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<mods:title id="0FA8BBF823AC596C1C673E41F03FEB2C">Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="85A6F02BAFB6A5E0003A7B7E973D5447">Łukowiak, Magdalena</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="2125D91F1B0329587ED9C181F5F9FCF6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6108597" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127671523" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6108597" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2125D91F1B0329587ED9C181F5F9FCF6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2125D91F1B0329587ED9C181F5F9FCF6" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<paragraph id="A93368091B0329587ED9C181F607FE5B" blockId="35.[151,540,440,466]" box="[151,540,440,466]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="F27BDF651B0329587ED9C181F607FE5B" bold="true" box="[151,540,440,466]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0329587ED9C181F607FE5B" bold="true" box="[151,540,440,466]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Family
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587EB8C181F607FE5B" ID-CoL="84KJH" authority="Dendy, 1922" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" box="[246,540,440,466]" class="Demospongiae" family="Myxillidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
Myxillidae
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0329587FCDC181F607FE5B" author="Dendy" box="[387,540,440,466]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Dendy, A. (1922) Report on the Sigmatotetraxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Sealark' in the Indian Ocean. In: Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, 7. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 18 (1), pp. 1 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1922. tb 00547. x" type="journal article" year="1922">Dendy, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A93368091B0329587ED9C1C6F62CFC9A" blockId="35.[151,1436,510,895]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Rare acanthostyles with echinated surfaces along the spicule (
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0329587D16C1C7F7AFFD9E" box="[856,948,510,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1516,1538]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,265,1494]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1437,265,1494]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 19. Spicules of sponges of the order Poecilosclerida; A E—Anisodiscorhabds of Sigmosceptrella quadrilobata, family Podospongiidae; F H—Exotyles of Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) cf. loricata, family Mycalidae; I L—Exotyles of Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) sp., family Mycalidae; M, N—Dischelae of Coelodischela cf. massa, family Guitarridae; O—Pseudoastrose acanthotylote of Discorhabdella cf. incrustans, family Crambeidae; P—Discorhabd of Sigmosceptrella quadrilobata, family Podospongiidae; Q T—Acanthostyles of the family Myxyllidae, order Poecilosclerida." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287804/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
QS) or only with a echinated pointed end (
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0329587ED1C21BF4EAFDB2" box="[159,241,546,571]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1516,1538]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,265,1494]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1437,265,1494]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 19. Spicules of sponges of the order Poecilosclerida; A E—Anisodiscorhabds of Sigmosceptrella quadrilobata, family Podospongiidae; F H—Exotyles of Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) cf. loricata, family Mycalidae; I L—Exotyles of Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) sp., family Mycalidae; M, N—Dischelae of Coelodischela cf. massa, family Guitarridae; O—Pseudoastrose acanthotylote of Discorhabdella cf. incrustans, family Crambeidae; P—Discorhabd of Sigmosceptrella quadrilobata, family Podospongiidae; Q T—Acanthostyles of the family Myxyllidae, order Poecilosclerida." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287804/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
T) occur in the studied samples. Such mucronate spicules characterize sponges of the family
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587B6FC21BF187FDB2" box="[1313,1436,546,571]" class="Demospongiae" family="Myxillidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Myxillidae</taxonomicName>
[e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587E93C27EF684FDD6" authority="Koltun, 1959" authorityName="Koltun" authorityYear="1959" box="[221,671,582,607]" class="Demospongiae" family="Myxillidae" genus="Hymenancora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0329587E93C27EF5EEFDD6" box="[221,501,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Hymenancora orientalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0329587C4FC27FF684FDD6" author="Koltun" box="[513,671,582,607]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1959) Siliceous horny sponges of the northern and fareastern seas of the U. S. S. R., Zoologicheskim Muzeem Akademii Nauk, 67, 1 - 236. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">Koltun, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587CFEC27FF0FBFDD6" authority="Cabioch, 1968" authorityName="Cabioch" authorityYear="1968" box="[688,1248,582,607]" class="Demospongiae" family="Myxillidae" genus="Myxilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancorata" subGenus="Styloptilon">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0329587CFEC27FF00AFDD7" box="[688,1041,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Myxilla (Styloptilon) ancorata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0329587A6BC27FF0CCFDD6" author="Cabioch" box="[1061,1239,582,607]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Cabioch, L. (1968) Contribution a la connaissance de la faune des Spongiaires de la Manche occidentale. Demosponges de la region de Roscoff. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 9, 211 - 246." type="journal article" year="1968">Cabioch, 1968</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
]. One can find, however, similar spicules in the family
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587C29C253F6D5FD0A" box="[615,718,618,643]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Crellidae</taxonomicName>
[e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587D55C253F0EFFD0A" authority="Hentschel (1929)" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1929" box="[795,1268,618,643]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crellidae" genus="Crellomima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="incrustans">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0329587D55C253F03BFD0A" box="[795,1056,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Crellomima incrustans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0329587A64C253F0EFFD0A" author="Hentschel" box="[1066,1268,618,643]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hentschel, E. (1929) Die Kiesel- und Hornschwamme des Nordlichen Eismeers. In: Romer, F., Schaudinn, F., Brauer, A. &amp; Arndt, W. (Eds.), Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nordliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898, 5 (4), Fischer, Jena, pp. 857 - 1042." type="journal article" year="1929">Hentschel (1929)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
],
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587B44C253F183FD0A" box="[1290,1432,618,643]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Raspailiidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587ED9C2B7F526FD2E" box="[151,317,654,679]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Microcionidae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587F38C2B7F637FD2E" box="[374,556,654,679]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Hymedesmiidae</taxonomicName>
but still, those discussed here resemble most the myxillid spicules. The lack of other spicules, like chelae or sigma microscleres that would allow for more precise placement within the family
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0329587ED9C2EFF50EFD66" box="[151,277,726,751]" class="Demospongiae" family="Myxillidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Myxillidae</taxonomicName>
, permits their determination only to a family level. Moreover, myxyllids are noted today from all over
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0329587ED9C2C3F4E5FC9A" box="[151,254,762,787]" name="Australia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Australia</collectingCountry>
(Atlas of Living
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0329587F8EC2C3F637FC9A" box="[448,556,762,787]" name="Australia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Australia</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A93368091B0329587E89C327F5F9FCF6" blockId="35.[151,1436,510,895]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
The spicules of similar morphology are also known from the fossil record. For example, they were described by
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0329587EF4C37BF640FCD2" author="Schrammen" box="[186,603,834,859]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Schrammen, A. (1924) Die Kieselspongien der oberen Kreide von Nordwestdeutschland. III und letzter Teil. Mit Beitragen zur Stammesgeschichte. Monographien zur Geologie und Palaontologie, 1, 1 - 159. [Stuttgart]" type="journal article" year="1924">Schrammen (1924, pl. 4, figs. 54, 55)</bibRefCitation>
from the Cretaceous of
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0329587D27C37AF7CAFCD2" box="[873,977,835,859]" name="Germany" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Germany</collectingCountry>
and
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0329587A49C37BF0B2FCD2" author="Mostler" box="[1031,1193,834,859]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Mostler, H. (1990) Mikroskleren von Demospongien (Porifera) aus dem basalen Jura der Nordlichen Kalkalpen. Geologisch- Palaontologische Mitteilungen Insbruck, 17, 119 - 142." type="journal article" year="1990">Mostler (1990</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 1, figs. 57) from the Jurassic of Austrian Alps.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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