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<document id="C35506639904E4655516D82D756C421C" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5369.1.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10146837" ID-ZooBank="F906AFDC-DA4E-4ADB-9835-BC4B7692F1FD" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1700197019799" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk, Wörheide, Gert &amp; Hooper, John N. A." docDate="2023" docId="153B577AFF80C035FF6320730F4A151B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5369.1.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5369 (1)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5369.1.3/52229" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Radiella sclera Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="735298BB-B9BA-4A42-A972-12779E97830A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="69" masterDocId="E9022F02FF88C039FFF4265F0C031166" masterDocTitle="Deep Water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the South West Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1700197479604" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="69CB2FC18D45E1716714C95C8831A570">Deep Water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the South West Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4E8BDC0634BC96C26D9585CBE98C1C05">Ekins, Merrick</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4FF4FA4AEB036DDD7101D57AE8857A20">Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia &amp; School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072 Australia &amp; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Queensland, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0EEFE289E955B2F9C0B4A6DB53A5A17A">Erpenbeck, Dirk</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4D68A4FCEB5A1574CC31BC527C976669">GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität M ¸ nchen, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 Munich, Germany &amp; Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität M ¸ nchen, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 Munich, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1873211225C39C472B1CC1AC7DEE5A11">Wörheide, Gert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="017AAA9F733BDAACFE9E82EC69D2FCD0">GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität M ¸ nchen, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 Munich, Germany &amp; Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität M ¸ nchen, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 Munich, Germany &amp; SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung f ¸ r Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 M ¸ nchen, Germany woerheide @ lmu. de; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6380 - 7421</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1A9E4BA13D2614FAB72783E65A346305">Hooper, John N. A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3CE0F6FA838324D82FAD43A8B46FD22D">Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia &amp; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Queensland, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF80C031FF6320730D4F1721" authority="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 2023" authorityName="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,332,1580,1607]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sclera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF80C031FF6320730D4F1721" bold="true" box="[151,332,1580,1607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Radiella sclera</emphasis>
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Ekins, Erpenbeck &amp; Hooper
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<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF80C031FF63202B0D0317E8" box="[151,256,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,790,814]" captionTargetBox="[331,1256,179,765]" captionTargetId="figure-18@3.[331,1257,179,765]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution of the specimens of species described herein as they were collected during the expeditions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146839/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Figures 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF80C031FED0202B0D3717E9" box="[292,308,1652,1679]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">5</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="D010D3D7FF80C031FECB202B0D9117E8" box="[319,402,1652,1678]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="10.[144,232,502,528]" captionText="TABLE 3. Comparison of characters between the different species of Radiella and Spinularia. (T=Tylostyles, S=Subtylostyles)." pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Table 3</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
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Type material: 
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<specimenCode id="CD344E17FF80C031FE0A20E30E6917B0" box="[510,618,1724,1750]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" type="Museum">G316333</specimenCode>
, 
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, 
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, 
<collectingCountry id="E585A6FCFF80C031FB4220E3092317B0" box="[1206,1312,1724,1750]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="F8A680ABFF80C031FF6320BF0D00179D" box="[151,259,1760,1787]" degrees="162.6765" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" precision="5" value="162.6765">162.6765</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="5A6A4B89FF80C031FEFA20BF0D8C179D" box="[270,399,1760,1787]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.075" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.15" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="607.5" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="515.0">
<elevation id="16BF015FFF80C031FEFA20BF0D8C179D" box="[270,399,1760,1787]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.075" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.15" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="607.5" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="515.0">515–700 m</elevation>
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, 
<collectingCounty id="744C9EE0FF80C031FE6F20BF0E39179C" box="[411,570,1760,1786]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Sherman Sled</collectingCounty>
, Coll. NORFANZ expedition on 
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<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF80C031FC2C20BE0849179C" box="[984,1098,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF80C031FC2C20BE0845179C" box="[984,1094,1761,1786]" class="Arachnida" family="Uloboridae" genus="Tangaroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tangaroa</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
85-014, MF336, 
<date id="E92CC0ACFF80C031FAFB20BF0989179C" box="[1295,1418,1760,1786]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" value="2003-05-26">
<collectingDate id="F9683944FF80C031FAFB20BF0989179C" box="[1295,1418,1760,1786]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" value="2003-05-26">26/V/2003</collectingDate>
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.
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</paragraph>
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Etymology: named for its texture, 
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF80C031FDBD215B0E8E1678" authorityName="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2023" box="[585,653,1796,1822]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sclera">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF80C031FDBD215B0E8E1678" box="[585,653,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">sclera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., hard f.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF80C031FF3321770D9416EC" blockId="8.[151,1436,1724,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
Diagnosis: A very hard 
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF80C031FE2A21770E9A1624" box="[478,665,1832,1858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF80C031FE2A21770E3E1624" box="[478,573,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Radiella</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
anchored to rock by choanosomal tracts of tylostyle forming root like processes. The sponge lacks a fringe and a purely radial skeleton, having instead a multilayered complex choanosomal skeleton.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF81C030FF63212C0D2016EB" bold="true" box="[151,291,1907,1933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF81C030FED8212C0DDB16EB" authority="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 2023" authorityName="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2023" box="[300,472,1907,1933]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sclera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF81C030FED8212C0DDB16EB" box="[300,472,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Radiella sclera</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF81C030FE16212C0E3E16EB" bold="true" box="[482,573,1907,1933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D58705FF81C030FE16212C0E3E16EB" box="[482,573,1907,1933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF82C033FF6427A909EC1376" blockId="10.[144,1519,502,528]" box="[144,1519,502,528]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6427A90D0A1376" bold="true" box="[144,265,502,528]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Comparison of characters between the different species of 
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FC7627A90FDF1376" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[898,988,502,528]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FC7627A90FDF1376" box="[898,988,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FBE527A908811376" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[1041,1154,502,528]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Spinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FBE527A908811376" box="[1041,1154,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Spinularia</emphasis>
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. (T=Tylostyles, S=Subtylostyles).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF82C033FEA124670BDF173F" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
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<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C24440BEC130D" box="[152,2031,539,619]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA124440DBF130D" box="[341,444,539,619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Distribution</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FE2724440E0D130D" box="[467,526,539,619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Depth (m)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD824440E78130D" box="[556,635,539,619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Substrate</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FD7924440EFA130D" box="[653,761,539,619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Specimen shape upper/ lower</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF924440F62130D" box="[781,865,539,619]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Specimen width (mm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FC8924440FD2130D" box="[893,977,539,619]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Specimen height (mm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C2444082A130D" box="[1000,1065,539,619]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Fringe width (mm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC924440880130D" box="[1085,1155,539,619]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Number of papillae</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E244408F7130D" box="[1178,1268,539,619]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Ectosomal Skeleton</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF32444097F130D" box="[1287,1404,539,619]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Choanosomal skeleton</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A244409DC130D" box="[1422,1503,539,619]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Basal Skeleton</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FA0324440A3C130D" box="[1527,1599,539,619]" gridcol="12" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Fringe Styles (μm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A524440A9D130D" box="[1617,1694,539,619]" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Principal Styles (μm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B24440B0F130D" box="[1711,1804,539,619]" gridcol="14" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Ectosomal Styles (μm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D424440B8D130D" box="[1824,1934,539,619]" gridcol="15" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Intermediate Styles (μm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6F85424440BEC130D" box="[1952,2031,539,619]" gridcol="16" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Raphides (μm)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C242B0BEC13C0" box="[152,2031,628,678]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FF6C242B0D4013C0" box="[152,323,628,678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FF6C242B0D1D13C0" authority="(Hansen, 1885)" baseAuthorityName="Hansen" baseAuthorityYear="1885" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alvea">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6C242B0D1013EF" box="[152,275,628,649]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella alvea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF82C033FF6A24CE0D1413C0" author="Hansen, G. A." box="[158,279,657,678]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref17838" refString="Hansen, G. A. (1885) Spongiadae. The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Zoology, 13, 1 - 26, pls. I - VII, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1885">Hansen, 1885</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
:9
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA1242B0DBF13C0" box="[341,444,628,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Atlantic, Arctic</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FE27242B0E0D13C0" box="[467,526,628,678]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">2354</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD8242B0E7813C0" box="[556,635,628,678]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Clay</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FD79242B0EFA13C0" box="[653,761,628,678]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Beehive, Convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF9242B0F6213C0" box="[781,865,628,678]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC89242B0FD213C0" box="[893,977,628,678]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C242B082A13C0" box="[1000,1065,628,678]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC9242B088013C0" box="[1085,1155,628,678]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">1</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E242B08F713C0" box="[1178,1268,628,678]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF3242B097F13C0" box="[1287,1404,628,678]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial tracts</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A242B09DC13C0" box="[1422,1503,628,678]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Envelope</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA03242B0A3C13C0" box="[1527,1599,628,678]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A5242B0A9D13C0" box="[1617,1694,628,678]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B242B0B0F13C0" box="[1711,1804,628,678]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D4242B0B8D13C0" box="[1824,1934,628,678]" gridcol="15" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F854242B0BEC13C0" box="[1952,2031,628,678]" gridcol="16" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C24F00BEC127A" box="[152,2031,687,796]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FF6C24F00D40127A" box="[152,323,687,796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FF6C24F00D0C1399" authority="Plotkin &amp; Janussen, 2008: 111 - 116" authorityName="Plotkin &amp; Janussen" authorityPageNumber="111 - 116" authorityYear="2008" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6C24F00D3F13A2" box="[152,316,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella antarctica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF82C033FF6C24930D0C1399" author="Plotkin, A. S. &amp; Janussen, D." pageId="10" pageNumber="67" pagination="95 - 135" refId="ref19190" refString="Plotkin, A. S. &amp; Janussen, D. (2008) Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Weddell Sea, Antarctic. Zootaxa, 1866 (1), 95 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1866.1.5" type="journal article" year="2008">Plotkin &amp; Janussen, 2008:111-116</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Figs. 7-9.
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA124F00DBF127A" box="[341,444,687,796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Antarctica</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FE2724F00E0D127A" box="[467,526,687,796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">2086– 4800</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD824F00E78127A" box="[556,635,687,796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Pebbles</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FD7924F00EFA127A" box="[653,761,687,796]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF924F00F62127A" box="[781,865,687,796]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">9–30</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC8924F00FD2127A" box="[893,977,687,796]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">2–8</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C24F0082A127A" box="[1000,1065,687,796]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">0.7</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC924F00880127A" box="[1085,1155,687,796]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">1</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E24F008F7127A" box="[1178,1268,687,796]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Bouquets and palisade</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF324F0097F127A" box="[1287,1404,687,796]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial Tracts</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A24F009DC127A" box="[1422,1503,687,796]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Envelope + Thatch</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA0324F00A3C127A" box="[1527,1599,687,796]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 2500– 5600</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A524F00A9D127A" box="[1617,1694,687,796]" gridcol="13" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">S 957– 2686</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B24F00B0F127A" box="[1711,1804,687,796]" gridcol="14" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">S 125– 636–1271</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D424F00B8D127A" box="[1824,1934,687,796]" gridcol="15" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">-</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F85424F00BEC127A" box="[1952,2031,687,796]" gridcol="16" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C257A0BEC12F5" box="[152,2031,805,915]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FF6C257A0D4012F5" box="[152,323,805,915]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FF6C257A0D1E1231" authority="(Hansen, 1885)" baseAuthorityName="Hansen" baseAuthorityYear="1885" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conica">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6C257A0D1D125C" box="[152,286,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella conica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF82C033FF6A251D0D141231" author="Hansen, G. A." box="[158,279,834,855]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref17838" refString="Hansen, G. A. (1885) Spongiadae. The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Zoology, 13, 1 - 26, pls. I - VII, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1885">Hansen, 1885</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
:10 
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FF6C253F0D1F12F5" box="[152,284,864,915]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="endeavourensis">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6C253F0D1F12F5" box="[152,284,864,915]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella endeavourensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA1257A0DBF12F5" box="[341,444,805,915]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Atlantic, Arctic</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FE27257A0E0D12F5" box="[467,526,805,915]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">2354</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD8257A0E7812F5" box="[556,635,805,915]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Shell</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FD79257A0EFA12F5" box="[653,761,805,915]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Flattened cone</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF9257A0F6212F5" box="[781,865,805,915]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC89257A0FD212F5" box="[893,977,805,915]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C257A082A12F5" box="[1000,1065,805,915]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC9257A088012F5" box="[1085,1155,805,915]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">1?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E257A08F712F5" box="[1178,1268,805,915]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF3257A097F12F5" box="[1287,1404,805,915]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Confused</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A257A09DC12F5" box="[1422,1503,805,915]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA03257A0A3C12F5" box="[1527,1599,805,915]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A5257A0A9D12F5" box="[1617,1694,805,915]" gridcol="13" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B257A0B0F12F5" box="[1711,1804,805,915]" gridcol="14" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D4257A0B8D12F5" box="[1824,1934,805,915]" gridcol="15" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F854257A0BEC12F5" box="[1952,2031,805,915]" gridcol="16" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C25C40BEC156E" box="[152,2031,923,1032]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FF6C25C40D40156E" box="[152,323,923,1032]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF82C033FF6C25C40CFF156E" author="Austin, W. C. &amp; Ott, B. S. &amp; Reiswig, H. M. &amp; Romagosa, P. &amp; McDaniel, N. G." pageId="10" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref16225" refString="Austin, W. C., Ott, B. S., Reiswig, H. M., Romagosa, P. &amp; McDaniel, N. G. (2014) Taxonomic review of Hadromerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from British Columbia, Canada, and adjacent waters, with the description of nine new species. Zootaxa, 3823 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3823.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Austin, Ott, Reiswig, Romagosa &amp; McDaniel, 2014:33-36</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 11
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA125C40DBF156E" box="[341,444,923,1032]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">NE Pacific</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FE2725C40E0D156E" box="[467,526,923,1032]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">2500</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD825C40E78156E" box="[556,635,923,1032]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FD7925C40EFA156E" box="[653,761,923,1032]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF925C40F62156E" box="[781,865,923,1032]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">11</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC8925C40FD2156E" box="[893,977,923,1032]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">6</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C25C4082A156E" box="[1000,1065,923,1032]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">0.5–0.9</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC925C40880156E" box="[1085,1155,923,1032]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">3+</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E25C408F7156E" box="[1178,1268,923,1032]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Twin layered</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF325C4097F156E" box="[1287,1404,923,1032]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial + Confused</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A25C409DC156E" box="[1422,1503,923,1032]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Envelope + Thatch</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA0325C40A3C156E" box="[1527,1599,923,1032]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">S 2600</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A525C40A9D156E" box="[1617,1694,923,1032]" gridcol="13" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">S 1070– 2230</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B25C40B0F156E" box="[1711,1804,923,1032]" gridcol="14" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 360–730</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D425C40B8D156E" box="[1824,1934,923,1032]" gridcol="15" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">-</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F85425C40BEC156E" box="[1952,2031,923,1032]" gridcol="16" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C22700BEC15DF" box="[152,2031,1071,1209]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FF6C22700D4015DF" box="[152,323,1071,1209]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FF6C22700CC81519" authority="(Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="irregularis">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6C22700D421522" box="[152,321,1071,1092]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella irregularis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF82C033FF6B22130CC51519" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." pageId="10" pageNumber="67" pagination="325 - 351" refId="ref19511" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger'. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 351 + 470 - 493. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 15619238 # page / 339 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
:489; 
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF82C033FF6C22D80D1315DF" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." pageId="10" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 275" refId="ref19584" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 20 (Part 59), i - lxviii + 1 - 275, pls. 1 - 51 [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 29185 # page / 13 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1887">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1887:220-221</bibRefCitation>
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA122700DBF15DF" box="[341,444,1071,1209]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Chile</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FE2722700E0D15DF" box="[467,526,1071,1209]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">3950</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD822700E7815DF" box="[556,635,1071,1209]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Blue Mud</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FD7922700EFA15DF" box="[653,761,1071,1209]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Concave/ convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF922700F6215DF" box="[781,865,1071,1209]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">17</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC8922700FD215DF" box="[893,977,1071,1209]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">8.5</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C2270082A15DF" box="[1000,1065,1071,1209]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">1</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC92270088015DF" box="[1085,1155,1071,1209]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">2+</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E227008F715DF" box="[1178,1268,1071,1209]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF32270097F15DF" box="[1287,1404,1071,1209]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Confused</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A227009DC15DF" box="[1422,1503,1071,1209]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Thatch</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA0322700A3C15DF" box="[1527,1599,1071,1209]" gridcol="12" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A522700A9D15DF" box="[1617,1694,1071,1209]" gridcol="13" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">&gt;500</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B22700B0F15DF" box="[1711,1804,1071,1209]" gridcol="14" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">&lt;1000</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D422700B8D15DF" box="[1824,1934,1071,1209]" gridcol="15" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">500</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F85422700BEC15DF" box="[1952,2031,1071,1209]" gridcol="16" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C22BF0BEC1456" box="[152,2031,1248,1328]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FF6C22BF0D401456" box="[152,323,1248,1328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FF6C22BE0D1F1590" authority="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 2023" authorityName="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2023" box="[152,284,1249,1270]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nidula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6C22BE0D1F1590" box="[152,284,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella nidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FED522BE0CBE1475" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D58705FF82C033FED522BE0CBE1475" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Present study
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA122BF0DBF1456" box="[341,444,1248,1328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Australia</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FE2722BF0E0D1456" box="[467,526,1248,1328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">999– 1761</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD822BF0E781456" box="[556,635,1248,1328]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Mud</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FD7922BF0EFA1456" box="[653,761,1248,1328]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Concave/ convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF922BF0F621456" box="[781,865,1248,1328]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">16</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC8922BF0FD21456" box="[893,977,1248,1328]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">4</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C22BF082A1456" box="[1000,1065,1248,1328]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">4</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC922BF08801456" box="[1085,1155,1248,1328]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">1-6</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E22BF08F71456" box="[1178,1268,1248,1328]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Palisade</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF322BF097F1456" box="[1287,1404,1248,1328]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial + Confused</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A22BF09DC1456" box="[1422,1503,1248,1328]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA0322BF0A3C1456" box="[1527,1599,1248,1328]" gridcol="12" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">1990– 4070 × 14–47</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A522BF0A9D1456" box="[1617,1694,1248,1328]" gridcol="13" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 780– 1510 × 9–24</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B22BF0B0F1456" box="[1711,1804,1248,1328]" gridcol="14" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 780–1510 × 5–21</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D422BF0B8D1456" box="[1824,1934,1248,1328]" gridcol="15" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 220–660 × 5–21</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F85422BF0BEC1456" box="[1952,2031,1248,1328]" gridcol="16" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C23080BEC14C1" box="[152,2031,1367,1447]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FF6C23080D4014C1" box="[152,323,1367,1447]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FF6C23080D1A140A" authority="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 2023" authorityName="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2023" box="[152,281,1367,1388]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pumix" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6C23080D1A140A" box="[152,281,1367,1388]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella pumix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FEEB23080CBE14EC" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D58705FF82C033FEEB23080CBE14EC" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Present study
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA123080DBF14C1" box="[341,444,1367,1447]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Australia</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FE2723080E0D14C1" box="[467,526,1367,1447]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">2587– 2562</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD823080E7814C1" box="[556,635,1367,1447]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Mud</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FD7923080EFA14C1" box="[653,761,1367,1447]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF923080F6214C1" box="[781,865,1367,1447]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">6–8</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC8923080FD214C1" box="[893,977,1367,1447]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">1</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C2308082A14C1" box="[1000,1065,1367,1447]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">-</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC92308088014C1" box="[1085,1155,1367,1447]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">1</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E230808F714C1" box="[1178,1268,1367,1447]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Discrete 3D bouquets</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF32308097F14C1" box="[1287,1404,1367,1447]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Confused</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A230809DC14C1" box="[1422,1503,1367,1447]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Thatch</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA0323080A3C14C1" box="[1527,1599,1367,1447]" gridcol="12" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">–</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A523080A9D14C1" box="[1617,1694,1367,1447]" gridcol="13" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 640– 2270 × 7–19</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B23080B0F14C1" box="[1711,1804,1367,1447]" gridcol="14" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 100–300 × 6–13</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D423080B8D14C1" box="[1824,1934,1367,1447]" gridcol="15" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 360–660 × 3–15</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F85423080BEC14C1" box="[1952,2031,1367,1447]" gridcol="16" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C23910BEC1778" box="[152,2031,1486,1566]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FF6C23910D401778" box="[152,323,1486,1566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FF6C23910D1A1485" authority="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 2023" authorityName="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2023" box="[152,281,1486,1507]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sclera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6C23910D1A1485" box="[152,281,1486,1507]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella sclera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FEEB23910CBE1767" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D58705FF82C033FEEB23910CBE1767" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Present study
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA123910DBF1778" box="[341,444,1486,1566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Lord Howe Plateau SW Pacific</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FE2723910E0D1778" box="[467,526,1486,1566]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">515– 700</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD823910E781778" box="[556,635,1486,1566]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Rocks?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FD7923910EFA1778" box="[653,761,1486,1566]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF923910F621778" box="[781,865,1486,1566]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">24</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC8923910FD21778" box="[893,977,1486,1566]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">5</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C2391082A1778" box="[1000,1065,1486,1566]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">-</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC9239108801778" box="[1085,1155,1486,1566]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?0</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E239108F71778" box="[1178,1268,1486,1566]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Palisade</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF32391097F1778" box="[1287,1404,1486,1566]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial + Confused</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A239109DC1778" box="[1422,1503,1486,1566]" gridcol="11" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Thatch</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA0323910A3C1778" box="[1527,1599,1486,1566]" gridcol="12" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">–</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A523910A9D1778" box="[1617,1694,1486,1566]" gridcol="13" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 910– 1450 × 12–30</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B23910B0F1778" box="[1711,1804,1486,1566]" gridcol="14" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 250–550 × 5–15</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D423910B8D1778" box="[1824,1934,1486,1566]" gridcol="15" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">T 560–980 × 8–24</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F85423910BEC1778" box="[1952,2031,1486,1566]" gridcol="16" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF823FC6FF6C20780BEC1710" box="[152,2031,1575,1654]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<th id="60738D52FF823FC6FF6C20780D401710" box="[152,323,1575,1654]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF82C033FF6C20780CC91710" authority="Schmidt, 1870: 48 Pl. IV" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sol">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF82C033FF6C20780CFD175A" box="[152,254,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radiella sol</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF82C033FF6C201B0D2C173F" author="Schmidt, O." box="[152,303,1604,1625]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref19823" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundz ¸ ge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. iii - iv + 1 - 88, pls. I - VI." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870:48</bibRefCitation>
Pl. IV
</taxonomicName>
, Fig. 6
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FEA120780DBF1710" box="[341,444,1575,1654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Cuba</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FE2720780E0D1710" box="[467,526,1575,1654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">1116</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FDD820780E781710" box="[556,635,1575,1654]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FD7920780EFA1710" box="[653,761,1575,1654]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FCF920780F621710" box="[781,865,1575,1654]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">20</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC8920780FD21710" box="[893,977,1575,1654]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FC1C2078082A1710" box="[1000,1065,1575,1654]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FBC9207808801710" box="[1085,1155,1575,1654]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">15</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FB6E207808F71710" box="[1178,1268,1575,1654]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Palisade and tangential</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FAF32078097F1710" box="[1287,1404,1575,1654]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Radial Tracts</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA7A207809DC1710" box="[1422,1503,1575,1654]" gridcol="11" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Thatch</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6FA0320780A3C1710" box="[1527,1599,1575,1654]" gridcol="12" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">S&gt;5000</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F9A520780A9D1710" box="[1617,1694,1575,1654]" gridcol="13" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">S 2280– 5400</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F95B20780B0F1710" box="[1711,1804,1575,1654]" gridcol="14" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">290–390</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F8D420780B8D1710" box="[1824,1934,1575,1654]" gridcol="15" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">490–618</td>
<td id="60738D52FF823FC6F85420780BEC1710" box="[1952,2031,1575,1654]" gridcol="16" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Absent</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF82C033F91E20DF0BEC17F3" blockId="10.[1770,2031,1664,1685]" box="[1770,2031,1664,1685]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
<tableNote id="6074E7E2FF82C033F91E20DF0BEC17F3" box="[1770,2031,1664,1685]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[152,2031,539,1654]" targetPageId="10">......continued on the next page</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption id="C9EDB6E4FF83C032FF6424030D921310" box="[144,401,604,630]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" startId="11.[144,232,604,630]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF83C032FF6424030D921310" blockId="11.[144,401,604,630]" box="[144,401,604,630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF83C032FF6424030D0A1310" bold="true" box="[144,265,604,630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF83C032FEB924C40BCD149A" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<table id="EF9214CCFF833FC6FF6424210BE4174E" box="[144,2023,638,1576]" colsContinueFrom="10.[152,2031,539,1654]" gridcols="17" gridrows="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<tr id="23A2E42EFF833FC6FF6424210BE413AB" box="[144,2023,638,717]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FEB924210DB713AB" box="[333,436,638,717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Distribution</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FE3824210E0213AB" box="[460,513,638,717]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Depth (m)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FDD024210E7013AB" box="[548,627,638,717]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Substrate</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FD7224210EF113AB" box="[646,754,638,717]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Specimen shape upper/ lower</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FCF124210F5A13AB" box="[773,857,638,717]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Specimen width (mm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FC8224210FC913AB" box="[886,970,638,717]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Specimen height (mm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FC152421081A13AB" box="[993,1049,638,717]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Fringe width (mm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FBC22421087F13AB" box="[1078,1148,638,717]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Number of papillae</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FB66242108EF13AB" box="[1170,1260,638,717]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Ectosomal Skeleton</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FB0B2421097713AB" box="[1279,1396,638,717]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Choanosomal skeleton</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FA72242109E313AB" box="[1414,1504,638,717]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Basal Skeleton</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FA0424210A3413AB" box="[1520,1591,638,717]" gridcol="12" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Fringe Styles (μm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6F9BD24210A9513AB" box="[1609,1686,638,717]" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Principal Styles (μm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6F95324210B0713AB" box="[1703,1796,638,717]" gridcol="14" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Ectosomal Styles (μm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6F8EC24210B8513AB" box="[1816,1926,638,717]" gridcol="15" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Intermediate Styles (μm)</th>
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6F86C24210BE413AB" box="[1944,2023,638,717]" gridcol="16" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Raphides (μm)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF833FC6FF6424880BE41207" box="[144,2023,727,865]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FF6424880D381207" box="[144,315,727,865]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF83C032FF6424880D101240" authority="(Wilson, 1925)" authorityName="de Voogd et al." authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Wilson" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[144,275,727,806]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="straticulata">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF83C032FF6424880CF1126F" box="[144,242,727,777]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Radiella straticulata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF83C032FF62254E0D0E1240" author="Wilson, H. V." box="[150,269,785,806]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" pagination="273 - 532" refId="ref20364" refString="Wilson, H. V. (1925) Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross' during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 10. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (2, Part 4), pp. 273 - 532, pls. 37 - 52. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 32615 # page / 365 / mode / 1 up]" type="book chapter" year="1925">Wilson, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: 347-350, Pl. 38, Fig.7, Pl. 48, Fig. 1.
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FEB924880DB71207" box="[333,436,727,865]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Philippines</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FE3824880E021207" box="[460,513,727,865]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">2021</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FDD024880E701207" box="[548,627,727,865]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FD7224880EF11207" box="[646,754,727,865]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Concave/ convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FCF124880F5A1207" box="[773,857,727,865]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">9–20</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC8224880FC91207" box="[886,970,727,865]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC152488081A1207" box="[993,1049,727,865]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FBC22488087F1207" box="[1078,1148,727,865]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">6-8</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB66248808EF1207" box="[1170,1260,727,865]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Triple layered</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB0B248809771207" box="[1279,1396,727,865]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Radial Tracts</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA72248809E31207" box="[1414,1504,727,865]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Triple layered, Tangential</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA0424880A341207" box="[1520,1591,727,865]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">6000– 10000 × 24</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F9BD24880A951207" box="[1609,1686,727,865]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">1600– 4000 × 17–24</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F95324880B071207" box="[1703,1796,727,865]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 600–2000 × 16</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F8EC24880B851207" box="[1816,1926,727,865]" gridcol="15" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 300–900 × 8–16</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F86C24880BE41207" box="[1944,2023,727,865]" gridcol="16" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF833FC6FF6425D70BE412BE" box="[144,2023,904,984]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FF6425D70D3812BE" box="[144,315,904,984]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF83C032FF6425D70D0E12DD" authority="Levi, 1993: 25" authorityName="Levi" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Spinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF83C032FF6425D70D3812FB" box="[144,315,904,925]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Spinularia australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF83C032FF6425F90D0E12DD" author="Levi, C." box="[144,269,934,955]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" pagination="9 - 87" refId="ref18544" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Bathyal sponges of New Caledonia, collected by the ' Jean Charcot' BIOCAL campaign, 1985. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Results of the MUSORSTOM campaigns. Vol. 11. Memoires du Museum national de l'Histoire naturelle (AT), 158, pp. 9 - 87. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 58753255 # page / 11 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi, 1993: 25</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
Fig. 7A, Pl. II, Fig. 8.
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FEB925D70DB712BE" box="[333,436,904,984]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">New Caledonia</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FE3825D70E0212BE" box="[460,513,904,984]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">1900</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FDD025D70E7012BE" box="[548,627,904,984]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Pumice</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FD7225D70EF112BE" box="[646,754,904,984]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FCF125D70F5A12BE" box="[773,857,904,984]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">3–8</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC8225D70FC912BE" box="[886,970,904,984]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">1–3</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC1525D7081A12BE" box="[993,1049,904,984]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FBC225D7087F12BE" box="[1078,1148,904,984]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">1</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB6625D708EF12BE" box="[1170,1260,904,984]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Radial</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB0B25D7097712BE" box="[1279,1396,904,984]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Radial</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA7225D709E312BE" box="[1414,1504,904,984]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Radial</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA0425D70A3412BE" box="[1520,1591,904,984]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 1800– 2500 × 20</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F9BD25D70A9512BE" box="[1609,1686,904,984]" gridcol="13" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 1100– 1600 × 15–20</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F95325D70B0712BE" box="[1703,1796,904,984]" gridcol="14" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 300–500 × 8–10</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F8EC25D70B8512BE" box="[1816,1926,904,984]" gridcol="15" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 600–800 × 12</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F86C25D70BE412BE" box="[1944,2023,904,984]" gridcol="16" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">170–180</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF833FC6FF6425A00BE41529" box="[144,2023,1023,1103]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FF6425A00D381529" box="[144,315,1023,1103]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF83C032FF6425A00CE11557" authority="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 2023" authorityName="Ekins &amp; Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2023" box="[144,234,1023,1073]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Spinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="flagellata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF83C032FF6425A00CE11557" box="[144,234,1023,1073]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Spinularia flagellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF83C032FF1322430D2F1557" bold="true" box="[231,300,1052,1073]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D58705FF83C032FF1322430D2F1557" box="[231,300,1052,1073]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Present study
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FEB925A00DB71529" box="[333,436,1023,1103]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Australia</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FE3825A00E021529" box="[460,513,1023,1103]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">750– 1147</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FDD025A00E701529" box="[548,627,1023,1103]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Mud</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FD7225A00EF11529" box="[646,754,1023,1103]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Concave/ convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FCF125A00F5A1529" box="[773,857,1023,1103]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">15</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC8225A00FC91529" box="[886,970,1023,1103]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">7</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC1525A0081A1529" box="[993,1049,1023,1103]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">2</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FBC225A0087F1529" box="[1078,1148,1023,1103]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">1</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB6625A008EF1529" box="[1170,1260,1023,1103]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Palisade</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB0B25A009771529" box="[1279,1396,1023,1103]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Radial tracts</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA7225A009E31529" box="[1414,1504,1023,1103]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Radial</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA0425A00A341529" box="[1520,1591,1023,1103]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 1510– 3500 × 15–50</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F9BD25A00A951529" box="[1609,1686,1023,1103]" gridcol="13" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 700– 2430 × 7–27</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F95325A00B071529" box="[1703,1796,1023,1103]" gridcol="14" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 210–980 × 10–25</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F8EC25A00B851529" box="[1816,1926,1023,1103]" gridcol="15" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">-</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F86C25A00BE41529" box="[1944,2023,1023,1103]" gridcol="16" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">80–160</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF833FC6FF6422290BE41466" box="[144,2023,1142,1280]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FF6422290D381466" box="[144,315,1142,1280]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF83C032FF6422290CBE1466" authority="Plotkin, Gerasimova &amp; Rapp, 2018: 1312 - 1314" authorityName="Plotkin, Gerasimova &amp; Rapp, 2018: 1312 -" authorityPageNumber="1312 - 1314" authorityYear="1314" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Spinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="njordi">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF83C032FF6422290CC015CE" box="[144,234,1142,1192]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Spinularia njordi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF83C032FF3D22CC0CBE1466" author="Plotkin, A. &amp; Gerasimova, E. &amp; Rapp, H. T." pageId="11" pageNumber="68" pagination="1273 - 1335" refId="ref19448" refString="Plotkin, A., Gerasimova, E. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2018) Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) of the Nordic and Siberian Seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98 (6), 1273 - 1335. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315417000285" type="journal article" year="2018">Plotkin, Gerasimova &amp; Rapp, 2018:1312- 1314</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Fig. 27
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FEB922290DB71466" box="[333,436,1142,1280]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Arctic</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FE3822290E021466" box="[460,513,1142,1280]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">1997– 2457</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FDD022290E701466" box="[548,627,1142,1280]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Gravel</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FD7222290EF11466" box="[646,754,1142,1280]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Convex/ convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FCF122290F5A1466" box="[773,857,1142,1280]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">16–24</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC8222290FC91466" box="[886,970,1142,1280]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">8</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC152229081A1466" box="[993,1049,1142,1280]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">3</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FBC22229087F1466" box="[1078,1148,1142,1280]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">1</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB66222908EF1466" box="[1170,1260,1142,1280]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Palisade and Tangential</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB0B222909771466" box="[1279,1396,1142,1280]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Tracts</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA72222909E31466" box="[1414,1504,1142,1280]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Absent</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA0422290A341466" box="[1520,1591,1142,1280]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">-</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F9BD22290A951466" box="[1609,1686,1142,1280]" gridcol="13" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">S/T 1116– 2579</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F95322290B071466" box="[1703,1796,1142,1280]" gridcol="14" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 201–422</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F8EC22290B851466" box="[1816,1926,1142,1280]" gridcol="15" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">S/T 422–1128</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F86C22290BE41466" box="[1944,2023,1142,1280]" gridcol="16" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF833FC6FF6423780BE414B6" box="[144,2023,1319,1488]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FF6423780D3814B6" box="[144,315,1319,1488]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF83C032FF6423780CC61411" authority="(Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Spinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarsii">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF83C032FF6423780D1C145A" box="[144,287,1319,1340]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Spinularia sarsii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF83C032FF63231A0CBC1411" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." pageId="11" pageNumber="68" pagination="325 - 351" refId="ref19511" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger'. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 351 + 470 - 493. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 15619238 # page / 339 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: 488-489; (
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF83C032FF6323200D0B14D4" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." pageId="11" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 275" refId="ref19584" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 20 (Part 59), i - lxviii + 1 - 275, pls. 1 - 51 [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 29185 # page / 13 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1887">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1887:218-220</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF83C032FF6423E40CE914B6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[144,234,1467,1488]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Spinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF83C032FF6423E40CE914B6" box="[144,234,1467,1488]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Spinularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FEB923780DB714B6" box="[333,436,1319,1488]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Atlantic, Arctic</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FE3823780E0214B6" box="[460,513,1319,1488]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">10– 225– 2630</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FD7223780EF114B6" box="[646,754,1319,1488]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Concave/ convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FCF123780F5A14B6" box="[773,857,1319,1488]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">10</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC8223780FC914B6" box="[886,970,1319,1488]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">6</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC152378081A14B6" box="[993,1049,1319,1488]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">1.5–4</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FBC22378087F14B6" box="[1078,1148,1319,1488]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">1-4</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB66237808EF14B6" box="[1170,1260,1319,1488]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB0B2378097714B6" box="[1279,1396,1319,1488]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Confused</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA72237809E314B6" box="[1414,1504,1319,1488]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Thatch</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA0423780A3414B6" box="[1520,1591,1319,1488]" gridcol="12" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T/S 5090– 6030</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F9BD23780A9514B6" box="[1609,1686,1319,1488]" gridcol="13" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 871– 2900</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F95323780B0714B6" box="[1703,1796,1319,1488]" gridcol="14" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">S 250–600</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F8EC23780B8514B6" box="[1816,1926,1319,1488]" gridcol="15" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">S 152–290</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F86C23780BE414B6" box="[1944,2023,1319,1488]" gridcol="16" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="23A2E42EFF833FC6FF6423870BE4174E" box="[144,2023,1496,1576]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<th id="60738D52FF833FC6FF6423870D38174E" box="[144,315,1496,1576]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF83C032FF6423870CC0174E" authority="(Bowerbank, 1866)" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1866" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spinularia">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF83C032FF6423870CEB148B" box="[144,232,1496,1517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">spinularia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF83C032FF6223AA0CBE174E" author="Bowerbank, J. S." pageId="11" pageNumber="68" refId="ref16617" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp. [https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 1905089]" type="book" year="1866">Bowerbank, 1866</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
:94-96
</th>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FEB923870DB7174E" box="[333,436,1496,1576]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Arctic</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FE3823870E02174E" box="[460,513,1496,1576]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">30– 1001</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FDD023870E70174E" box="[548,627,1496,1576]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Stone</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FD7223870EF1174E" box="[646,754,1496,1576]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Convex</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FCF123870F5A174E" box="[773,857,1496,1576]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">23</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC8223870FC9174E" box="[886,970,1496,1576]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">12</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FC152387081A174E" box="[993,1049,1496,1576]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FBC22387087F174E" box="[1078,1148,1496,1576]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">11</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB66238708EF174E" box="[1170,1260,1496,1576]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Palisade, two layers</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FB0B23870977174E" box="[1279,1396,1496,1576]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">Tracts</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA72238709E3174E" box="[1414,1504,1496,1576]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">?</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6FA0423870A34174E" box="[1520,1591,1496,1576]" gridcol="12" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">-</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F9BD23870A95174E" box="[1609,1686,1496,1576]" gridcol="13" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 404– 1355</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F95323870B07174E" box="[1703,1796,1496,1576]" gridcol="14" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">T 161–373</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F8EC23870B85174E" box="[1816,1926,1496,1576]" gridcol="15" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">-</td>
<td id="60738D52FF833FC6F86C23870BE4174E" box="[1944,2023,1496,1576]" gridcol="16" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="68">65–85</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF84C035FF3326C808DF1003" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">
Morphology: The sponge is a hard incompressible, cream coloured low flat to convex cushion 
<quantity id="5A6A4B89FF84C035FAE226C9097E11D7" box="[1302,1405,150,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="12" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="23.5">23.5 mm</quantity>
in dimeter and 
<quantity id="5A6A4B89FF84C035FED226E50D8811B3" box="[294,395,186,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.53" pageId="12" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="4.53">4.53 mm</quantity>
in height (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FDFC26E40E6911B3" box="[520,618,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 A</figureCitation>
). The sponge was presumably attached to some hard substrate (possibly sunken pumice), as stain marks are apparent on the lower surface and the base of spicule bouquets emerge from the body to form root-like processes (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FDEF275C0E7E107B" box="[539,637,258,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 B</figureCitation>
). There were no apparent papillae or oscular structures present on the upper surface. In cross section the choanosome is cream in colour, whilst the dense spicule ectosome is colourless (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FF6B27140CFD1003" box="[159,254,330,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 B</figureCitation>
). The surface of the ectosome is cream in colour, but this is most likely due to sediment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF84C035FF3327300DD513E3" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">
Skeleton: The ectosomal skeleton is a dense palisade of principal styles arising from bouquets formed in the choanosome (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FEC027CC0D9410CB" box="[308,407,402,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 D</figureCitation>
). The choanosome is a confused array of the two smaller sizes of tylostyles, often in small bundles of the intermediate sized tylostyles (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FD6F27E80EFC10B7" box="[667,767,438,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 C</figureCitation>
). Bouquets of the principal styles originate exterior to the underside of the sponge body where they function as root-like anchoring processes. These bouquets radiate up through the choanosome all the way up to the ectosome (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FCFC27A00F85137F" box="[776,902,510,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 C, D</figureCitation>
). The principal tylostyles that form the bouquets on the upper ectosome are also the same spicules that form the radial thin lower ectosomal skeleton (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FB1D247C0947135B" box="[1257,1348,546,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 C</figureCitation>
), which ascends on the periphery to form another bouquet (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FD1D24180F531307" box="[745,848,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 D</figureCitation>
). The small and intermediate tylostyles are present throughout the choanosome.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF84C035FF3324D00DA4123B" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">
Spicules: The megascleres are composed of three overlapping sizes of tylostyles, which all represent a gradation. As the tylostyles increase in length, they also proportionally decrease in width. The two smaller sizes of tylostyles are much thicker towards the point, whilst the largest tylostyles are slightly thicker towards the head. Principal tylostyles are 913–(1140)–1450 × 12.0–(18.8)–30.0 μm, n=46 (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FC9824A40FE81273" box="[876,1003,762,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 E, F</figureCitation>
). The intermediate tylostyles are 557– (744)–980 × 8.4–(13.9)–21.4 μm, n=34 (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FD9625400EE6125F" box="[610,741,798,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig. 5 G, H</figureCitation>
), whilst the small tylostyles are 245–(416)–554 × 5.4–(11.0)– 15.7 μm, n=47 (
<figureCitation id="05A9FAE9FF84C035FEBF251C0D9B123B" box="[331,408,834,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,260,1907,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[203,1383,179,1882]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Radiella sclera sp. nov. Holotype QM G316333. A–B. Upper and lower surfaces of the preserved holotype. C–D. Light micrographs of sections through the radial thin ectosomal skeleton (C), and bouquets of tylostyles in the ectosome (D). E. Principal tylostyle. F. Enlarged view of principal tylostyle. G. Intermediate tylostyle. H. Enlarged view of intermediate tylostyle. I. Small tylostyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10146845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10146845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Fig 5 I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF84C035FF332538087512E7" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,1149]" box="[199,1142,871,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Distribution: Known only from seamounts in the Lord Howe Plateau, bathyl depths.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF84C035FF3325D40F3912C3" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,1149]" box="[199,826,907,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Ecology: Attached to a hard substrate, most likely rocks</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF84C035FF3325F008DF12AF" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,1149]" box="[199,1244,943,969]" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Molecular data: no unambiguous 28S-C region barcode could be generated from this species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D2DE66CFF84C035FF33258C0F4A151B" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">
Remarks: This new species lacks the very large fringing styles that are normally obvious in species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF84C035FF1625A80D421577" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[226,321,1015,1041]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="69" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF84C035FF1625A80D421577" box="[226,321,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">Radiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species differs from 
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF84C035FD8E25A80F821577" authority="Levi, 1993" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[634,897,1015,1041]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Spinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="69" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF84C035FD8E25A80EF81577" box="[634,763,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">S. australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F9039B9DFF84C035FCF125A80F821577" author="Levi, C." box="[773,897,1015,1041]" pageId="12" pageNumber="69" pagination="9 - 87" refId="ref18544" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Bathyal sponges of New Caledonia, collected by the ' Jean Charcot' BIOCAL campaign, 1985. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Results of the MUSORSTOM campaigns. Vol. 11. Memoires du Museum national de l'Histoire naturelle (AT), 158, pp. 9 - 87. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 58753255 # page / 11 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1993">
Lévi, 
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</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in being much larger, lighter in colour, with a harder, denser and incompressible texture. Furthermore, our new species lacks the purely radial skeleton found in 
<taxonomicName id="5A929DEFFF84C035FA7322440CFA153F" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Spinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="69" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="AFE63A7EFF84C035FA7322440CFA153F" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="69">S. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but has a multilayered complex choanosomal skeleton instead. It also lacks the large fringe tylostyles as well as the raphides found in the New Caledonian specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>