332 lines
34 KiB
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332 lines
34 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590" ID-PMC="PMC8595221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-9-e75590" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48" ID-PubMed="34795550" ModsDocID="1314-2828-9-e75590" checkinTime="1636536797203" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sennikov, Alexander N. & Lazkov, Georgy A." docDate="2021" docId="60682FD4F31157B5AB69526935718333" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 9: e75590" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 9" docPubDate="2021-11-09" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590" docTitle="Xanthium strumarium L. 1753" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48" lastPageNumber="75590" masterDocId="6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48" masterDocTitle="The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 1" masterLastPageNumber="75590" masterPageNumber="75590" pageNumber="75590" updateTime="1668126427846" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sennikov, Alexander N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-7657</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland & Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lazkov, Georgy A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-11-09</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>75590</mods:start>
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<mods:end>75590</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-9-e75590</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="multiple">
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:60682FD4F31157B5AB69526935718333" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/60682FD4F31157B5AB69526935718333" lastPageNumber="75590" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<taxonomicName LSID="60682FD4-F311-57B5-AB69-526935718333" authority="L. 1753" authorityName="L." authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium strumarium" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strumarium">Xanthium strumarium L. 1753</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium strumarium" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strumarium">Xanthium strumarium</taxonomicName>
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L., Sp. Pl. 2: 987 (1753).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium strumarium" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strumarium">Xanthium strumarium</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium chinense" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Xanthium chinense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium strumarium" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strumarium">Xanthium strumarium</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium sibiricum" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibiricum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Xanthium sibiricum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">This species is characterised by unarmed leaves and broadly cylindrical burrs 1-2 cm long with less numerous, sparsely spaced hooked prickles.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Distribution</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="native distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Native distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Pollen and macrofossil evidence suggests that the species is native to the southern temperate zone of Eurasia, stretching from Greece through the Black Sea Basin and the Caspian Sea Basin, including the Middle East and the Caucasus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Opravil, Emanuel" journalOrPublisher="Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="71 - 79" refId="B7211872" refString="Opravil, Emanuel, 1983. Xanthium strumarium L. - ein europaeischer Archaeophyt? Flora 173: 71 - 79" title="Xanthium strumarium L. - ein europaeischer Archaeophyt?" volume="173" year="1983">Opravil 1983</bibRefCitation>
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). Recent studies of palaeopalynological records indicate that the eastern limit of its native distribution may extend as far eastwards as to Central India, where its pollen was found in sediments dated over 12000 calibrated years before the present (
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<bibRefCitation author="Quamar, M. Firoze" journalOrPublisher="Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7379675" refString="Quamar, M. Firoze, Kar, Ratan, 2020. Prolonged warming over the last ca. 11,700 cal years from the central Indian Core Monsoon Zone: Pollen evidence and a synoptic overview. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 276" title="Prolonged warming over the last ca. 11,700 cal years from the central Indian Core Monsoon Zone: Pollen evidence and a synoptic overview" volume="276" year="2020">Quamar and Kar 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). The key area for the species seems to be Asia Minor and the South Caspian Region.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Central Asia,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium strumarium" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strumarium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Xanthium strumarium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seems to be native in southern Turkmenistan (cf.
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<bibRefCitation author="Nikitin, V. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Turkmenia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7473565" refString="Nikitin, V. V., 1960. . Flora of Turkmenia 7" volume="7" year="1960">Nikitin 1960</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="secondary distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Secondary distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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The species is an archaeophyte in Europe (including a large part of the Mediterranean), Boreal, Central and probably Tropical Asia; it occurs as a neophyte in North and South America and Australia, where its distribution data may be obscured by the confusion with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. orientale" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="orientale">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. orientale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Although the native distribution of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was considered rather uncertain due to its early dispersal by human activities, its archaeophytic occurrence in Central Europe (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lange, Elsbeth" journalOrPublisher="Feddes Repertorium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="57 - 60" refId="B7378315" refString="Lange, Elsbeth, 1968. Zum Vorkommen von Xanthium strumarium L. in Mitteleuropa. Feddes Repertorium 77 (1): 57 - 60" title="Zum Vorkommen von Xanthium strumarium L. in Mitteleuropa" volume="77" year="1968">Lange 1968</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Opravil, Emanuel" journalOrPublisher="Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="71 - 79" refId="B7211872" refString="Opravil, Emanuel, 1983. Xanthium strumarium L. - ein europaeischer Archaeophyt? Flora 173: 71 - 79" title="Xanthium strumarium L. - ein europaeischer Archaeophyt?" volume="173" year="1983">Opravil 1983</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Sostaric, R." journalOrPublisher="Collegium Antropologicum" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="1295 - 1301" refId="B7378332" refString="Sostaric, R., Alegro, A., Hrsak, V., Stancic, Z., Kuester, H., 2009. Plant remains from an Early Iron Age well at Hajndl, Slovenia. Collegium Antropologicum 33 (4): 1295 - 1301" title="Plant remains from an Early Iron Age well at Hajndl, Slovenia" volume="33" year="2009">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sostarić">Sostaric</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and a large part of the Mediterranean (
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<bibRefCitation author="Opravil, Emanuel" journalOrPublisher="Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="71 - 79" refId="B7211872" refString="Opravil, Emanuel, 1983. Xanthium strumarium L. - ein europaeischer Archaeophyt? Flora 173: 71 - 79" title="Xanthium strumarium L. - ein europaeischer Archaeophyt?" volume="173" year="1983">Opravil 1983</bibRefCitation>
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) was proven. In Europe, this species belongs to the most widely distributed alien vascular plants (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambdon, P. V." journalOrPublisher="Preslia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="101 - 149" refId="B7430092" refString="Lambdon, P. V., Pysek, P., Basnou, C., Hejda, M., Arianoutsou, M., Essl, F., Jarosik, V., Pergl, J., Winter, M., Anastasiu, P., Andriopoulos, P., Bazos, I., Brundu, G., Celesti-Grapow, L., Chassot, P., Delipetrou, P., Josefsson, M., Kark, S., Klotz, S., Kokkoris, Y., Kuehn, I., Marchante, H., Perglova, I., Pino, J., Vila, M., Zikos, A., Roy, D., Hulme, P. E., 2008. Alien flora of Europe: species diversity, temporal trends, geographical patterns and research needs. Preslia 80 (2): 101 - 149" title="Alien flora of Europe: species diversity, temporal trends, geographical patterns and research needs" volume="80" year="2008">Lambdon et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In north-western China (Xinjiang), according to the pollen data, the species was introduced about 3700 cal. years before the present, with the expansion of the Andronovo culture (
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<bibRefCitation author="Tarasov, P. E." journalOrPublisher="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="166 - 178" refId="B7379684" refString="Tarasov, P. E., Demske, Dieter, Leipe, Christian, Long, Tengwen, Mueller, Stefanie, Hoelzmann, Philipp, Wagner, Mayke, 2019. An 8500-year palynological record of vegetation, climate change and human activity in the Bosten Lake region of Northwest China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 516: 166 - 178" title="An 8500 - year palynological record of vegetation, climate change and human activity in the Bosten Lake region of Northwest China" volume="516" year="2019">Tarasov et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
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). The invasion of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to Xinjiang corresponded to the introduction of wheat cultivation to the territory (
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<bibRefCitation author="Betts, Alison" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary International" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="158 - 168" refId="B7378355" refString="Betts, Alison, Jia, Peter Weiming, Dodson, John, 2014. The origins of wheat in China and potential pathways for its introduction: A review. Quaternary International 348: 158 - 168" title="The origins of wheat in China and potential pathways for its introduction: A review" volume="348" year="2014">Betts et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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), and Iranian-speaking people of the Androsovo culture seem to have been responsible for both events.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Similarly, wheat cultivation was recorded as present some 4300-4000 cal. years before the present in the steppes near the Dzungarian Range, eastern Kazakhstan (
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<bibRefCitation author="Frachetti, Michael D." journalOrPublisher="Antiquity" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="993 - 1010" refId="B7410937" refString="Frachetti, Michael D., Spengler, Robert N., Fritz, Gayle J., Mar'yashev, Alexei N., 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84 (326): 993 - 1010" title="Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region" volume="84" year="2010">Frachetti et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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), likely indicating the corresponding expansion of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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across Central Asia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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The earliest archaeological data from Xinjiang, China (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sheng, Pengfei" journalOrPublisher="Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="2027 - 2038" refId="B7211925" refString="Sheng, Pengfei, Shang, Xue, Jiang, Hongen, 2018. Archaeobotanical evidence for early utilization of cockleburs (Xanthium strumarium L., Asteraceae) in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11 (5): 2027 - 2038" title="Archaeobotanical evidence for early utilization of cockleburs (Xanthium strumarium L., Asteraceae) in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China" volume="11" year="2018">Sheng et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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) recorded the presence and human use of the species 2200-2400 years ago; this record corresponds to the increase of the
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Xanthium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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pollen abundance linked with the intensified human activities through the Silk Road trade connections (
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<bibRefCitation author="Tarasov, P. E." journalOrPublisher="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="166 - 178" refId="B7379684" refString="Tarasov, P. E., Demske, Dieter, Leipe, Christian, Long, Tengwen, Mueller, Stefanie, Hoelzmann, Philipp, Wagner, Mayke, 2019. An 8500-year palynological record of vegetation, climate change and human activity in the Bosten Lake region of Northwest China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 516: 166 - 178" title="An 8500 - year palynological record of vegetation, climate change and human activity in the Bosten Lake region of Northwest China" volume="516" year="2019">Tarasov et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Wheat cultivation was introduced to Central Asia (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) from Iran and Afghanistan ca. 5000 years ago (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spengler, Robert N." journalOrPublisher="Environmental Archaeology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="211 - 221" refId="B7410946" refString="Spengler, Robert N., Willcox, George, 2013. Archaeobotanical results from Sarazm, Tajikistan, an Early Bronze Age Settlement on the edge: Agriculture and exchange. Environmental Archaeology 18 (3): 211 - 221" title="Archaeobotanical results from Sarazm, Tajikistan, an Early Bronze Age Settlement on the edge: Agriculture and exchange" volume="18" year="2013">Spengler and Willcox 2013</bibRefCitation>
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), and was most likely accompanied by the corresponding invasion of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The introduction of wheat was accompanied by the spread of sheep and taurine cattle in agro-pastoral cultures developed in piedmont areas along main mountain systems in Central Asia, on the way from Iran to north-western China (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spengler, Robert N." journalOrPublisher="Journal of World Prehistory" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="215 - 253" refId="B7410955" refString="Spengler, Robert N., 2015. Agriculture in the Central Asian Bronze Age. Journal of World Prehistory 28 (3): 215 - 253" title="Agriculture in the Central Asian Bronze Age" volume="28" year="2015">Spengler 2015</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Stevens, Chris J" journalOrPublisher="The Holocene" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="1541 - 1555" refId="B7410355" refString="Stevens, Chris J, Murphy, Charlene, Roberts, Rebecca, Lucas, Leilani, Silva, Fabio, Fuller, Dorian Q, 2016. Between China and South Asia: A Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age. The Holocene 26 (10): 1541 - 1555" title="Between China and South Asia: A Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age" volume="26" year="2016">Stevens et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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), which makes the probability for the arrival of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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even stronger because this species is a common contaminant of wool and is locally dispersed with sheep and cattle by exozoochory.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<bibRefCitation author="Preston, C. D." journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="257 - 294" refId="B7472919" refString="Preston, C. D., Pearman, D. A., Hall, A. R., 2004. Archaeophytes in Britain. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 145 (3): 257 - 294" title="Archaeophytes in Britain" volume="145" year="2004">Preston et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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hypothesised that the commonly observed decline of archaeophytes, which occurred largely on arable lands and around human settlements, happened "perhaps because new introductions no longer balance the inevitable losses". We think this explanation is highly likely in the case of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Although this species has a clear adaptation to zoochory and is frequently quoted in connection with this fact, in Kyrgyzstan it was most common on fields and in populated places rather than on pastures (
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<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7206684" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
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), thus indicating that the main vector of its local dispersal was management of arable lands. This management implied a constant arrival of new diaspores through contaminated seed. After the Russian colonisation of Central Asia, the original wheat cultivars were replaced by foreign selections due to the constantly increasing demand for higher yields, and the seed material became imported from remote territories. This change implied that the local circulation of wheat weed seeds had stopped or was at least obstructed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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At some point, source fields of the imported wheat seed became infested by
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. orientale" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="orientale">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. orientale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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rather than
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<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
(cf.
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Suominen, J." journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="1 - 108" refId="B7434725" refString="Suominen, J., 1979. The grain immigrant flora of Finland. Acta Botanica Fennica 111: 1 - 108" title="The grain immigrant flora of Finland" volume="111" year="1979">Suominen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and new diaspores of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
no longer arrived to the Central Asian fields. The lack of the outsource renewal, coupled with the constant management of fields and a limited extent of full naturalisation in native habitats, had likely caused a prominent decline of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Central Asia. A similar process had occurred at the same time period in Boreal Europe (e.g.
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gudzinskas, Z." journalOrPublisher="Botanica Lithuanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="335 - 366" refId="B7472910" refString="Gudzinskas, Z., 1997. Conspectus of alien plant species of Lithuania. 4. Asteraceae. Botanica Lithuanica 3 (4): 335 - 366" title="Conspectus of alien plant species of Lithuania. 4. Asteraceae" volume="3" year="1997">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gudžinskas">Gudzinskas</normalizedToken>
|
|
1997
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In Central Europe,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. spinosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="spinosum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. spinosum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
had experienced a similar decline with the recent advancement of agriculture and wool cleaning (e.g.
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Dudas, Matej" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Central European Agriculture" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="305 - 316" refId="B7475010" refString="Dudas, Matej, Elias Jr., Pavol, 2021. Alien weed Xanthium spinosum in Slovakia I: distribution and habitats. Journal of Central European Agriculture 22 (2): 305 - 316" title="Alien weed Xanthium spinosum in Slovakia I: distribution and habitats" volume="22" year="2021">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dudáš">Dudas</normalizedToken>
|
|
and
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Eliáš">Elias</normalizedToken>
|
|
Jr. 2021
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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|
According to herbarium collections, in Central Asia,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was most likely naturalised in steppe areas along rivers, especially in Kazakhstan. In Kyrgyzstan, its naturalised populations were probably concentrated in the north, along the
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chü">Chue</normalizedToken>
|
|
River, which should be explored for relic occurrences of this species; this territory was found climatically suitable for the naturalisation of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
s.l., based on the data derived from the current invasion of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. orientale" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="orientale">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. orientale</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, Yang" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7476463" refString="Zhang, Yang, Tang, Jieshi, Ren, Gang, Zhao, Kaixin, Wang, Xianfang, 2021. Global potential distribution prediction of Xanthium italicum based on Maxent model. Scientific Reports 11 (1)" title="Global potential distribution prediction of Xanthium italicum based on Maxent model" volume="11" year="2021">Zhang et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In other territories, its former occurrences around fields and populated places seem to have been largely ephemeral.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
|
The latest records of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are few, and a special effort is required to trace its refugia. We are not aware of any recent collection or observation from Central Asia, whereas one recent specimen was traced from agricultural valleys of northern Xinjiang, China (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F7473492" captionText="Figure 12. A recent specimen of Xanthium strumarium from northern Xinjiang, China (MW 075041)." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/590147" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">12</figureCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Seregin, A. P." journalOrPublisher="Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7354845" refString="Seregin, A. P., 2021. Moscow University Herbarium (MW). Version 1.190. In: The Global Biodiversity Information Facility." title="Moscow University Herbarium (MW). Version 1.190" volumeTitle="The Global Biodiversity Information Facility." year="2021">Seregin 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="distribution in central asia">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Distribution in Central Asia</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
|
The species was present in all the countries of Central Asia (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Nabiev, M. M." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7199560" refString="Nabiev, M. M., 1993. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia 10" volume="10" year="1993">Nabiev 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="distribution in kyrgyzstan">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Distribution in Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
|
Western Tian-Shan, Northern Tian-Shan, Eastern Tian-Shan, Alay-Turkestan (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F7430534" captionText="Figure 13. Historical distribution of Xanthium strumarium in Kyrgyzstan according to the specimens examined." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591067" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">13</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
|
The species has been considered occurring in all parts of the country (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gorbunova, N. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Kirghizia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7206708" refString="Gorbunova, N. V., 1965. . Flora of Kirghizia 11" volume="11" year="1965">Gorbunova 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7206684" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and was collected from all phytogeographic regions. It occurred in or along all major depressions and valleys.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">According to herbarium specimens, the species was found at elevations between 650 and 2100 m, thus covering the territories suitable for agriculture.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="ecology">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Ecology</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
|
Same as for
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthium orientale" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientale">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Xanthium orientale</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but probably less competitive and more confined to steppes rather than to arid depressions; in Central Asia,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. strumarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="strumarium">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">X. strumarium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
may reach the altitudes as high as 4000 m (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Nabiev, M. M." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7199560" refString="Nabiev, M. M., 1993. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia 10" volume="10" year="1993">Nabiev 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In Kyrgyzstan, both species occurred in the same habitats.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="biology">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Biology</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Annual.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="introduction to kyrgyzstan">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Introduction to Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="period of introduction">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Period of introduction</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Archaeophyte.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">The species is an archaeophyte of the Neolithic period, which had arrived with a further development of agriculture.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="pathways of introduction">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Pathways of introduction</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Transport - Contaminant: Seed contaminant.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
|
|
The species had likely arrived with the cultivation of wheat, which was introduced to present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan no later than 5000 years ago (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Spengler, Robert N." journalOrPublisher="Environmental Archaeology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="211 - 221" refId="B7410946" refString="Spengler, Robert N., Willcox, George, 2013. Archaeobotanical results from Sarazm, Tajikistan, an Early Bronze Age Settlement on the edge: Agriculture and exchange. Environmental Archaeology 18 (3): 211 - 221" title="Archaeobotanical results from Sarazm, Tajikistan, an Early Bronze Age Settlement on the edge: Agriculture and exchange" volume="18" year="2013">Spengler and Willcox 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Further dispersal occurred by domestic animals and water (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ridley, H. N." journalOrPublisher="L. Reeve and Co., Ashford" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7446234" refString="Ridley, H. N., 1930. The dispersal of plants throughout the world. L. Reeve and Co., Ashford" title="The dispersal of plants throughout the world" year="1930">Ridley 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="invasion status">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Invasion status</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Naturalised, not invasive. Historically common and abundant, but likely dependent on human management; currently nearly extinct, but probably still resident in the country (current presence is not confirmed, last record dated 1978).</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="evidence of impact">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Evidence of impact</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Agriculture - minor impact (formerly common weed of fields, gardens and pastures, contaminant of wool; currently not recorded). Native ecosystems - minor impact (formerly extensive occurrence along mountain streams and in steppe-like landscapes around populated places; present-day occurrence is not confirmed). Urban areas - minor impact (former ruderal occurrence).</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="trend">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Trend</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Strongly declining (observed).</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</subSection>
|
|
</document> |