226 lines
24 KiB
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226 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.50.505" ID-GBIF-Dataset="17f7aed8-1b83-447c-be88-3cfba37b703c" ID-PMC="PMC3088021" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-50-91" ID-PubMed="21594117" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-50-91" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 50" ModsDocTitle="Stomosis arachnophila sp. n., a new kleptoparasitic species of freeloader flies (Diptera, Milichiidae)" checkinTime="1451251060772" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Brake, Irina & von Tschirnhaus, Michael" docDate="2010" docId="1C26B09D4FB3349203349BA82CC2F04A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 50: 91-96" docOrigin="ZooKeys 50" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.50.505" docTitle="Stomosis arachnophila Brake, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="95" masterDocId="174CFF9DD46FFFAAB40BE808FF95FFA5" masterDocTitle="Stomosis arachnophila sp. n., a new kleptoparasitic species of freeloader flies (Diptera, Milichiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="92" updateTime="1668160426763" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Stomosis arachnophila sp. n., a new kleptoparasitic species of freeloader flies (Diptera, Milichiidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Brake, Irina</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>von Tschirnhaus, Michael</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>50</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>91</mods:start>
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<mods:end>96</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.50.505</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.50.505</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-50-91</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159359457" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:267B9A8B-372C-45EC-BFE5-661AF13CABC8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C26B09D4FB3349203349BA82CC2F04A" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="1" pageNumber="92">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="92" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="92">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:267B9A8B-372C-45EC-BFE5-661AF13CABC8" authority="Brake" class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Stomosis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomosis arachnophila" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arachnophila">Stomosis arachnophila Brake</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="92">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="92" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="92">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Stomosis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomosis" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stomosis</taxonomicName>
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sp. 1. in
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<bibRefCitation author="Brake, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica, Supplements" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 120" title="Phylogenetic systematics of the Milichiidae (Diptera, Schizophora)." volume="57" year="2000">Brake 2000</bibRefCitation>
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: 13 (Pl. 1D, 7G, 8G, 10B, 12A+E, 15D+F) [morphology, phylogeny].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="1" pageNumber="92" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="92">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="92">Holotype, male: Australia. Western Australia: SSW' Walpole, Coalmine Beach at northern bank of Nornalup Inlet, Caravan Park, also S' Walpole Inlet [34°59'S, 116°45'E, 9.III.1989, X649, M. von Tschirnhaus (UBI_IBC_3220248, ANIC). The holotype is in good condition and is glued to a paper triangle on a pin.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="93" start="start">Paratypes</pageBreakToken>
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(in ethanol if not otherwise stated): same data as holotype, 10♂11♀ (UBI_IBC_3220246-7, ZSM, in ethanol, UBI_IBC_3220249-55, BMNH, ANIC, USNM glued to paper triangle). Australia. Western Australia: SSW' Walpole, Coalmine Beach at northern bank of Nornalup Inlet, Caravan Park, also S' Walpole Inlet [34°59'S, 116°45'E, 9.III.1989, X651, M. von Tschirnhaus, 5♂11♀ (UBI_IBC_3220119-20, BMNH); west coast, Canal Rocks, 4.5 km SSW' Yallingup, 12.4 km SW' Dunsborough [33°41'S, 115°00'E, sweep net, 21.II.1989, X631, M. von Tschirnhaus, 2♂ (UBI_IBC_3220111, USNM); west coast, Canal Rocks Beach Resort, 50 meter S' of beach, 3 km SSW' Yallingup, 10 km SW' Dunsborough [33°40'S, 115°01'E, sweep net, 23.II.1989, X632, M. von Tschirnhaus, 1♂4♀ (UBI_IBC_3220112-3, ZSM); western Stirling Range, Mondurup Peak, highest rock ridge, 800 to 817 m.a.s.l. [34°24'S, 117°47'E, sweep net, 26.III.1989, X676, M. von Tschirnhaus, 1♂2♀ (UBI_IBC_3220128-9, ZSM); south coast, Hopetoun, caravan park at sea site [33°57'S, 120°07'E, sweep net, 31.III.1989, X681, M. von Tschirnhaus, 1♂1♀ (UBI_IBC_3220130-1, ANIC).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Non type material: same data as holotype, 35♂12♀1? (UBI_IBC_3220117-9, UBI, in ethanol), 3♂3♀ (UBI_IBC_3220256-61, BMNH, glued to paper triangle).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="diagnostic description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Diagnostic description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Differing from congeners in the combination of yellow anterior margin of frons, completely brown basoflagellomere, completely brown thorax and shape of male terminalia.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="morphology">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Morphology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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Coloration and vestiture: Head brown posteriorly, yellow anteriorly, slightly microtomentose except for frons. Frons usually brown on posterior 2/3 and yellow on anterior third of frons, but in a few specimens the frons is completely yellow except for a brown ocellar triangle and orbital plates; lunule yellow, face light brown;
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="94" start="start">gena</pageBreakToken>
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yellow except for posterior margin; antenna brown; palpus yellow with narrow brown tip and proboscis light brown. Thorax completely brown, slightly microtomentose except for shiny area posterior to base of fore coxa, wing and calypter hyaline, veins brown, halter white, legs black except for lighter ventral side of fore coxa and yellow narrow bases of all tibiae as well as distal tip of fore tibia, and all basitarsi. Abdomen with all tergites and sternites brown, slightly microtomentose except for anterior half of synsternite 7/8 and of epandrium.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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Head: Frons with 3 orbital setae, posterior seta lateroreclinate, the medial seta lateroclinate, anterior seta lateroproclinate, and 2 medioclinate frontal setae, postocellar setae medioclinate (cruciate). Arista about 2.5x as long as basoflagellomere width, pubescence on arista very short. Tip of ocellar triangle nearly reaching anterior third of frons. Gena height 0.13-0.15x eye height (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brake, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica, Supplements" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 120" title="Phylogenetic systematics of the Milichiidae (Diptera, Schizophora)." volume="57" year="2000">Brake 2000</bibRefCitation>
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, Pl. 1D).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Thorax: 2 dc, 1 prsc, 1 pprn, 1 prs, 1 sa, 1 pa, 1 keps setae, posterior prsc about a third as long as posterior dc, seta between posterior prsc and posterior dc absent.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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Wing (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brake, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica, Supplements" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 120" title="Phylogenetic systematics of the Milichiidae (Diptera, Schizophora)." volume="57" year="2000">Brake 2000</bibRefCitation>
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, Pl. 10B): with veins R4+5 and M parallel; M-ratio is 2.9; length: 1.7-2.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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Male abdomen: Sternite 5 divided into a narrow anterior and a narrow posterior part. Anterior part bent behind sternite 4 and covered with setulae, which may be part of a gland (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brake, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica, Supplements" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 120" title="Phylogenetic systematics of the Milichiidae (Diptera, Schizophora)." volume="57" year="2000">Brake 2000</bibRefCitation>
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, Pl. 12A). Male genitalia as in Figs. 1-3; distiphallus membranous and tubular, about as wide and 6-7x as long as epandrium length, with many setae at apex.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Size. 2.0-2.5 mm.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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Figures 1-3.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Stomosis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomosis arachnophila" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arachnophila">Stomosis arachnophila</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.: 1 male genitalia, lateral view 2 tip of distiphallus, apical view 3 distiphallus, lateral view. Scale: 0.1mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Australia (Western Australia).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">The species name, arachnophila, is an adjective derived from the Greek arachnae = spider and philos = loving, referring to the kleptoparasitic behaviour of the species.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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Field observations by M. von Tschirnhaus for sample X651: "16 milichiids are flying in front of a huge spider (
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<taxonomicName family="Araneidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" rank="family">Araneidae</taxonomicName>
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), which sits in the middle of her web. Finally the flies alight on a winged ant, which is caught in the web and is still alive, though hardly moves. There are several dead ants of the same species in the web as well as a number of silvery
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<taxonomicName family="Therediidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" rank="family">Therediidae</taxonomicName>
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. The female spider (deposited in UBI) stays for a long time in her place even when provoked. There are up to three milichiids on one prey, that has to be freshly dead. The two flies in sample X649, which were sitting on a
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phonognatha" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phonognatha</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName family="Araneidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" rank="family">Araneidae</taxonomicName>
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) case (made from dead eucalyptus leaves) probably belong to the same species. 20 more cases were searched unsuccessfully. One milichiid alights on spider leg and runs up and down the leg dabbing, unheeded by the spider. One milichiid on ant with regurgitation droplet."
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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As described in the field notes, adults of the new species,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Stomosis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomosis arachnophila" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arachnophila">Stomosis arachnophila</taxonomicName>
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, are kleptoparasitic on spiders.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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Kleptoparasitism, the stealing of food from another animal, is present in the stem species pattern of the
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<taxonomicName family="Milichiidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" rank="family">Milichiidae</taxonomicName>
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and may also be present in the stem species pattern of its sister family, the
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<taxonomicName family="Chloropidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Brake, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica, Supplements" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 120" title="Phylogenetic systematics of the Milichiidae (Diptera, Schizophora)." volume="57" year="2000">Brake 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Adults of some species in several milichiid genera feed by sucking on prey of spiders or predatory insects
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="95" start="start">such</pageBreakToken>
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as
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<taxonomicName family="Reduviidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" rank="family">Reduviidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName family="Asilidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" rank="family">Asilidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName family="Mantidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" rank="family">Mantidae</taxonomicName>
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, or
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Odonata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Odonata" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Odonata</taxonomicName>
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. Mostly they are attracted to predators feeding on stink bugs (
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<taxonomicName family="Pentatomidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
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), squash bugs (
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<taxonomicName family="Coreidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" rank="family">Coreidae</taxonomicName>
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) or in the case of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Desmometopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Desmometopa" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Desmometopa</taxonomicName>
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flies, on honey bees (
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<taxonomicName family="Apidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" rank="family">Apidae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Frost, CA" journalOrPublisher="Psyche, a Journal of Entomology" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" pagination="37 - 37" title="Peculiar habits of small Diptera, Desmometopa latipes Meigen." url="10.1155/1913/82506" volume="20" year="1913">Frost 1913</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Robinson, MH" journalOrPublisher="Psyche, a Journal of Entomology" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="150 - 157" title="Associations between flies and spiders: Bibiocommensalism and dipsoparasitism?" url="10.1155/1977/26019" volume="84" year="1977">Robinson and Robinson 1977</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Sivinski, J" journalOrPublisher="Psyche, a Journal of Entomology" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="337 - 348" title="A kleptoparasitic Cecidomyiid and other flies associated with spiders." url="10.1155/1980/27685" volume="87" year="1980">Sivinski and Stowe 1980</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Landau, GD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="270 - 272" title="Observations on commensal Diptera (Milichiidae and Chloropidae) associated with spiders in Alabama." url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3705740?cookieSet=1" volume="15" year="1987">Landau and Gaylor 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). This is the first record of ants as prey.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="95">In almost all cases it is only the female fly that is kleptoparasitic, possibly because kleptoparasitism provides the females with protein needed to produce eggs. In the present example, however, males and females were aspirated directly from the prey. It is possible that in this case the males are attracted to the spider's web in order to find mating partners.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="95">
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Kleptoparasitism on spiders is known to be a habit of adults of some species in the genera
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Desmometopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Desmometopa" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Desmometopa</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Milichiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Milichiella" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Milichiella</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Neophyllomyza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neophyllomyza" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neophyllomyza</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Paramyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paramyia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paramyia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Phyllomyza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllomyza" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllomyza</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Mik, J" journalOrPublisher="Wiener entomologische Zeitung" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="146 - 151" title="Merkwuerdige Beziehungen zwischen Desmometopa m-atrum aus Europa und Agromyza minutissima aus Neu Guinea." url="http://www.biologiezentrum.at/pdf_frei_remote/WEZ_17_0146-0151.pdf" volume="17" year="1898">Mik 1898</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Biro, L" journalOrPublisher="Termeszetrajzi fuezetek" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" pagination="198 - 204" title="Commensalismus bei Fliegen." volume="22" year="1899">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Biró">Biro</normalizedToken>
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1899
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kertesz, K" journalOrPublisher="Termeszetrajzi fuezetek" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="173 - 195" title="Verzeichnis einiger, von L. Biro in Neu-Guinea und am Malayischen Archipel gesammelten Dipteren." volume="22" year="1899">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kertész">Kertesz</normalizedToken>
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1899
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Lundstroem, C" journalOrPublisher="Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora fennica" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="100 - 104" title="Om Desmometopa - arternas snyltgaestning hos spindlar och rofinsecter." volume="32" year="1906">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lundström">Lundstroem</normalizedToken>
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1906
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Frost, CA" journalOrPublisher="Psyche, a Journal of Entomology" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" pagination="37 - 37" title="Peculiar habits of small Diptera, Desmometopa latipes Meigen." url="10.1155/1913/82506" volume="20" year="1913">Frost 1913</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kramer, H" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Goerlitz" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="257 - 352" title="Die Musciden der Oberlausitz." volume="28" year="1917">Kramer 1917</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Robinson, MH" journalOrPublisher="Psyche, a Journal of Entomology" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="150 - 157" title="Associations between flies and spiders: Bibiocommensalism and dipsoparasitism?" url="10.1155/1977/26019" volume="84" year="1977">Robinson and Robinson 1977</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Lopez, A" journalOrPublisher="British Arachnological Society, The Newsletter" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="3 - 4" title="News on insects considered as spider commensals and their hosts." volume="40" year="1984">Lopez 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Landau, GD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="270 - 272" title="Observations on commensal Diptera (Milichiidae and Chloropidae) associated with spiders in Alabama." url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3705740?cookieSet=1" volume="15" year="1987">Landau and Gaylor 1987</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Sivinski, J" journalOrPublisher="Psyche, a Journal of Entomology" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="337 - 348" title="A kleptoparasitic Cecidomyiid and other flies associated with spiders." url="10.1155/1980/27685" volume="87" year="1980">Sivinski and Stowe 1980</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Nentwig, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="348 - 354" title="Obligate kleptoparasitic behaviour of female flies at spider webs (Diptera: Empidoidea: Microphoridae)." volume="215" year="1985">Nentwig 1985</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Eisner, T" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" pagination="8194 - 8197" title="Chemical attraction of kleptoparasitic flies to heteropteran insects caught by orb-weaving spiders." url="http://www.pnas.org/content/88/18/8194.full.pdf" volume="88" year="1991">Eisner et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Stark, A" journalOrPublisher="Studia dipterologica" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="28 - 56" title="Der Zufall als Reporter: Milichiide (Diptera, Brachycera) als Gast auf der Beute einer Luchsspinne (Araneae, Oxypodidae)." volume="12" year="2005">Stark and Schellhorn 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="McMillan, RP" journalOrPublisher="Western Australian Naturalist" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" pagination="96 - 96" title="Observations on flies of the family Milichiidae cleaning Araneus and Nephila spiders." volume="13" year="1976">McMillan (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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observed
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Desmometopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Desmometopa" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Desmometopa</taxonomicName>
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flies on
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Araneus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Araneus" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Araneus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Nephila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nephila" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nephila</taxonomicName>
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spiders (
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<taxonomicName family="Araneidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" rank="family">Araneidae</taxonomicName>
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) in Western Australia and these flies appeared to be acting as cleaners of the spiders, with the spiders spreading their wet and sticky chelicerae thus allowing the flies to feed actively all over the bases, fangs and mouth. McMillan also observed the flies to feed at the anal opening when the spiders defaecated. This behaviour appears to be more a case of commensalism, which is beneficial to both parties, than of kleptoparasitism.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |