - 388." type="journal article" year="2000">Lescure & Marty, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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: 297
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABFA9D5011A3FFEEC" author="Lavilla" box="[680,875,283,306]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Lavilla, E., Hoogmoed, M. S., Reichle, S., Baldo, D., Wilkinson, M. & Measey, J. (2004) Siphonops annulatus. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available from: www. iucnredlist. org (18 March 2009)." type="journal article" year="2004">
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Lavilla
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<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABFF4D5071A7DFEEF" box="[757,809,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABE74D5071ABFFEEC" author="Frost" box="[885,1003,284,306]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Frost, D. R. (2008) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / herpetology / amphibia / index. php. (Accessed 0 8 January 2009)." type="journal article" year="2008">Frost, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FEB84ADF4D442A4ABD96D5441B00FE47" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABD96D5441B00FE47" blockId="31.[151,1437,350,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABD96D5441845FEAA" bold="true" box="[151,273,350,375]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Maximum known TL
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<quantity id="715AB4B14D442A4ABF18D5441B2EFEAB" box="[537,634,350,374]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="450.0">450 mm</quantity>
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. Annuli 78–98 (
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABE34D5441A9EFEAB" author="Taylor" box="[821,970,350,374]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1973) A caecilian miscellany. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 50, 188 - 231." type="journal article" year="1973">Taylor, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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). Annular grooves completely encircling body, except for three or four near vent.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FEB84ADF4D442A4ABDC4D5BC1B4AFC6B" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABDC4D5BC1DECFCB3" blockId="31.[151,1437,350,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABDC4D5BC1802FE62" bold="true" box="[197,342,422,447]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Description.</emphasis>
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TL 17–26 times BW (
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABF58D5BC1BB9FE63" author="Taylor" box="[601,749,422,446]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968</bibRefCitation>
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). Head slightly longer than wide, narrower than body. Snout projecting distinctly beyond mouth. Eyes visible in open socket slightly elevated above surface of head. Nuchal grooves distinct dorsally and ventrally except second collar partially fused below with first primary fold; dorsal transverse groove on each collar, shorter and less distinct on first. Ventral transverse groove on first collar present or absent. Body cylindrical, slightly wider than deep. Width along body may vary slightly. Primary annular grooves completely encircling body, except for anterior primary groove that is ventrally incomplete as well as some in region near vent (e.g. four in MPEG 9193). Large unsegmented terminal shield extending from anterior of vent to posterior tip of body. Opening of cloaca (vent) subcircular, T-shaped, or I-shaped (
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4AB937D6B81D9EFD67" author="Taylor" box="[1078,1226,674,698]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968</bibRefCitation>
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). AD 9–10; generally about as many on anterior as on posterior edge of vent (i.e. five anterior, four posterior in MPEG 9193). PMT monocuspid, maximally 43 (
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABCDED6F01B26FCDF" author="Taylor" box="[479,626,746,770]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968</bibRefCitation>
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) with little variation in size, posterior maxillary teeth slightly smaller, extending posteriorly of choanae. Maximally 47 monocuspid PPT (
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABE82D7141D47FCFB" author="Taylor" box="[899,1043,782,806]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968</bibRefCitation>
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||
) with no apparent variation in size; teeth smaller than PMT. DT monocuspid, at most 32 (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABE0ED7281AF2FC97" author="Taylor" box="[783,934,818,842]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), slightly larger than PMT. “Fetal” teeth in hatchlings in three rows on lower jaw (
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABF4AD74C1AF7FCB3" author="Wilkinson" box="[587,931,854,878]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Wilkinson, M. & Nussbaum, R. A. (1998) Caecilian viviparity and amniote origins, Journal of Natural History, 32, 1403 - 1409." type="journal article" year="1998">Wilkinson & Nussbaum, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABEAED74C1DF8FCB3" author="Wilkinson" box="[943,1196,854,879]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Wilkinson, M., Kupfer, A., Marques-Porto, R., Jeffkins, H., Antoniazzi, M. M. & Jared, C. (2008) One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Biology Letters, 4, 358 - 361." type="journal article" year="2008">
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||
Wilkinson
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||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4AB928D7421D36FCB3" box="[1065,1122,854,879]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABDC4D7601B4AFC6B" blockId="31.[151,1437,350,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABDC4D760185AFC4E" bold="true" box="[197,270,890,915]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Color.</emphasis>
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Blackish or bluish with white grooves.
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<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABFC9D7601A9EFC4F" box="[712,970,890,915]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Wilkinson, M., Kupfer, A., Marques-Porto, R., Jeffkins, H., Antoniazzi, M. M. & Jared, C. (2008) One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Biology Letters, 4, 358 - 361." type="journal article">
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||
Wilkinson
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||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABE43D7661A2DFC4E" box="[834,889,891,915]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2008)
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</bibRefCitation>
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reported that females brooding young are often much paler than other adults.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FEB84ADF4D442A4ABDC4D7D81B8FFB26" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABDC4D7D81B05FBFF" blockId="31.[151,1437,350,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABDC4D7D8180AFC06" bold="true" box="[197,350,962,987]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Cis-Andean South
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<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABF49D7D81BFCFC07" box="[584,680,962,986]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
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||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABFBAD7D81A7BFC07" box="[699,815,962,986]" name="Argentina" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABE3ED7D81AC0FC07" box="[831,916,962,986]" name="Bolivia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABEA5D7D81ABFFC07" box="[932,1003,962,986]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABEFAD7D81D38FC07" box="[1019,1132,962,986]" name="Colombia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4AB97CD7D81D88FC07" box="[1149,1244,962,986]" name="Ecuador" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4AB9EAD7D81CCCFC07" box="[1259,1432,962,986]" name="French Guiana" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABD96D7FC19A5FC23" box="[151,241,998,1022]" name="Guyana" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABDFFD7FD1833FC22" box="[254,359,999,1023]" name="Paraguay" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABC74D7FD18FFFC23" box="[373,427,999,1022]" name="Peru" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABCB8D7FC1B73FC23" box="[441,551,998,1022]" name="Suriname" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABF34D7FC1BFEFC23" box="[565,682,998,1022]" name="Venezuela" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2E9905D14D442A4ABFC2D7FC1A4CFC23" box="[707,792,998,1022]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1033,1056]" captionTargetBox="[346,1245,202,998]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[324,1262,175,1012]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 18. Distribution of Siphonops annulatus. Open symbols represent data from literature; closed symbols specimens analyzed in this study. 1 Barinas, Venezuela (Dunn, 1942); 2 - 8 Localities in Colombia based on map on page 330 of Lynch (1999); 9 Sarayacu, Ecuador (Dunn, 1942); 10 Moyabamba, Peru (Dunn, 1942); 11 Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil (Dunn, 1942); 12 Juruá, Amazonas, Brazil; 13 Puerto Maldonado, Peru (De La Riva, et al, 2000); 14 Riberalta, Bolivia (Dunn, 1942); 15 Guajar Mirim, Rondônia, Brazil; 16 Espigão D’Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil; 17 Cayenne, French Guiana (Dunn, 1942); 18. Belém, Pará, Brazil (Spengel, 1915); 19. Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil (Wilkinson et al, 2008); 20. Franca, São Paulo, Brazil (Dunn, 1942); 21. Estação Ambiental de Peti, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Bertoluci et al, 2009); 22. Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil (Dunn, 1942); 23. Taubat, São Paulo, Brazil (Dunn, 1942); 24. Teresópolis + Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Dunn, 1942); 25. Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Dunn, 1942); 26. Serra de Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Dunn, 1942); 27. Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil (Dunn, 1942); 28. San Ignácio, Misiones, Argentina (Taylor, 1968)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203527/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
), except in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABEA0D7FD1D57FC22" box="[929,1027,999,1023]" name="Uruguay" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4AB915D7FC1DF4FC23" author="Dunn" box="[1044,1184,998,1022]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1942) The American caecilians. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 91, 439 - 540." type="journal article" year="1942">Dunn, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4AB9AFD7FC1C15FC23" author="Taylor" box="[1198,1345,998,1022]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4AB84ED7FC1987FBFF" author="Lynch" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1999) Una approximacion a las cuebras ciegas de Colombia (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 23, 317 - 337." type="journal article" year="1999">Lynch, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABDDCD01018E1FBFF" author="Lavilla" box="[221,437,1034,1059]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Lavilla, E., Hoogmoed, M. S., Reichle, S., Baldo, D., Wilkinson, M. & Measey, J. (2004) Siphonops annulatus. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available from: www. iucnredlist. org (18 March 2009)." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Lavilla
|
||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABC35D0161838FBFE" box="[308,364,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABCC0D0111B11FBFF" author="Frost" box="[449,581,1034,1058]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Frost, D. R. (2008) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / herpetology / amphibia / index. php. (Accessed 0 8 January 2009)." type="journal article" year="2008">Frost, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABDC4D0351B8FFB26" blockId="31.[151,1437,350,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABDC4D03518D1FB9A" bold="true" box="[197,389,1070,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABC8FD0341B7AFB9B" author="Goeldi" box="[398,558,1070,1094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Goeldi, E. M. (1899) Uber die Entwicklung von Siphonops annulatus. Zoologische Jahrbuecher Systematik 12, 170 - 173." type="journal article" year="1899">Goeldi (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned a female with a clutch of eggs that was found under a tree trunk moved during ploughing of a pasture, and thus was the first to report oviparity in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71A262D74D442A4AB954D0491C16FBB6" box="[1109,1346,1107,1131]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Siphonops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4AB954D0491C16FBB6" box="[1109,1346,1107,1131]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Siphonops annulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4AB852D04819B5FB53" author="Taylor" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
linked the wide distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71A262D74D442A4ABF49D06D1B87FB53" box="[584,723,1142,1166]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Siphonops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABF49D06D1B87FB53" box="[584,723,1142,1166]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. annulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the fact that its moisture requirements are less than those of many other caecilians.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABC9FD0801B6CFB6F" author="Lynch" box="[414,568,1178,1202]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2006) The Amphibian fauna in the Villacencio region of eastern Colombia. Caldasia, 28, 135 - 155." type="journal article" year="2006">Lynch (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also mentioned the tolerance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71A262D74D442A4ABEAED0811D6FFB6E" box="[943,1083,1179,1203]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Siphonops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABEAED0811D6FFB6E" box="[943,1083,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. annulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to dry conditions and reported finding specimens “under decomposing trunks of African oil palms, even in grazed pastures.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4AB9E0D0A419B5FB27" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Wilkinson, M., Kupfer, A., Marques-Porto, R., Jeffkins, H., Antoniazzi, M. M. & Jared, C. (2008) One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Biology Letters, 4, 358 - 361." type="journal article">
|
||
Wilkinson
|
||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4AB861D0DA1CC8FB0B" box="[1376,1436,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described maternal dermatophagy by young.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FEB84ADF4D442A4ABDC4D11D1A63F883" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABDC4D11D1884FABB" blockId="31.[151,1437,350,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABDC4D11D186DFAC2" bold="true" box="[197,313,1287,1311]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The caecilian with the largest reported distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABE86D11C1DDCFAC3" author="Wilkinson" box="[903,1160,1286,1311]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Wilkinson, M., Kupfer, A., Marques-Porto, R., Jeffkins, H., Antoniazzi, M. M. & Jared, C. (2008) One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Biology Letters, 4, 358 - 361." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Wilkinson
|
||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4AB905D1121D69FAC3" box="[1028,1085,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Surprisingly, within its large distribution
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71A262D74D442A4ABC60D13118B9FA9E" box="[353,493,1323,1347]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Siphonops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="84D6C5464D442A4ABC60D13118B9FA9E" box="[353,493,1323,1347]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. annulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents low variation, at least in external morphological characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4AB80DD1301CC3FA9F" author="Dunn" box="[1292,1431,1322,1346]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1942) The American caecilians. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 91, 439 - 540." type="journal article" year="1942">Dunn, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABD96D1541873FABB" author="Taylor" box="[151,295,1358,1382]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABC32D1541897FABB" author="Lynch" box="[307,451,1358,1382]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1999) Una approximacion a las cuebras ciegas de Colombia (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 23, 317 - 337." type="journal article" year="1999">Lynch, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABDC4D1681B94FA0F" blockId="31.[151,1437,350,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Although the species was reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABF8BD1681BA1FA57" box="[650,757,1394,1418]" name="Suriname" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABE1FD1691AE4FA57" author="Dunn" box="[798,944,1394,1418]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1942) The American caecilians. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 91, 439 - 540." type="journal article" year="1942">Dunn (1942)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABEBDD1681C77FA57" author="Nussbaum" box="[956,1315,1394,1418]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Nussbaum, R. A. & Hoogmoed, M. S. (1979) Surinam caecilians, with notes on Rhinatrema bivittatum and the description of a new species of Microcaecilia (Amphibia, Gymnophiona). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 54, 217 - 235." type="journal article" year="1979">Nussbaum & Hoogmoed (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that “Its occurrence in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABC69D18C1893FA73" box="[360,455,1430,1454]" name="Suriname" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Surinam</collectingCountry>
|
||
could not be confirmed by recent collections”. Despite continued collecting this situation has not changed since (Hoogmoed, in press).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABDC4D1C41DA6F913" blockId="31.[151,1437,350,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABDC4D1C41836FA2B" author="Taylor" box="[197,354,1502,1526]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1973) A caecilian miscellany. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 50, 188 - 231." type="journal article" year="1973">Taylor (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed geographic variation in number of annuli, and noted that specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4AB838D1C41CCCFA2B" box="[1337,1432,1502,1526]" name="Ecuador" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABD96D219199EF9C7" box="[151,202,1539,1562]" name="Peru" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABC03D2181800F9C7" box="[258,340,1538,1562]" name="Bolivia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
had higher counts (90–98) than specimens from the eastern part of the distribution of the species (80–90).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABC01D23C18C8F9E3" author="Lynch" box="[256,412,1574,1598]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1999) Una approximacion a las cuebras ciegas de Colombia (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 23, 317 - 337." type="journal article" year="1999">Lynch (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, found a range of 81–97 annuli for specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4AB96ED23C1DB4F9E3" box="[1135,1248,1574,1598]" name="Colombia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with lower and higher limits close to the known extremes of variation. Our limited data on three Brazilian specimens show a range of 84–94. Two specimens from Guajará-Mirim and Espigão D’Oeste, State of Rondônia, have respectively 84 and 94 annuli and the other one from Juruá, State of Amazonas, has 84 annuli. Thus, the difference between eastern and western populations outlined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABF05D2AC1BCAF913" author="Taylor" box="[516,670,1718,1742]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1973) A caecilian miscellany. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 50, 188 - 231." type="journal article" year="1973">Taylor (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is not real, and probably was due to lack of material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B61D19544D442A4ABDC4D2C11A63F883" blockId="31.[151,1437,350,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CEB559C44D442A4ABDE4D2C0187DF92F" box="[229,297,1754,1778]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
this species is recorded from Caatinga (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABFFDD2C01AACF92F" author="Freitas" box="[764,1016,1754,1778]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Freitas, M. A. & Silva, Santos, T. F. (2007) Guia ilustrado: A herpetofauna das caatingas e areas de altitude do nordeste brasileiro. USEB, Pelotas. 388 pp." type="book" year="2007">Freitas & Silva, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Atlantic forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4AB9C2D2C018C7F8CB" author="Taylor" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968; M.S. Hoogmoed, pers. obs.</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Cerrado, and from Amazonia (our data). Although it is a species considered common in scientific collections (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D23364A54D442A4ABC93D3381B71F8E7" author="Taylor" box="[402,549,1826,1850]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968). The Caecilians of the World. A taxonomic review. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the number of specimens from Brazilian Amazonia we could locate is very low. We did not analyze specimens from outside Amazonia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |