238 lines
23 KiB
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238 lines
23 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22" ID-GBIF-Dataset="99b2432e-c149-4b82-a584-4b33d116d198" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4447648" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:07001ACA-EBDE-4256-BCB9-55E3159F81DC" checkinTime="1610990288905" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis & Rage, Jean-Claude" docDate="2020" docId="CB2D87E12E3EFFCCFEC54554FC09FA68" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.42.22.409-426.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 42 (22)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.3:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Xenodermidae Gray 1849" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="422" masterDocId="3714FF992E31FFC3FFC24100FFFBFFC6" masterDocTitle="Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan" masterLastPageNumber="426" masterPageNumber="409" pageNumber="422" updateTime="1636461323990" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lapparent, France de</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bailon, Salvador</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Augé, Marc Louis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rage, Jean-Claude</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2020-09-17</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>42</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>409</mods:start>
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<mods:end>426</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">99b2432e-c149-4b82-a584-4b33d116d198</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4447648</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:07001ACA-EBDE-4256-BCB9-55E3159F81DC</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4488526" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177202469" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4488526" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB2D87E12E3EFFCCFEC54554FC09FA68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB2D87E12E3EFFCCFEC54554FC09FA68" lastPageNumber="422" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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<subSection box="[263,644,1108,1135]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="multiple">
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<subSubSection box="[263,644,1108,1135]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[263,644,1108,1135]" box="[263,644,1108,1135]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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<heading box="[263,644,1108,1135]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" reason="3">
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Family
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<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1849" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[343,644,1108,1135]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenodermidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">XENODERMIDAE Gray, 1849</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</subSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[325,582,1140,1167]" box="[325,582,1140,1167]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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<heading box="[325,582,1140,1167]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" reason="7">
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or
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<taxonomicName authority="Boie, 1827" authorityName="Boie" authorityYear="1827" box="[355,582,1140,1167]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">ELAPIDAE Boie, 1827</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[260,647,1172,1230]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Reinhardt, 1836" authorityName="Reinhardt" authorityYear="1836" box="[337,647,1172,1198]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenodermatidae" genus="Xenodermus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[337,462,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Xenodermus</emphasis>
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Reinhardt, 1836
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[339,598,1204,1230]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[339,437,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Bungarus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="DAUDIN F. M." box="[444,598,1204,1230]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" refId="ref13779" refString="DAUDIN F. M. 1803. - Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere des reptiles, ouvrage faisant suite a l'histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere composee par Leclerc de Buffon et redirigee par C. S. Sonnini. Vol. 8. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 39965291" type="book" year="1803">Daudin, 1803</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[399,508,1267,1326]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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Sp. indet. (
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<figureCitation box="[408,471,1299,1325]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,839,856]" captionTargetBox="[476,1109,218,800]" captionTargetId="figure-238@14.[472,1115,190,813]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Xenodermidae (Xenodermus) or Elapidae (Bungarus), Sherullah, late Miocene, photos:A, B, C, trunk vertebra AFG 1672, dorsal,ventral and right lateral views; D, trunk vertebra AFG 1673, dorsal view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447661/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation box="[485,499,1300,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1335,1352]" captionTargetBox="[462,1126,930,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-293@14.[454,1134,914,1351]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Xenodermidae (Xenodermus) or Elapidae (Bungarus), Sherullah, late Miocene, trunk vertebra, AFG 1672, drawings: A, B, dorsal and anterior views. Scale bar: 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447663/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">7</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[131,775,1356,1407]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin,
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<collectingCountry box="[653,771,1356,1380]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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, late Miocene, late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition, MN10/11.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[132,775,1430,1481]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3028142308" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Two incomplete vertebrae (AFG 1672, AFG 1673)</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[131,775,1523,1900]" box="[132,277,1523,1549]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[131,775,1523,1900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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These vertebrae are poorly preserved (
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<figureCitation box="[544,608,1554,1580]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,839,856]" captionTargetBox="[476,1109,218,800]" captionTargetId="figure-238@14.[472,1115,190,813]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Xenodermidae (Xenodermus) or Elapidae (Bungarus), Sherullah, late Miocene, photos:A, B, C, trunk vertebra AFG 1672, dorsal,ventral and right lateral views; D, trunk vertebra AFG 1673, dorsal view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447661/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation box="[622,636,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1335,1352]" captionTargetBox="[462,1126,930,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-293@14.[454,1134,914,1351]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Xenodermidae (Xenodermus) or Elapidae (Bungarus), Sherullah, late Miocene, trunk vertebra, AFG 1672, drawings: A, B, dorsal and anterior views. Scale bar: 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447663/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">7</figureCitation>
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). They show a well-marked abrasion with rounded and polished surfaces affecting all vertebral structures: zygapophysis, neural spine and hypapophysis, most likely as a consequence of a water transport. These vertebrae display the bases of lateral laminae. These laminae originate from the interzygapophyseal ridges and anterolateral borders of the postzygapophyses. They extended horizontally; unfortunately, their shape and extent are unknown. The laminae do not contact the prezygapophyses. The vertebrae are rather depressed. The centrum seems to have a very worn hypapophysis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[132,775,1937,2028]" box="[132,263,1937,1963]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">COMMENTS</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[132,775,1937,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[810,1456,693,1454]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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Such lateral laminae are present in rare snakes; among colubroids they occur only in a few colubrid genera (e.g. in the African genus
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<taxonomicName box="[961,1047,693,719]" class="Reptilia" family="Lamprophiidae" genus="Mehelya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[961,1047,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Mehelya</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and some American dipsadids (
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<bibRefCitation author="BOGERT C. M." pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="509 - 531" refId="ref12906" refString="BOGERT C. M. 1964. - Snakes of the genera Diaphorolepis and Synophis and the colubrid subfamily Xenoderminae (Reptilia, Colubridae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 45: 509 - 531." type="journal article" year="1964">Bogert 1964</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="HOFFSTETTER R. & GASC J. - P." box="[886,1166,725,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="201 - 310" refId="ref15165" refString="HOFFSTETTER R. & GASC J. - P. 1969. - Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles, in GANS C., BELLAIRS A. D' A. & PARSONS T. S. (eds), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 1. Morphology. Academic Press, London and New York: 201 - 310." type="book chapter" year="1969">Hoffstetter & Gasc 1969</bibRefCitation>
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; Sánchez-Martinez 2011) and in certain species of the elapid
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[1217,1317,758,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1217,1317,758,783]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Bungarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="HOFFSTETTER R." pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref15049" refString="HOFFSTETTER R. 1939. - Contribution a l'etude des Elapidae actuels et fossiles et de l'osteologie des ophidiens. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Lyon 15: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1939">Hoffstetter 1939</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="SLOWINSKI J. B." box="[883,1050,789,815]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="440 - 446" refId="ref17391" refString="SLOWINSKI J. B. 1994. - A phylogenetic analysis of Bungarus (Elapidae) based on morphological characters. Journal of Herpetology 28: 440 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564956" type="journal article" year="1994">Slowinski 1994</bibRefCitation>
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). Within Asian colubrids, only
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Reinhardt" authorityYear="1836" class="Reptilia" family="Xenodermatidae" genus="Xenodermus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Xenodermus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(now in
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<taxonomicName box="[978,1154,821,847]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenodermatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Xenodermatidae</taxonomicName>
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a basal caenophidian Family placed ouside
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="sensu Szyndlar" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[962,1083,853,879]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
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[e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="VIDAL N. & DELMAS A. S. & DAVID P. & COULOUX A. & HEDGES S. B." box="[1143,1321,853,879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="182 - 187" refId="ref17762" refString="VIDAL N., DELMAS A. S., DAVID P., COULOUX A. & HEDGES S. B. 2007. - The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snake inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes. Comptes Rendus Biologies 330: 182 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crvi. 2006.10.001" type="journal article" year="2007">
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Vidal
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<emphasis box="[1209,1260,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
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2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="ZAHER H. & GRAZZIOTIN F. G. & CADLE J. E. & MURPHY R. W. & LEITE J. C. & BONATTO S. L." pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="115 - 153" refId="ref17991" refString="ZAHER H., GRAZZIOTIN F. G., CADLE J. E., MURPHY R. W., MOURA- LEITE J. C. & BONATTO S. L. 2009. - Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and description of new taxa. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 49: 115 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0031 - 10492009001100001" type="journal article" year="2009">
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Zaher
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<emphasis box="[1405,1456,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
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2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="PYRON R. A. & BURBRINK F. T. & COLLI G. R. & NIETO MONTES DE OCA A. & VITT L. J. & KUCZYNSKI C. A. & WIENS J. J." box="[882,1064,885,911]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="329 - 342" refId="ref16457" refString="PYRON R. A., BURBRINK F. T., COLLI G. R., NIETO MONTES DE OCA A., VITT L. J., KUCZYNSKI C. A. & WIENS J. J. 2011. - The phylogeny of avanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58: 329 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.11.006" type="journal article" year="2011">
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Pyron
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<emphasis box="[952,1003,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
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2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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]) has vertebrae similar to those from Sherullah (
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<bibRefCitation author="BOGERT C. M." box="[932,1069,917,943]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="509 - 531" refId="ref12906" refString="BOGERT C. M. 1964. - Snakes of the genera Diaphorolepis and Synophis and the colubrid subfamily Xenoderminae (Reptilia, Colubridae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 45: 509 - 531." type="journal article" year="1964">Bogert 1964</bibRefCitation>
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). On the basis of the two available specimens, referral to either
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Reinhardt" authorityYear="1836" box="[1114,1239,949,975]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenodermatidae" genus="Xenodermus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1114,1239,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Xenodermus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[1275,1373,949,974]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1275,1373,949,974]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Bungarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is difficult. However, the Sherullah vertebrae are depressed and the posterior median notch of the neural arch is well pronounced, which is more reminiscent of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[1121,1219,1045,1070]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1121,1219,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Bungarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. As a result, this snake might be referred to either
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Reinhardt" authorityYear="1836" box="[1113,1238,1076,1102]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenodermatidae" genus="Xenodermus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1113,1238,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Xenodermus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="sensu Szyndlar" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1253,1376,1076,1102]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
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s.l.) or
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[814,912,1109,1134]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[814,912,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Bungarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Boie" authorityYear="1827" box="[925,1024,1108,1135]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Elapidae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[810,1456,693,1454]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
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A
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Reinhardt" authorityYear="1836" box="[861,986,1140,1166]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenodermatidae" genus="Xenodermus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[861,986,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Xenodermus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-like snake was reported from the early (or middle?) Miocene of
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<collectingCountry box="[1057,1155,1172,1198]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="RAGE J. - C. & GINSBURG L." box="[1172,1438,1172,1198]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="168" refId="ref16793" refString="RAGE J. - C. & GINSBURG L. 1997. - Amphibians and Squamates from the early Miocene of Li Mae Long, Thailand: The richest and most diverse herpetofauna from the Cainozoic of Asia, in ROCEK Z. & HART S. (eds), Herpetology' 97, 3 rd World Congress of Herpetology, Prague: 167, 168." type="journal article" year="1997">Rage & Ginsburg 1997</bibRefCitation>
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), however, this material was not accompanied by any kind of figure. An indeterminate species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[1168,1263,1236,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1168,1263,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Bungarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was reported from the late Miocene of
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<collectingCountry box="[1020,1110,1267,1293]" name="Pakistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="HEAD J. J." box="[1148,1289,1267,1294]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref14811" refString="HEAD J. J. 2005. - Snakes of the Siwalik Group (Miocene of Pakistan): Systematics and Relationship to Environmental Change. Palaeontologia Electronica 8 (1 - 18 A), 33 p." type="book chapter" year="2005">Head (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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; furthermore, a vertebra from the late Pleistocene-Holocene of Kurnool Cave,
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<collectingCountry box="[811,870,1331,1357]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">India</collectingCountry>
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, attributed to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1021,1123,1331,1357]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Serpentes">Serpentes</taxonomicName>
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indeterminate by
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<bibRefCitation author="PATNAIK R. & BADAM G. L. & MURTY M. L. K." pageId="15" pageNumber="422" pagination="43 - 51" refId="ref16280" refString="PATNAIK R., BADAM G. L. & MURTY M. L. K. 2008. - Additional vertebrate remains from one of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene Kurnool Caves (Muchchtla Chintamanu Gavi) of South India. Quaternary International 192: 43 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2007.06.018" type="journal article" year="2008">
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Patnaik
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<emphasis box="[1406,1456,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
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(2008)
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</bibRefCitation>
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|
is clearly a
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[1008,1106,1364,1389]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1008,1106,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Bungarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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vertebra. Today, both genera are restricted to Asia (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Reinhardt" authorityYear="1836" box="[1003,1128,1395,1421]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenodermatidae" genus="Xenodermus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis box="[1003,1128,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Xenodermus</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
in southeastern Asia,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[1356,1454,1396,1421]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis box="[1356,1454,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Bungarus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
in Southern Asia).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |