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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.15.e49013" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2236-3777-1-77" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CD4ACBECEC60534C87A2264AA02AF655" ModsDocID="2236-3777-1-77" checkinTime="1584719916970" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aiello, Annette &amp; Stucky, Brian J." docDate="2020" docId="652447BD7B5F18949AF2757917E13F05" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropBioCons 15(1): 77-88" docOrigin="Neotropical Biology and Conservation 15 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.15.e49013" docTitle="Pacarina Distant 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="CD4ACBECEC60534C87A2264AA02AF655" lastPageNumber="77" masterDocId="CD4ACBECEC60534C87A2264AA02AF655" masterDocTitle="First host plant record for Pacarina (Hemiptera, Cicadidae)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="77" pageNumber="77" updateTime="1702556124305" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="1DAA546DC4F1250A0AB7BFE3F674759C">First host plant record for Pacarina (Hemiptera, Cicadidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B1A6A9D6510D5F2BEE11566DB84A9FB4">Stucky, Brian J.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="EEA983410E1E08E61876ED095F1AF093" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="33C3F1E763369EA77518868696A26291" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
Ecology and life history of
<taxonomicName id="A52243E13F8280B2315A5931300039A4" ID-CoL="8HMCV" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7A3A40E00471E195AEFF6698987F7338" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Panama
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="629257ED6EB7C45C2F641679DCF62FA4" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
Our results provide the first definitive host plant record for any species of
<taxonomicName id="3A617D4EE48D76531B89337A8A832BD4" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="028EA4A94E88ED7BC12E7BD9D092D3E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although we did not directly observe any female
<taxonomicName id="0EE0AB8A159E90129718191F7D69D3B1" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B990F62FF0130E9862D8F13C302F53EE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ovipositing in the potted
<taxonomicName id="AF095A3ECB3F5B8EBA6BBC41B9319131" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dracaena trifasciata" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="F617B1AD812FA2DB5035F6462C5269E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Dracaena trifasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is no other convincing explanation for the presence of so many nymphal
<taxonomicName id="72265AFAE55F665F8D2364EC38EC2383" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8AF7731CBE4210B437A0F1DF34C0E9F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the plant. It is conceivable that oviposition occurred elsewhere and the hatchling cicadas were carried to the
<taxonomicName id="F98081AD19D113C5924E0A6DA0B65D57" lsidName="D. trifasciata" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="35BEEB824EB73901DBE75098CC28B30D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">D. trifasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the wind, but given the
<normalizedToken id="CF54007CBF391F003B4BB825766535D2" originalValue="pot’s">pot's</normalizedToken>
relative isolation from any nearby vegetation and the large number of cicadas that emerged from it, this is highly unlikely. In any case, there can be no doubt that the
<taxonomicName id="BCC06D70A0A7BD3EB99BC5E4B323C8C7" lsidName="D. trifasciata" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="55F9DEA68D23FE49EA1992D5F9EA458F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">D. trifasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the food source for the developing nymphs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C16DA44E8741EFC06512D2BB92C954CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
<taxonomicName id="6368CB8F2612D07A71AD6E1DA07A71CD" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dracaena" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="471C9F5CD463B68BADA5F5961D9E5A31" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Dracaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Vand. ex L. (
<taxonomicName id="DB0868084A6168C443AD71FD80C832E3" family="Asparagaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
, but formerly of the
<taxonomicName id="F9CDBA510BA4119119D1E682CB48AC6E" family="Ruscaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="family">Ruscaceae</taxonomicName>
) is a genus of about 60 species of both terrestrial and epiphytic plants, mostly from Africa and south Asia, with two species endemic to the Neotropics and only one,
<taxonomicName id="FE0668F1FA00852CD8660366851F714B" lsidName="D. americana" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="2733378BEF68CCA15E3EC7AD71A8E655" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">D. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Donn. Sm., a tree, found in Central America, including Panama (
<bibRefCitation id="CD7CF4216D815BBC20DF85B7DB49E05C" author="Zona, S" journalOrPublisher="Vieraea" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="219 - 240" refId="B46" refString="Zona, S, de Zayas, AA, Orellana, R, Oviedo, R, Jestrow, B, Francisco-Orega, J, 2014. Dracaena L. (Asparagaceae) in the New World: Its history and botany. Vieraea 42: 219 - 240" title="Dracaena L. (Asparagaceae) in the New World: Its history and botany." volume="42" year="2014">Zona et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). In Panama,
<taxonomicName id="E90972FE01F0E59A23EC8ECB3BE5C22A" lsidName="D. americana" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="FF5CC2CFA6064E87A5F7F9DC601C0729" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">D. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be limited to the extreme western part of the country (
<bibRefCitation id="C8345782582E03A9DE0D45C10F4D7185" author="Zona, S" journalOrPublisher="Vieraea" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="219 - 240" refId="B46" refString="Zona, S, de Zayas, AA, Orellana, R, Oviedo, R, Jestrow, B, Francisco-Orega, J, 2014. Dracaena L. (Asparagaceae) in the New World: Its history and botany. Vieraea 42: 219 - 240" title="Dracaena L. (Asparagaceae) in the New World: Its history and botany." volume="42" year="2014">Zona et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). If we assume that
<taxonomicName id="09A6D3C4B2F0C203DDA166355511189C" lsidName="D. trifasciata" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="D986C2371A3C23C6DD47C12771F1C7DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">D. trifasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is at least distantly related to the natural host plants of the reared
<taxonomicName id="71E2309CE414FD8BC5CC4C274A2CAC13" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75E120F359D3AF350C819553C02EC369" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, the most likely candidates in Panama include three
<taxonomicName id="0F7629C41E91DE903B9BB1911F50FFC2" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Agave" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Agave" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47B7033B90227E4920A19D064D7FCA09" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Agave</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<emphasis id="3237B0E7D10582BF26138C9F221E6F82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">angustifolia, hurteri, seemanniana</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="E122CE6422BDD95FB7859B2C6B9B0157" authorityName="Trel" authorityYear="1910" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Furcraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Furcraea cabuya" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabuya">
<emphasis id="0089CB1113B939810392680F8DEA7F15" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Furcraea cabuya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all belonging to the
<taxonomicName id="C3FE67A4A5FD87D7D9FE00586D8EAC89" authorityName="Ventenat" authorityYear="1793" family="Asparagaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
(s.l.).
<taxonomicName id="047D75056037D91E112198267198F761" lsidName="D. trifasciata" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="C398A91E5F40FB1AFBAC4DF9D819FCB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">D. trifasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is terrestrial and is native to South Africa. It is among the most popular pot plants worldwide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DDA89C62E4BDD470351EC8E57C6A1C6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
Though no information is available about native hosts in Panama,
<bibRefCitation id="B0D45C6EE9BEE113B22D39E1EDA982A6" author="Young, AM" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="239 - 256" refId="B44" refString="Young, AM, 1974. The population biology of Neotropical cicadas III: Behavioral natural history of Pacarina in Costa Rican grasslands. Entomological News 85: 239 - 256" title="The population biology of Neotropical cicadas III: Behavioral natural history of Pacarina in Costa Rican grasslands." volume="85" year="1974">Young (1974)</bibRefCitation>
studied the possible host relationships of
<taxonomicName id="956C0342AB04BE86DE50F099F773381B" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="170F67E0D00EB7E19D0B05D3BD136F80" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in grasslands in western Costa Rica. He observed that nymphal exuviae were found among patches of
<taxonomicName id="C36FEF38788D4F4124F6623A350DE4DA" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Rhynchospora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhynchospora" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0EA8DB404164692438658971117E404C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Rhynchospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="7DB60E06D2A7168E59D06F6648BEE35D" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Dichromena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichromena" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B3E7B6CD005D1FE12B31B77832A685CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Dichromena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis id="1F6997389226476EABCA2F824698E3B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">ciliata</emphasis>
(Vahl) (
<taxonomicName id="D99E0BEE5C58F2CFC11F566D5DA2B221" family="Cyperaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
) and inferred that this sedge was the probable food plant. The only similarity between
<taxonomicName id="62F270EE89D9B77F80A622C24E5AB6FC" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dracaena" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="144E386784CD7B11052430C5EFF8BC27" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Dracaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D63927DDD07036FC10A45C34932AB623" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Rhynchospora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhynchospora" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="791AA7EC78745EF173DCEDF99C9B0BC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Rhynchospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is that both are monocots, which could be a significant relationship in this case. Young did not identify the species of
<taxonomicName id="8E83949A6EA5CE8596F7C775A40FC20B" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82B3973DAEE41EA4707D201F41A2F9E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
he studied and suspected that it was undescribed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B15D6C65391DC606F594EC44D66935DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
The
<taxonomicName id="9FA3D41B6437500E33CB4517CA505535" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B23CB8C7160657F0A2C778D2AE08980F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our study eclosed over a 53-day period from December 16, 2006 to February 6, 2007, but 21 of the 29 total individuals (≈ 72%) eclosed during the 14 days from December 22 to January 4. This timing matches well with the emergence phenology of
<taxonomicName id="0349324542774563E3E3EDF75B584DBB" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="3DE998C5250000A9C67C1029F3D27DC0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Las Cumbres (
<bibRefCitation id="8D443D0C37F351E9F41BAD68B774FAD4" author="Wolda, H" editor="Quintero, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="271 - 279" refId="B43" refString="Wolda, H, Ramos, JA, 1992. Cicadas in Panama: their distribution, seasonality, and diversity (Homoptera: Cicadoidea). In: Quintero, D, Aiello, A, Eds., Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 271 - 279" title="Cicadas in Panama: their distribution, seasonality, and diversity (Homoptera: Cicadoidea)." volumeTitle="Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies." year="1992">Wolda and Ramos 1992</bibRefCitation>
), a lowland residential area in south central Panama that is only ~20 km away from our study location and expected to have qualitatively similar habitat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C2A842C9A046950CE992E44C1D7E219C" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
The total life cycle length of the reared
<taxonomicName id="C11AD5D1B2C814E4F761B677F32786E9" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="526A8D1FD2C942353D80A3B3D5C51EFB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown. However, the
<taxonomicName id="26AFE1881724043DA95F0357F40DCE13" lsidName="D. trifasciata" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="5CCDBF627041ECD6D42E65530515E00E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">D. trifasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on which the cicadas were reared was divided from a parent plant and re-potted on 5 August 2005. No cicada nymphs were observed in the soil at that time, although it is possible that early instars were present and overlooked due to their small size. We think that is unlikely, though, for two reasons. First, early stage cicada nymphs are extremely fragile and vulnerable to desiccation (
<bibRefCitation id="8936CB41BA79C47566B5F795BF7D622C" author="Beamer, RH" journalOrPublisher="The University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="155 - 263" refId="B4" refString="Beamer, RH, 1928. Studies on the biology of Kansas Cicadidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 18: 155 - 263" title="Studies on the biology of Kansas Cicadidae." volume="18" year="1928">Beamer 1928</bibRefCitation>
) and could have easily been killed while dividing and re-potting the parent plant. Second, no cicadas are known to have emerged from any of the other plants derived from the original parent, which strongly suggests that no cicada nymphs were present on the roots of the parent plant. If the nymphs entered the soil after the parent plant was divided, this places an upper bound of 498 days on the nymphal development time of the earliest-emerging cicadas. Assuming that all of the reared
<taxonomicName id="775383C3783713108B1330C676E1223A" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1C3B9A561C08C6737E84D87880FD68AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
derived from the same oviposition event, the 53 days between the first and last adult cicada eclosions indicates considerable variability in egg and/or nymphal development times for this species of
<taxonomicName id="13C88957801BB1BB88491A6A7081DD91" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="72D948D905B1205D0BD6BFE30BFAC5DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9EC9ACD6FCB22686DF5FC1056515182" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6EAAE5FE7681CE480196CD5BF2BF2B3D" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
Taxonomy and biogeography of
<taxonomicName id="B6D44C315A185CD0474892052751AC59" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5D8D840353E4ADAE27F46B9AC5C916E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25624ABEF1965C36BACDDF0FCE2D41CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="3D4831BEEF91B56F27A67327A346EFBA" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4872951CE3B3BF2B383663E4033CE8FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed from the southwestern United States (US) southward through Central America, including Panama, and presently comprises three described species:
<taxonomicName id="0D5EFD2C36E9AB2A3E90C9F9C9D562E1" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="puella" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="2914389908B62FD73811F889CAB555D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Davis,
<taxonomicName id="E85E9C04AA3823DF32175EB0127F364B" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="schumanni" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schumanni">
<emphasis id="D235A3D92CEF392085F57AA17AEE2D14" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">schumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Distant, and
<taxonomicName id="0098F12288151FBD1AC77897283A3663" authorityName="Sanborn &amp; Heath" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="shoemakeri" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shoemakeri">
<emphasis id="893365C158AA5793D799D096C4D5FB9A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">shoemakeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sanborn &amp; Heath (
<bibRefCitation id="F9A71964884958957088653A00052176" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" author="Sanborn, AF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="923 - 941" refId="B35" refString="Sanborn, AF, Heath, MS, Phillips, PK, Heath, JE, 2012. The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (15-16): 923 - 941, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" title="The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" volume="46" year="2012">Sanborn et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0F99B674940F7074F7D2EF4BB4FE4BFB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4493.1.1" author="Sanborn, AF" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination=": 1" refId="B33" refString="Sanborn, AF, 2018. The cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Panama including the description of six new species, three new combinations, one new synonymy, and nine new records. Zootaxa 4493 (1): 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4493.1.1" title="The cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Panama including the description of six new species, three new combinations, one new synonymy, and nine new records." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4493.1.1" volume="4493" year="2018">Sanborn 2018</bibRefCitation>
). All three species are small cicadas that resemble each other in general appearance. Two species,
<taxonomicName id="70A1FE822D8BC89CFBBC9482F3C65269" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="12057E4A497E67A29ADAD74E42C7014E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="61CC5F46D185767091A7F1DA1373D8A8" lsidName="P. schumanni" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="schumanni">
<emphasis id="18DDBA23D42812EBBA691FA905B730B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. schumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have previously been recorded from Panama (
<bibRefCitation id="4273A420893D46669989A124E1B24ABD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4493.1.1" author="Sanborn, AF" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination=": 1" refId="B33" refString="Sanborn, AF, 2018. The cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Panama including the description of six new species, three new combinations, one new synonymy, and nine new records. Zootaxa 4493 (1): 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4493.1.1" title="The cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Panama including the description of six new species, three new combinations, one new synonymy, and nine new records." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4493.1.1" volume="4493" year="2018">Sanborn 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4239FAC32EEEABF0B47E2085BA6A3CAC" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina puella" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="AC445DC083A73B517F7F243F8D739F22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reported as the most widespread species in the genus, having been collected as far north as the state of Oklahoma in the US, in Mexico, and in Central America as far south as Panama (
<bibRefCitation id="F1989D76161C2ED6BE97BB83C5E9BD6C" author="Drew, WA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="90 - 97" refId="B16" refString="Drew, WA, Spangler, FL, Molnar, D, 1974. Oklahoma Cicadidae (Homoptera). Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 54: 90 - 97" title="Oklahoma Cicadidae (Homoptera)." volume="54" year="1974">Drew et al. 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5B8EDBD188674D61ADCF1AB8CE9FAA51" author="Wolda, H" editor="Quintero, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="271 - 279" refId="B43" refString="Wolda, H, Ramos, JA, 1992. Cicadas in Panama: their distribution, seasonality, and diversity (Homoptera: Cicadoidea). In: Quintero, D, Aiello, A, Eds., Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 271 - 279" title="Cicadas in Panama: their distribution, seasonality, and diversity (Homoptera: Cicadoidea)." volumeTitle="Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies." year="1992">Wolda and Ramos 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5D31B65D12B1F69A0C36F943A01C8601" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" author="Sanborn, AF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="923 - 941" refId="B35" refString="Sanborn, AF, Heath, MS, Phillips, PK, Heath, JE, 2012. The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (15-16): 923 - 941, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" title="The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" volume="46" year="2012">Sanborn et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0586E439EFF7C645444E9EF1594EB6E" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
Although the recent key to
<taxonomicName id="084F0AA243F4EF31CE70348A0E33372C" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="30A14865EFB6AC7335593CA9CA1E6984" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
published by
<bibRefCitation id="7D3FF028139F9A0DAC1D0A0157C91078" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" author="Sanborn, AF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="923 - 941" refId="B35" refString="Sanborn, AF, Heath, MS, Phillips, PK, Heath, JE, 2012. The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (15-16): 923 - 941, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" title="The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" volume="46" year="2012">Sanborn et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
would identify our specimens as
<taxonomicName id="FADFFA4A3DB6B25B881B00F123C9289A" lsidName="P. schumanni" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="schumanni">
<emphasis id="31A8D8E30D28F52A7C1267EFEB5DC29B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. schumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the wing morphology does not match
<bibRefCitation id="4F957C7D273B923FCEBAA7C7CEC96CEE" author="Distant, WL" journalOrPublisher="RhynchotaHomoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="140 - 147" refId="B14" refString="Distant, WL, 1905a. Appendix. Biologia Centrali-Americana. RhynchotaHomoptera 1: 140 - 147" title="Appendix. Biologia Centrali-Americana." volume="1" year="1905 a">
<normalizedToken id="9D0E127AD0BEC106D3861B95937F6391" originalValue="Distant’s">Distant's</normalizedToken>
description (1905a)
</bibRefCitation>
and the general habitus and genitalia are markedly different from that of the
<taxonomicName id="762DB4DD364007B7813EB3DBF435E0D0" lsidName="P. schumanni" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="schumanni">
<emphasis id="541188B7703D95EAA6B17E46AF1B17A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. schumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holotype. Similarly, the terminalia of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="DF46D7845C54E87CBFFCFD106F941A8C" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="248E54D62D021EF53E406C854B18E5FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from those of the reared specimens, especially in the form of the pygofer and uncus. The northern geographic range and restricted habitat requirements of
<taxonomicName id="5EC2024D1E2E079A58EEDBA3B81E9E19" lsidName="P. shoemakeri" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="shoemakeri">
<emphasis id="EB45CDB119E4E1886613EC8DA8FBA435" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. shoemakeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="90D07A92739D6A9E40B9E8664067E8AA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" author="Sanborn, AF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="923 - 941" refId="B35" refString="Sanborn, AF, Heath, MS, Phillips, PK, Heath, JE, 2012. The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (15-16): 923 - 941, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" title="The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" volume="46" year="2012">Sanborn et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) exclude it as a possibility.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B685BCB6992869DFB5AA22EF9D7848D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
Until more complete data are available for
<taxonomicName id="92CCAF9A15CFD74F48ABC8182BB2F167" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3C1CC85A0102CBBC70E583B4E217360F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Panama and elsewhere in Central and North America, we prefer not to describe our specimens as a new species and risk further confusion. More complete morphological, ecological, and bioacoustic data for
<taxonomicName id="92276D2FB4250119824F422805BCDD31" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="6B2BCBD2849F94DED860876CFA581CC4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1E329B95165D68776D4778EF4BAC98AF" lsidName="P. schumanni" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="schumanni">
<emphasis id="BCB6CEA6D3A3871CF5215F3977DF49C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. schumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from at or near their type localities would be especially useful, as would a reexamination of existing specimens in various collections. The labels from the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="DA44F9B6231F23C809C8281112EE438B" lsidName="P. schumanni" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="schumanni">
<emphasis id="3C33B391BBBBB144782BCB9905EF47FD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. schumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
give the collecting locality as &quot;Atoyac, Vera Cruz&quot; but the labels from the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="885133F375C2A30C201E4D44F54824CE" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="7E6686A8A0987059F932CB7788888325" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only state that the collecting locality was
<normalizedToken id="C9A9A089B322DCA06D64DA129A655AA6" originalValue="“Mex.”">&quot;Mex.&quot;</normalizedToken>
However, Walker, in his original description of
<taxonomicName id="8D216E8B377B93BEC86E8DB15AD22425" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicada" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicada signifera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signifera">
<emphasis id="6B76191F64D188E99BABB6E73A2316D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Cicada signifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="8838303A9255714C5746E8B4E298AF6A" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="AB9401A49F9D233B5C16A3A9430B1BD2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), reported &quot;Orizaba, Mexico&quot; as the holotype locality (
<bibRefCitation id="B0A675C63790C885CA4632A805B30674" author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="Edward Newman, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" refId="B40" refString="Walker, F, 1858. List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum: Supplement. Edward Newman, London" title="List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum: Supplement." year="1858">Walker 1858</bibRefCitation>
). These two type localities are both near the western border of the modern Mexican state of Veracruz, separated by only about 35 km. We were unable to examine any other specimens of
<taxonomicName id="C5E61EE22B65F7035C43EC6ADF0CFB5D" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="28C145DA292C3686571EF3A1202ED13A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="D3DD2F260209663F457410513DF08E43" lsidName="P. schumanni" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="schumanni">
<emphasis id="BF7B1F0A14A7B0100EEA1E802E4DF888" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. schumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from these locations, and no ecological or bioacoustic data is available for either species from their type localities.
<bibRefCitation id="0DA023C9E530EFD315A181D8966AF12C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb02079.x" author="Sueur, J" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="379 - 394" refId="B37" refString="Sueur, J, 2002. Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London 75 (3): 379 - 394, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb02079.x" title="Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb02079.x" volume="75" year="2002">Sueur (2002)</bibRefCitation>
studied
<taxonomicName id="ED9DE878C4E9BE40A6704F86B4F1ABE3" lsidName="P. schumanni" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="schumanni">
<emphasis id="6F9AD42311AE57AA1E20FB488906E1E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. schumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in eastern Veracruz, but virtually all published natural history information for
<taxonomicName id="8D727B145618DC495CC329ACB0F805B3" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="EAC94749FA4DF313B17B9EAA6BD2FA11" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes either from the northern limit of its range in the United States or the southern limit of its range in Panama. Bioacoustic data would be particularly valuable, because cicada
<normalizedToken id="83B84921E0ACA034DBDFB51307F581EA" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
unique calls provide the single most important mechanism for pre-zygotic reproductive isolation (
<bibRefCitation id="8B27F880AD5BE8FBB1374F29AB757909" author="Alexander, RD" journalOrPublisher="The Ohio Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="107 - 127" refId="B1" refString="Alexander, RD, Moore, TE, 1958. Studies on the acoustical behavior of seventeen-year cicadas. The Ohio Journal of Science 58: 107 - 127" title="Studies on the acoustical behavior of seventeen-year cicadas." volume="58" year="1958">Alexander and Moore 1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="21AC7A4192F60D4BD27CBCA9D3860DCB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039337.ch25" author="Boulard, M" editor="Drosopoulos, S" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="331 - 349" refId="B6" refString="Boulard, M, 2006. Acoustic signals, diversity and behaviour of cicadas (Cicadidae, Hemiptera). In: Drosopoulos, S, Claridge, M, Eds., Insect Sounds and Communication: Physiology, Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution. CRC Press, Boca Raton: 331 - 349, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039337.ch25" title="Acoustic signals, diversity and behaviour of cicadas (Cicadidae, Hemiptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039337.ch25" volumeTitle="Insect Sounds and Communication: Physiology, Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution." year="2006">Boulard 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and there are numerous examples of morphologically cryptic cicada species that are most easily distinguished by their calling songs (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="9A0AAC50DED05B9A2D3ED60F21945C3B" author="Davis, WT" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="36 - 52" refId="B12" refString="Davis, WT, 1922. An annotated list of the cicadas of Virginia with description of a new species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 30: 36 - 52" title="An annotated list of the cicadas of Virginia with description of a new species." volume="30" year="1922">Davis 1922</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0D42178B13652B131F65AFE61220EB10" author="Alexander, RD" journalOrPublisher="University of Michigan" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 59" refId="B2" refString="Alexander, RD, Moore, TE, 1962. The evolutionary relationships of 17-year and 13-year cicadas, and three new species. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan 121: 1 - 59" title="The evolutionary relationships of 17 - year and 13 - year cicadas, and three new species. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology." volume="121" year="1962">Alexander and Moore 1962</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="23B08107E408E5407754C3D0868D4B25" author="Popov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="62 - 78" refId="B30" refString="Popov, AV, 1989. Species of singing cicadas revealed on the basis of peculiarities of acoustic behavior. 1. Cicadatra cataphractica Popov (ex. gr. Querula) (Homoptera, Cicadidae). Entomological Review 68: 62 - 78" title="Species of singing cicadas revealed on the basis of peculiarities of acoustic behavior. 1. Cicadatra cataphractica Popov (ex. gr. Querula) (Homoptera, Cicadidae)." volume="68" year="1989">Popov 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7A599BAAA5E21237732C77F313B9F11A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00564.x" author="Marshall, DC" journalOrPublisher="Department of Agriculture" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" refId="B25" refString="Marshall, DC, Cooley, JR, 2000. Reproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of a new species, 13-year Magicicadaneotredecim. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 54(4): 1313-1325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00564.x" title="Reproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of a new species, 13 - year Magicicadaneotredecim. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 54 (4): 1313 - 1325." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00564.x" year="2000">Marshall and Cooley 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="020C25D57EF852CBB15259DACC3A6102" author="Quartau, JA" journalOrPublisher="Biologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="489 - 494" refId="B32" refString="Quartau, JA, Simoes, PC, 2005. Cicada cretensis sp. n. (Hemiptera, Cicadidae) from southern Greece. Biologia 60: 489 - 494" title="Cicada cretensis sp. n. (Hemiptera, Cicadidae) from southern Greece." volume="60" year="2005">
Quartau and
<normalizedToken id="0CBF6D31F366ED03523C7081530D6753" originalValue="Simões">Simoes</normalizedToken>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="30FA6F7ED4EEA0F48B7F2D5229C1157B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1442.1.5" author="Sueur, J" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="55 - 68" refId="B38" refString="Sueur, J, Puissant, S, 2007. Similar look but different song: A new Cicadetta species in the montana complex (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadidae). Zootaxa 1442 (1): 55 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1442.1.5" title="Similar look but different song: A new Cicadetta species in the montana complex (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1442.1.5" volume="1442" year="2007">Sueur and Puissant 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8AC1AF5D3A7942D574E5BE020A0FA3BA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/101.5.815" author="Cole, JA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="815 - 823" refId="B8" refString="Cole, JA, 2008. A new cryptic species of cicada resembling Tibicen dorsatus revealed by calling song (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 101 (5): 815 - 823, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/101.5.815" title="A new cryptic species of cicada resembling Tibicen dorsatus revealed by calling song (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/101.5.815" volume="101" year="2008">Cole 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D60000153FC13926BB31B8C4ED7E7E62" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.200800006" author="Gogala, M" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="91 - 100" refId="B20" refString="Gogala, M, Drosopoulos, S, Trilar, T, 2008. Cicadetta montana complex (Hemiptera, Cicadidae) in Greece - a new species and new records based on bioacoustics. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fuer Naturkunde in Berlin. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 55 (1): 91 - 100, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.200800006" title="Cicadetta montana complex (Hemiptera, Cicadidae) in Greece - a new species and new records based on bioacoustics. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fuer Naturkunde in Berlin." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.200800006" volume="55" year="2008">Gogala et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="51E8586B172F95DB797AAFFCC6236134" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3730.1.1" author="Popple, LW" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination=": 1" refId="B31" refString="Popple, LW, 2013. A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding &amp; Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies. Zootaxa 3730 (1): 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3730.1.1" title="A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding &amp; Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3730.1.1" volume="3730" year="2013">Popple 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="617B5400F5551455A35ED476AFE2DFF0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.337.5950" author="Stucky, BJ" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="49 - 71" refId="B36" refString="Stucky, BJ, 2013. Morphology, bioacoustics, and ecology of Tibicen neomexicensis sp. n., a new species of cicada from the Sacramento Mountains in New Mexico, U.S.A. (Hemiptera, Cicadidae, Tibicen). ZooKeys 337: 49 - 71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.337.5950" title="Morphology, bioacoustics, and ecology of Tibicen neomexicensis sp. n., a new species of cicada from the Sacramento Mountains in New Mexico, U. S. A. (Hemiptera, Cicadidae, Tibicen)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.337.5950" volume="337" year="2013">Stucky 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6D4C2C1D6FFC8072CDDFDA81DB19CAEE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.1" author="Ewart, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination=": 1" refId="B19" refString="Ewart, A, 2018. Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina -like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions. Zootaxa 4413 (1): 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.1" title="Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.1" volume="4413" year="2018">Ewart 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3008D285E580F64AC2C6F95ACCB41C53" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">
We also note that the striking ecological divergence between northern and southern populations of
<taxonomicName id="54167DB31527E71FD05C899B5E115FA7" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="3D18BA612303C876FA96F115D7CAE8DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggests that
<taxonomicName id="83003107E68884A1409C75D2FDCF2EBF" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="B0C1AA581EE582F77274EF8403FDAD69" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as currently recognized, might not even be a single species. In North America,
<taxonomicName id="E4375BE45733DCFFE2931CB7F82AECCD" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="7F6542A294E4D99C641A9EE9663C1608" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is typically found in relatively dry habitats on or near mesquite (
<taxonomicName id="298885AA0E6864B8011064AA461154F1" family="Fabaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="2A5BAED7E8C05B3F3E29C8630C45ED23" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prosopis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="57E372FBEEF5DC57DFAB0CA767408EB8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Prosopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.) (
<bibRefCitation id="75009FDA1612E2B8775CAF366F5829D9" author="Davis, WT" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="203 - 215" refId="B11" refString="Davis, WT, 1917. Sonoran cicadas collected by Harry H. Knight, Dr. Joseph Bequaert and others, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 25: 203 - 215" title="Sonoran cicadas collected by Harry H. Knight, Dr. Joseph Bequaert and others, with descriptions of new species." volume="25" year="1917">Davis 1917</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="9F138ED74A9DB16950C55623FEE1F695" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" author="Sanborn, AF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="923 - 941" refId="B35" refString="Sanborn, AF, Heath, MS, Phillips, PK, Heath, JE, 2012. The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (15-16): 923 - 941, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" title="The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" volume="46" year="2012">Sanborn et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="016C2483B57F9C00A86F0332C51F8E6C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/d5020166" author="Sanborn, A" journalOrPublisher="Diversity (Basel)" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="166 - 239" refId="B34" refString="Sanborn, A, Phillips, P, 2013. Biogeography of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, north of Mexico. Diversity (Basel) 5 (2): 166 - 239, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d5020166" title="Biogeography of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, north of Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/d5020166" volume="5" year="2013">Sanborn and Phillips 2013</bibRefCitation>
), which led
<bibRefCitation id="F76117491BB6C6285E5943A95FE6A4A3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" author="Sanborn, AF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="923 - 941" refId="B35" refString="Sanborn, AF, Heath, MS, Phillips, PK, Heath, JE, 2012. The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (15-16): 923 - 941, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" title="The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" volume="46" year="2012">Sanborn et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
to conclude that mesquite was its host plant. In fact, this ecological association is one of the diagnostic features that separate
<taxonomicName id="006330AC26A4D2E1DB835377FC5376AA" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="BFC68CB4296D2D8E9692A8898E7A3673" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the recently-described
<taxonomicName id="A34B34A062EFD152560FF122A5D6FFB0" lsidName="P. shoemakeri" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="shoemakeri">
<emphasis id="8C13A2D9DD534C17925D6283BF0BA55F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. shoemakeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which instead is found primarily on junipers (
<bibRefCitation id="4998E6F06E0B85549EE826CE90E76D10" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" author="Sanborn, AF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="923 - 941" refId="B35" refString="Sanborn, AF, Heath, MS, Phillips, PK, Heath, JE, 2012. The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (15-16): 923 - 941, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" title="The genus Pacarina Distant, 1905 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651647" volume="46" year="2012">Sanborn et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Although at least one species of
<taxonomicName id="975BA2D68F4AF3B77C5733887DA713E3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prosopis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3325FC0838602A9F7BBE43109CA769B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Prosopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does occur in Panama (
<bibRefCitation id="2E4C25DEB8503EC9A6ED592B8A1391DC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400836178" author="Condit, R" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" refId="B9" refString="Condit, R, Perez, R, Daguerre, N, 2011. Trees of Panama and Costa Rica. Princeton University Press, Princeton, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400836178" title="Trees of Panama and Costa Rica." url="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400836178" year="2011">Condit et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="DC55BF5F558856C6E8D982CA51AD21AE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prosopis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7756F349461307B69DE4469C43DC1B09" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Prosopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
evidently is not found on Barro Colorado Island (
<bibRefCitation id="9858E16A86465EEEA23D4C320958FD8C" author="Croat, TB" journalOrPublisher="Stanford University Press, Stanford" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" refId="B10" refString="Croat, TB, 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford" title="Flora of Barro Colorado Island." year="1978">Croat 1978</bibRefCitation>
), where cicadas that have been identified as
<taxonomicName id="88959FC7B17BE4678E9454089F0A7893" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="4875B0BAC393BB3A8192CD909C3D7FE5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are nevertheless relatively common (
<bibRefCitation id="62792C865817813DEA6D12291521D363" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380064" author="Wolda, H" journalOrPublisher="Rainfall? Not necessarily! Oecologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" pagination="437 - 442" refId="B42" refString="Wolda, H, 1989. Seasonal cues in tropical organisms. Rainfall? Not necessarily! Oecologia 80 (4): 437 - 442, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380064" title="Seasonal cues in tropical organisms." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380064" volume="80" year="1989">Wolda 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Either
<taxonomicName id="181DD010C544D4AC8D46CA735C83FFA6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prosopis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="12961488D3AE004696B19DB7B37E34EC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Prosopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not an obligate host for
<taxonomicName id="70ADCBF26866ED80C0AEE86F37EE01D6" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="93E1918E16BBFFE9526D741AD243B941" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or the northern and southern populations represent different species, either of which
<emphasis id="C9DD274C1FBD093C4EACDE8BE6A028B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">might</emphasis>
be true
<taxonomicName id="A580331951BF06A0D68CB81CFE6FF631" lsidName="P. puella" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="C075D64E661C5495D663B3222C7FCC41" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">P. puella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Again, a critical re-examination of previous literature records for
<taxonomicName id="174C41171ABDEC775C51AF3049882097" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pacarina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacarina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EB35E2FEA0FBAA5DED0F2065F9B06702" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="77">Pacarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, combined with more thorough ecological and bioacoustic data, are needed to properly resolve the taxonomy of this genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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