330 lines
30 KiB
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330 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc0de51-2536-45b8-8be2-d8b860355539" ID-PMC="PMC6554266" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-123-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" ID-PubMed="31198402" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240750" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2003-123-1" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" checkinTime="1559283366142" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Barboza, Gloria E., Bohs, Lynn & Saerkinen, Tiina" docDate="2019" docId="600B2207CAF577250B758CEC23C731CF" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 123: 1-144" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" docTitle="Solanum villosum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="100" updateTime="1668139316858" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bohs, Lynn</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>123</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>144</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-123-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3240750</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157330216" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:600B2207CAF577250B758CEC23C731CF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/600B2207CAF577250B758CEC23C731CF" lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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18.
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<taxonomicName LSID="600B2207-CAF5-7725-0B75-8CEC23C731CF" authority="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768" authorityName="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2." authorityYear="1768" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">Solanum villosum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Solanum villosum Mill. A Flowering habit B detail of adaxial leaf surface C detail of abaxial leaf surface D bud E dissected flower F fruiting habit G fruiting habit with dense indumentum H fruit (A-E Wood 2193 F Popov GP / 72 / 31 G Wood Y / 74 / 265). Drawing by R. Wise (previously published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305353" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Figures 54</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Solanum villosum Mill. A Habit B inflorescence in densely pubescent plant C flowers and buds D immature infructescence E fully mature fruits F fully mature fruits showing reflexed calyx lobes (A Nijmegen accession 884750135 B Nijmegen accession 914750047 C Nijmegen accession A 34750061 D Nijmegen accession A 34750043 E Nijmegen accession A 14750048 F Nijmegen accession A 34750038). Photos by T. Saerkinen and G. van der Weerden (previously published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305354" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">, 55</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="100" pageNumber="101" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
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.9
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
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Cultivated in Chelsea Physic Garden from "Barbados where it is supposed to grow naturally",
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Herb. Miller s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B111" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 54: BM [BM000942575]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
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Annual to short lived perennial herbs, much branched at base and usually bushy in form, up to 0.5 m tall. Stems terete to ridged, green to purple, ascending, not hollow; new growth densely pubescent with eglandular and/or glandular, simple, spreading, uniseriate 3-10-celled trichomes 0.2-2.0 mm long; older stems glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–5.0(–">-5.0(-</normalizedToken>
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10.0) cm long, 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.5(–">-2.5(-</normalizedToken>
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6.5) cm wide, broadly to narrowly ovate to elliptic, green; adaxial surfaces sparsely to densely pubescent with spreading, simple, uniseriate eglandular
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<pageBreakToken pageId="101" pageNumber="102" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
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/or glandular trichomes like those on stem evenly along veins and lamina; abaxial surfaces more densely pubescent on veins and lamina; major veins 4-6 pairs; base acute to truncate, short-attenuate, often asymmetric; margins sinuate-dentate to rarely entire; apex acute; petioles 0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–3.0(–">-3.0(-</normalizedToken>
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4.5) cm long, pubescent with simple uniseriate glandular and/or eglandular trichomes like those on stems. Inflorescences 0.4-2.0 cm long, lateral, internodal, unbranched, with (2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–)3–5(–">-)3-5(-</normalizedToken>
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8) flowers clustered at the tips
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<pageBreakToken pageId="102" pageNumber="103" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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sub-umbelliform, young inflorescences only) or more commonly spaced along the rhachis, pubescent with spreading simple glandular and/or eglandular uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems; peduncle 0.4-1.5 cm long, straight; pedicels 4-7 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0-1.0 mm apart. Buds globose, the corolla exserted ca. 1/5 from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 1.2-1.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 0.8-1.5 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, elliptic to triangular with obtuse thickened apices and paler (almost scarious) sinuses, pubescent with spreading simple uniseriate eglandular and/or glandular trichomes like those on stem. Corolla 8-15(-20) mm in diameter, white with a yellow-green central portion near the base and occasionally with purple stripes along lobe midveins abaxially, stellate, lobed 1/2 way to the base, the lobes 2.5-4.5 mm long, 2.0-3.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, densely papillate-pubescent abaxially with simple uniseriate eglandular trichomes. Stamens equal; filament tube minute, pubescent with spreading uniseriate simple eglandular trichomes adaxially; free portion of the filaments 1.0-1.3 mm long, pubescent like the tube; anthers 1.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.2(–">-2.2(-</normalizedToken>
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2.4) mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.8-3.5 (-4.0) mm long, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes in the lower half, exserted 0-1 mm beyond anther cone; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit an ellipsoid berry, usually somewhat longer than broad, 8.5-10 mm long, 8.0-9.5 mm wide, (red-)orange to yellow at maturity, translucent, the pericarp shiny; fruiting pedicels 8-14 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the base, 0.7-1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, strongly reflexed, becoming woody, spaced 1.0-2.0 mm apart not falling with the fruit, remaining on the plant and always persistent on older inflorescences; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube 1.0-1.5 mm long, the lobes 2.0-3.0 mm long and 1.0-2.0 mm wide, strongly reflexed in fruit. Seeds 20-40 per berry, 1.8-2.2 mm long, 1.5-1.7 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells absent, but occasionally 1-2 found in North African and Arabian material. Chromosome number:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">2n</emphasis>
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=4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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=48 (see
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240858" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305353" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 54" startId="F54">
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Figure 54.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Solanum villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mill.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">A</emphasis>
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Flowering habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">B</emphasis>
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detail of adaxial leaf surface
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">C</emphasis>
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detail of abaxial leaf surface
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">D</emphasis>
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bud
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">E</emphasis>
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dissected flower
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">F</emphasis>
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fruiting habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">G</emphasis>
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fruiting habit with dense indumentum
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">H</emphasis>
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fruit (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">A-E</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Wood 2193</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">F</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Popov GP/72/31</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">G</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Wood Y/74/265</emphasis>
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). Drawing by R. Wise (previously published in "PhytoKeys 106").
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240860" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305354" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 55" startId="F55">
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Figure 55.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Solanum villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mill.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">A</emphasis>
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Habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">B</emphasis>
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inflorescence in densely pubescent plant
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">C</emphasis>
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flowers and buds
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">D</emphasis>
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immature infructescence
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">E</emphasis>
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fully mature fruits
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">F</emphasis>
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fully mature fruits showing reflexed calyx lobes (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">A</emphasis>
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Nijmegen accession 884750135
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">B</emphasis>
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Nijmegen accession 914750047
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">C</emphasis>
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Nijmegen accession A34750061
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">D</emphasis>
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Nijmegen accession A34750043
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">E</emphasis>
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Nijmegen accession A14750048
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">F</emphasis>
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Nijmegen accession A34750038). Photos by T.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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and G. van der Weerden (previously published in "PhytoKeys 106").
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
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(Figure
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="F56" captionText="Figure 56. Distribution of Solanum villosum Mill." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure56" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305355" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">56</figureCitation>
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)
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Solanum villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is native to Europe where it is very common around the Mediterranean basin, the Arabian Peninsula to dry sub-tropical Asia, and eastern Africa (where it is cultivated for its fruit); the species is locally introduced but not persistent and not yet naturalised in North America.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240862" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure56" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305355" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 56" startId="F56">
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Figure 56.</emphasis>
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Distribution of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Solanum villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mill.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">In North America, the few collections occur at around sea level near ports and at higher inland elevations where details of cultivated versus adventive status have not been recorded on labels.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="common names">
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Common names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
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United States of America. Hairy nightshade (
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<bibRefCitation author="USDA Plants" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://plants.usda.gov" refId="B181" refString="USDA Plants, 2017. USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [http://plants.usda.gov" title="USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [" url="http://plants.usda.gov" year="2017">USDA Plants 2017</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Correll, DS" journalOrPublisher="CABI International, Wallingford and New York" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refId="B47" refString="Correll, DS, Johnston, MC, 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner." title="Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner." year="1970">Correll and Johnston 1970</bibRefCitation>
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, but unclear if this really refers to
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<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">S. villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or to a pubescent form of
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<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="nigrum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">S. nigrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or to
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<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
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None recorded. In Africa the leaves and berries are eaten, the latter often by children (see
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2017)">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="103" pageNumber="104" start="start">Preliminary</pageBreakToken>
|
||
conservation status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B115" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Least Concern (LC).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Solanum villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a rare adventive species in North America; for conservation status in its native range see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Solanum villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an occasional non-native species to North America; the first known specimen was collected in 1899 by Curtiss from Pensacola, thought to have arrived in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ships’">ships'</normalizedToken>
|
||
ballast from Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="819 - 867" refId="B55" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974b. Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61 (3): 819 - 867, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" title="Solanum and its close relatives in Florida." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" volume="61" year="1974 b">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
|
||
1974b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species has clearly not persisted or spread in North America despite several introductions (as seen in the few specimen records from widely distant sites). The many synonyms for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">S. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for complete synonymy) reflect the broad morphological variation observed within the species, especially in its native range, where indumentum can range from nearly absent (the plants glabrous) to densely pubescent with eglandular and/or eglandular trichomes, and where cultivation and incipient domestication have resulted in a great range of inflorescence morphologies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Solanum villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from all other morelloid species in North America by its orange-red berries that are often slightly elongated in shape and that lack stone cells. We have been unable to verify with specimens the citation of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">S. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Texas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Correll, DS" journalOrPublisher="CABI International, Wallingford and New York" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refId="B47" refString="Correll, DS, Johnston, MC, 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner." title="Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner." year="1970">Correll and Johnston 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); this is likely to be a misidentification. The Mexican species
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. corymbosum" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" rank="species" species="corymbosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">S. corymbosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also has orange-red berries, has branched inflorescences, minute flowers and berries with two large apical stone cells. All other species of the group in North America have rounded black or green berries. In bud and flower the calyx sinuses in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">S. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much thinner than the lobes, and in dry specimens are white or transparent below the actual sinus, so that there appears to be a
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“window”">"window"</normalizedToken>
|
||
in the calyx tube. In general aspect, plants are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but that species has matte purple berries with a distinct white glaucous bloom (also without stone cells, so herbarium specimens can be difficult to distinguish in the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="104" pageNumber="105" start="start">absence</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of good label information), and the leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more rhomboid in shape than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">S. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both of these introduced species are tetraploid and have glandular and eglandular forms in their native ranges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
|
||
The typification details for the 45 heterotypic Old World synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">S. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="105" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="104" pageNumber="105">See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |