402 lines
43 KiB
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402 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45221874-7fe5-4bd5-a3da-3b318b7dd9a8" ID-PMC="PMC3253626" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-158-1" ID-PubMed="22303109" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-158-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 158" ModsDocTitle="A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters" checkinTime="1451249442870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cairns, Stephen D. & Lindner, Alberto" docDate="2011" docId="2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 158: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 158" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910" docTitle="Errinopora Fisher 1931" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="CD06FFFFD917034E2D15FFB73E6BFFD7" masterDocTitle="A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1668153073747" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lindner, Alberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>158</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-158-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032756" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Errinopora" authority="Fisher, 1931" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1931" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora Fisher, 1931</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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Fisher, 1931: 397;
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<bibRefCitation author="Fisher, WK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="493 - 554" title="Hydrocorals of the North Pacific Ocean." url="doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.84-3024.493" volume="84" year="1938">1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 536.-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Boschma 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: F102;
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<bibRefCitation author="Boschma, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Verhandelingen" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 72" title="List of the described species of the order Stylasterina." volume="33" year="1957">1957</bibRefCitation>
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: 57.-
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Antarctic Research Series" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="61 - 163" title="Antarctic and Subantarctic Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa)." url="doi: 10.1029/AR038p0061" volume="38" year="1983 a">Cairns 1983a</bibRefCitation>
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: 123;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">1983b</bibRefCitation>
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: 462. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Lindner, A" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Duke University" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Evolution and Taxonomy of Stylasterid Corals (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae)." year="2005">Lindner 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 79-88.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Protoerrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protoerrina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Protoerrina</taxonomicName>
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Broch, 1935: 59;
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<bibRefCitation author="Broch, H" journalOrPublisher="Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 103" title="Untersuchungen an Stylasteriden (Hydrokorallen). Teil 1. Skrifter utgitt av Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. 1." volume="8" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 99-100.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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(emended from
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Lindner 2005</bibRefCitation>
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): Colonies uniplanar to slightly bushy; branches round, elliptical, or lamellar in cross section, often robust with blunt tips. Coenosteal texture reticulate-spinose (with wide slits resulting in a spongy texture) or reticulate-granular; exterior surface of dactylopore spines usually inconspicuously longitudinally ridged; coenosteum orange, pink, and white. One species,
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporina">Errinopora cestoporina</taxonomicName>
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, bears numerous perforated mounds on surface. Dactylopores dimorphic, the most common, termed the primary dactylopore spine, is U-shaped and usually robust (thick-walled), occurring randomly, in pseudocyclosystems, or often laterally fusing to form rows or taller terraces that flank rows of gastropores. When dactylopore spines flank both sides of a gastropore row and their dactylotomes are directed toward the gastropores it is termed bilateral or distichoporine; if only one row of spines flank a row of gastropores, then unilateral. If isolated, dactylotomes usually abcauline in orientation. Much smaller flush dactylopores, termed secondary dactylopores, which lack dactylostyles, commonly scattered over coenosteum of many species. Dactylostyles usually well developed, easily seen from external view. Secondary dactylopores much smaller, flush with coenosteum, and lack styles. Gastropores also dimorphic, the primary gastropores being circular in outline, flush with coenosteum (having no lip), and arranged in irregular vertical rows, short horizontal rows, or randomly. Tabulae and ring palisades absent. Gastrostyles lanceolate, covered with longitudinal or oblique, spiny ridges. Smaller secondary gastropores much smaller, having only a small gastrostyle or none at all. Female ampullae superficial hemispheres, often without an obvious efferent pore. Male ampullae usually smaller hemispheres and spongy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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The ten species in this genus are differentiated and compared in both a dichotomous key (see below) and tabular key (Table 1); six of them occur exclusively in the Aleutian Islands. Another species was tentatively assigned to this genus by
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Cairns (1983b)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora lobata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lobata">Errinopora lobata</taxonomicName>
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(Nielsen, 1919), a Paleocene fossil from Denmark. This species was re-examined by
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<bibRefCitation author="Bernecker, M" journalOrPublisher="Facies" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="103 - 138" title="The Danian (Paleocene) coral limestone of Fakse, Denmark: a model for ancient aphotic, azooxanthellate coral mounds." url="doi: 10.1007/BF02536947" volume="22" year="1990">Bernecker and Weidlich (1990</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Bernecker, M" editor="Freiwald, A" journalOrPublisher="Facies" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Springer-Verlag, Berlin" url="doi: 10.1007/3-540-27673-4_1" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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), based on subsequently collected non-type material from the Faske Formation in Denmark. They noted that whereas the dactylopore spines were typical of
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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, the spines did not contain dactylostyles, and thus resembled
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
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more than
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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. We have examined the holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Labiopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labiopora lobata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lobata">Labiopora lobata</taxonomicName>
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Nielsen, 1919 (GM1782), which is a uniplanar colony 10.2 cm tall and 8.0 cm wide, with branches about 0.5 cm in diameter embedded within a
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Dendrophyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dendrophyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Dendrophyllia</taxonomicName>
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matrix. The colony has pores, or broken bulges, of three sizes: small and elongate (75-110
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in width), medium and round to somewhat quadratic (0.3-0.53 mm wide), and large, round or somewhat triangular
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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up to 1.7 mm). The former are quite shallow and probably the result of a reticulate coenosteal surface, whereas the medium-sized pores are deep and possibly represent the gastropores, one of which has a cyclosystem-like structure 1.9 mm in diameter. The largest pores appear to be ruptured ampullae. None of them, however, resemble dactylopore spines like those reported by Nielsen (1919) or
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<bibRefCitation author="Bernecker, M" journalOrPublisher="Facies" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="103 - 138" title="The Danian (Paleocene) coral limestone of Fakse, Denmark: a model for ancient aphotic, azooxanthellate coral mounds." url="doi: 10.1007/BF02536947" volume="22" year="1990">Bernecker and Weidlich (1990</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Bernecker, M" editor="Freiwald, A" journalOrPublisher="Facies" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Springer-Verlag, Berlin" url="doi: 10.1007/3-540-27673-4_1" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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), suggesting that the species reported by the latter authors is neither
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
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nor
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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. Likewise, the lack of dactylopore spines in the type of
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Labiopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labiopora lobata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lobata">Labiopora lobata</taxonomicName>
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precludes it from being
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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, and thus we currently suggest an incertae sedis placement of this species until further analysis.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Species within
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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are unique with the
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<taxonomicName family="Stylasteridae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="family">Stylasteridae</taxonomicName>
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in having both dimorphic gastro- and dactylopores, a condition first noted by
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<bibRefCitation author="Fisher, WK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="493 - 554" title="Hydrocorals of the North Pacific Ocean." url="doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.84-3024.493" volume="84" year="1938">Fisher (1938)</bibRefCitation>
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for three Alaskan species but interpreted exclusively as secondary dactylopores. Careful examination of longitudinal sections of several of these pores reveal that they contain not dactylostyles, but rather small gastrostyles. This implies that most species of
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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(all but
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisheri" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisheri">Errinopora fisheri</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporina">Errinopora cestoporina</taxonomicName>
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Cairns, 1983, see Table 1) have two types of gastrozooids (feeding polyps), a unique case for stylasterids but previously reported for the hydractiniids
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylactaria conchicola" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="conchicola">Stylactaria conchicola</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation author="Namikawa, H" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Marine Biology" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="65 - 75" title="Role of the tentaculozooids of the polymorphic hydroid Stylactaria conchicola (Yamada) in interactions with some epifaunal space competitors." url="doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(92)90125-T" volume="62" year="1992">Namikawa et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). Secondary gastropores differ from primary gastropores in being narrower and deeper, and in having only a minute or no gastrostyle. All but one species (
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisheri" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisheri">Errinopora fisheri</taxonomicName>
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, see Table 1) also have dimorphic dactylopores: a large type surrounded by a prominent horseshoe-shaped spine, and smaller, flush pores only 40-110
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, which do not have dactylostyles and are termed secondary dactylopores.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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In comparison to other stylasterid genera,
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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is most similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Gyropora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyropora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Gyropora</taxonomicName>
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Boschma, 1960, whose only species,
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Gyropora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyropora africana" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="africana">Gyropora africana</taxonomicName>
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Boschma, 1960, has dactylopore spines and gastropores coordinated in pore rows, as in some species of
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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is also similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
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Gray, 1835 and
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopsis" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopsis</taxonomicName>
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Broch, 1935, whose species may also have thick-walled dactylopore spines. None of these genera, however, include species with dactylostyles, as in
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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. Among genera with species having dactylostyles, only species of
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Inferiolabiata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Inferiolabiata</taxonomicName>
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Broch, 1951, and
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Paraerrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraerrina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Paraerrina</taxonomicName>
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Broch, 1942 lack a coordination of gastropores and dactylopores in well-developed cyclosystems (whereas species of
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||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stenohelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenohelia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stenohelia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kent, 1870,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stylantheca</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fisher, 1931,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stylaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gray, 1831 and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Calyptopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Calyptopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
Boschma, 1968 do have both dactylostyles and well-developed cyclosystems).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Inferiolabiata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Inferiolabiata</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
in many characters, in particular by having thin-walled dactylopore spines (instead of thick-walled) that are markedly truncated at the tip (instead of rounded), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Paraerrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraerrina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Paraerrina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Broch, 1942 differs in having delicate dactylostyles (instead of robust) and either flush or only slightly raised dactylopore spines-instead of tall and robust (Cairns 1984,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="383 - 388" title="Cyclohelia lamellata, new genus and species of Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bering Sea." volume="45" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also one of the few stylasterid genera with species having calcitic, rather than aragonitic, colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, TG" journalOrPublisher="Deep-Sea Research (Supplement)" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="20 - 39" title="The strontium-calcium atom ratio in carbonate-secreting marine organisms." volume="3" year="1955">Thompson and Chow 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lowenstam 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="96 - 107" title="Phylogenetic implications of the calcium carbonate mineralogy in the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." url="doi: 10.2307/3514799" volume="7" year="1992">Cairns and Macintrye 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The only other stylasterid genera with species known to have mostly calcitic colonies are
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopsis" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopsis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stylaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster verrillii" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verrillii">Stylaster verrillii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dall, 1884) (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="96 - 107" title="Phylogenetic implications of the calcium carbonate mineralogy in the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." url="doi: 10.2307/3514799" volume="7" year="1992">Cairns and Macintrye 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporina">Errinopora cestoporina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known solely from the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Subantarctic</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Region, is known to have coralla formed by precipitation of aragonite. This result confirms the more general observation of the prevalence of calcitic stylasterids in the North Pacific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="96 - 107" title="Phylogenetic implications of the calcium carbonate mineralogy in the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." url="doi: 10.2307/3514799" volume="7" year="1992">Cairns and Macintrye 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), possibly related to the shallower depth of the Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH) in the Region (Guinotte et al. 2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In an attempt to investigate phylogenetic relationships, 37 partial mitochondrial rDNA 16S sequences were obtained for the six species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Aleutian Islands, including the holotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora dichotoma" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">Errinopora dichotoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora disticha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">Errinopora disticha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisheri" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisheri">Errinopora fisheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora undulata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulata">Errinopora undulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lindner et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nanneca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanneca">Errinopora nanneca</taxonomicName>
|
||
(specimen USNM1027820) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora zarhyncha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zarhyncha">Errinopora zarhyncha</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fisher, 1938 (specimen USNM1071915), and shows that these species diverged only about 4 million years ago. Moreover, the same study shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Cyclohelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclohelia lamellata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lamellata">Cyclohelia lamellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cairns, 1991 and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Distichopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Distichopora borealis" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">Distichopora borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fisher, 1938, two sympatric Alaskan stylasterids that are also clearly distinguishable with marked morphological differences (see above), may have diverged as recently as 1 million years ago. These results indicate that part of stylasterid species diversity in Alaska may have diverged only within the past 1-4 million years and, at least for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the results presented herein show that despite the marked morphological differences, some species are not recovered as reciprocally monophyletic lineages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Baum and Shaw 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Avise, JC" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Phylogeography: the history and formation of species, second edition." year="2000">Avise 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) using mitochondrial rDNA 16S.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="type species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina pourtalesii" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pourtalesii">Errina pourtalesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dall, 1884, by original designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Pacific: Aleutian Islands, Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, off California. Subantarctic: off Tierra del Fuego, 40-658 m.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Table 1. Tabular Key of the Ten Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pscs = pseudocyclsosystems)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<table pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
i
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisher" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisher">Errinopora fisher</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporin" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporin">Errinopora cestoporin</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora porifer" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porifer">Errinopora porifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora undulat" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulat">Errinopora undulat</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora distich" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="distich">Errinopora distich</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
i
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora pourtalesi" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pourtalesi">Errinopora pourtalesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora stylifer" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stylifer">Errinopora stylifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora zarhynch" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zarhynch">Errinopora zarhynch</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nannec" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nannec">Errinopora nannec</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora dichotom" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotom">Errinopora dichotom</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">Dactylopore Spines</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">Corallum</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">Other Characters</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="key to the recent species of errinopora">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Key to the Recent species of Errinopora (bold face = occurs off Alaska)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<table pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisheri" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisheri">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">Errinopora</pageBreakToken>
|
||
fisheri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporina">Errinopora cestoporina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora porifera" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porifera">Errinopora porifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora undulata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulata">Errinopora undulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nanneca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanneca">Errinopora nanneca</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora disticha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">Errinopora disticha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora pourtalesii" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pourtalesii">Errinopora pourtalesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora stylifera" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stylifera">Errinopora stylifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora zarhyncha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zarhyncha">Errinopora zarhyncha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nanneca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanneca">Errinopora nanneca</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora dichotoma" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">Errinopora dichotoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
|
||
4. Midpoint rooting phylogeny of the Alaskan species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
estimated using mitochondrial rDNA 16S sequences. Numbers at nodes are the result of 100 bootstrap pseudoreplicates whenever>70. Shown is one of six most parsimonious trees (length: 38; CI: 0.868). Numbers preceded by
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘USNM’">'USNM'</normalizedToken>
|
||
represent specimen catalog numbers at the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Numbers preceded by
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘EU’">'EU'</normalizedToken>
|
||
or
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘JN’">'JN'</normalizedToken>
|
||
represent GenBank accession numbers. Asterisks (*) indicate the two specimens and rDNA 16S sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nanneca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanneca">Errinopora nanneca</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora zarhyncha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zarhyncha">Errinopora zarhyncha</taxonomicName>
|
||
previously published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lindner et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |