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<mods:title id="519E41428881809796964D30315453F6">New records of marine tardigrades from Moorea, French Polynesia, with the description of Styraconyx turbinarium sp. nov. (Arthrotardigrada, Halechiniscidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="91F7F4C13B173623DC8EE9519D513359">Bartels, Paul J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03BF8F73FF94EA53FF28F947FEA87ABF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5678901" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119612206" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5678901" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF8F73FF94EA53FF28F947FEA87ABF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF8F73FF94EA53FF28F947FEA87ABF" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="391" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">
<subSubSection id="C30C6DEEFF94EA50FF28F947FEDC7BA0" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA93E65FF94EA50FF28F947FDB17B81" blockId="1.[151,633,1716,1775]" box="[151,633,1716,1742]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">
<heading id="D0E18909FF94EA50FF28F947FDB17B81" bold="true" box="[151,633,1716,1742]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF94EA50FF28F947FDB17B81" ID-CoL="36PJS" authority="Pollock, 1995" authorityName="Pollock" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,633,1716,1742]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Dipodarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="anaholiensis">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF94EA50FF28F947FDB17B81" bold="true" box="[151,633,1716,1742]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF94EA50FF28F947FE037B81" bold="true" box="[151,459,1716,1742]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">Dipodarctus anaholiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF94EA50FE6CF947FDB17B81" author="Pollock" box="[467,633,1716,1742]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" refString="Pollock, L. W. (1995) New marine tardigrades from Hawaiian beach sand and phylogeny of the family Halechiniscidae. Invertebrate Biology, 114, 220 - 235. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226877" type="journal article" year="1995">Pollock, 1995</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA93E65FF94EA50FF28F925FEDC7BA0" blockId="1.[151,633,1716,1775]" box="[151,276,1750,1775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">
<figureCitation id="132D22E0FF94EA50FF28F925FF107BA0" box="[151,216,1750,1775]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[175,1414,439,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[175,1414,439,1430]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dipodarctus anaholiensis. A. Holotype from Hawaii, USA with arrow showing the smaller digit 4 on leg I. Scale bar = 50 µm. B. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Leg IV with arrow showing the cuticular folds on external digits. Scale bar = 10 µm. C. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239011/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
AC
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C6DEEFF94EA50FF28F8EDFF157A30" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA93E65FF94EA50FF28F8EDFF157A30" blockId="1.[151,1436,1822,2027]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF94EA50FF28F8EDFE4B7A78" bold="true" box="[151,387,1822,1847]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">Material examined.</emphasis>
Eighteen specimens (1 two-digit larva 75 µm long and
<specimenCount id="9D10F5ECFF94EA50FBAEF8ECFBA77A78" box="[1041,1135,1822,1847]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" type="adult">17 adult</specimenCount>
specimens:
<specimenCount id="9D10F5ECFF94EA50FABFF8ECFA487A78" box="[1280,1408,1822,1847]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" type="female">12 females</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D10F5ECFF94EA50FA31F8ECFF107A14" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
and 2 of undetermined gender, body length 82140 µm), collected in coral sand at Cooks Bay, 0.51.0 m depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C6DEEFF94EA53FF78F879FBF77A10" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="391" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA93E65FF94EA53FF78F879FC127CC7" blockId="1.[151,1436,1822,2027]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="391" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF94EA50FF78F879FEF37AEC" bold="true" box="[199,315,1930,1955]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">Remarks.</emphasis>
According to the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF94EA50FCAAF879FC7D7AEC" author="Pollock" box="[789,949,1930,1955]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" refString="Pollock, L. W. (1995) New marine tardigrades from Hawaiian beach sand and phylogeny of the family Halechiniscidae. Invertebrate Biology, 114, 220 - 235. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226877" type="journal article" year="1995">Pollock 1995</bibRefCitation>
), one of the main features of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF94EA50FF28F85DFEEA7A88" box="[151,290,1966,1991]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Dipodarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF94EA50FF28F85DFEEA7A88" box="[151,290,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="390">Dipodarctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the relative size of the digits.
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF94EA50FD37F85DFCE77A88" author="Pollock" box="[648,815,1966,1991]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" refString="Pollock, L. W. (1995) New marine tardigrades from Hawaiian beach sand and phylogeny of the family Halechiniscidae. Invertebrate Biology, 114, 220 - 235. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226877" type="journal article" year="1995">Pollock (1995)</bibRefCitation>
says that at least three of the four digits are short and of equal length on legs IIII. According to the
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF94EA50FD3EF821FCE07AA4" author="Pollock" box="[641,808,2002,2027]" pageId="1" pageNumber="390" refString="Pollock, L. W. (1995) New marine tardigrades from Hawaiian beach sand and phylogeny of the family Halechiniscidae. Invertebrate Biology, 114, 220 - 235. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226877" type="journal article" year="1995">Pollock (1995)</bibRefCitation>
terminology (in which digit 1 is the outermost digit) we noted that the adult specimens collected in Moorea have digit 4 (innermost) slightly but consistently shorter (Kruskal-Wallis test
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FE39FF4EFE527D9B" box="[390,410,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">H</emphasis>
(3 d.f.; n=111)=39.621;
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FD01FF4EFD047D9B" box="[702,716,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.001) (values, in µm, as follows: digit 1: mean=10.8, min max=8.912.6, n=27; digit 2: mean=10.8, minmax=8.912.8, n=27; digit 3: mean=10.6, minmax=8.812.6, n=28; and digit 4: mean=9.0, minmax=7.011.1, n=29). This character has been confirmed by the measurements provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF97EA53FE94FED4FE1E7C0F" author="Pollock" box="[299,470,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" refString="Pollock, L. W. (1995) New marine tardigrades from Hawaiian beach sand and phylogeny of the family Halechiniscidae. Invertebrate Biology, 114, 220 - 235. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226877" type="journal article" year="1995">Pollock (1995)</bibRefCitation>
in the original description and also by the examination of
<typeStatus id="54AD80C7FF97EA53FB36FEDBFB717C0F" box="[1161,1209,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">type</typeStatus>
material (
<figureCitation id="132D22E0FF97EA53FA8DFED4FABC7C0F" box="[1330,1396,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[175,1414,439,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[175,1414,439,1430]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dipodarctus anaholiensis. A. Holotype from Hawaii, USA with arrow showing the smaller digit 4 on leg I. Scale bar = 50 µm. B. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Leg IV with arrow showing the cuticular folds on external digits. Scale bar = 10 µm. C. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239011/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). Another interesting character neglected by
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF97EA53FD3BFEBFFCE47C2A" author="Pollock" box="[644,812,332,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" refString="Pollock, L. W. (1995) New marine tardigrades from Hawaiian beach sand and phylogeny of the family Halechiniscidae. Invertebrate Biology, 114, 220 - 235. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226877" type="journal article" year="1995">Pollock (1995)</bibRefCitation>
in the original description is the presence of proximal cuticular folds on external digits, particularly evident on legs IV (
<figureCitation id="132D22E0FF97EA53FCCAFE9CFC7C7CC7" box="[885,948,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[175,1414,439,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[175,1414,439,1430]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dipodarctus anaholiensis. A. Holotype from Hawaii, USA with arrow showing the smaller digit 4 on leg I. Scale bar = 50 µm. B. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Leg IV with arrow showing the cuticular folds on external digits. Scale bar = 10 µm. C. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239011/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF696EEDFF97EA53FF28FA5FFB957B4F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239011/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" targetBox="[175,1414,439,1430]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BA93E65FF97EA53FF28FA5FFB957B4F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1452,1536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FF28FA5FFEDB788E" bold="true" box="[151,275,1452,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF97EA53FEA5FA5FFDD6788D" box="[282,542,1452,1474]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Dipodarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="anaholiensis">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FEA5FA5FFDD6788D" box="[282,542,1452,1474]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">Dipodarctus anaholiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A. Holotype from Hawaii, USA with arrow showing the smaller digit 4 on leg I. Scale bar = 50 µm. B. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Leg IV with arrow showing the cuticular folds on external digits. Scale bar = 10 µm. C. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA93E65FF97EA53FF78F9D4FBF77A10" blockId="2.[151,1437,1575,2032]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">
Five species are currently known in this genus, with two recently described species (
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF97EA53FBC4F9D4FE457B2B" authority="Jorgensen et al., 2014" authorityName="Jorgensen et al." authorityYear="2014" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Dipodarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="australiensis">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FBC4F9D4FA547B0F" box="[1147,1436,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">Dipodarctus australiensis</emphasis>
Jørgensen
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FEB1F9BFFE8F7B2B" box="[270,327,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF97EA53FE7BF9B8FC777B2B" authority="Jorgensen et al., 2014" authorityName="Jorgensen et al." authorityYear="2014" box="[452,959,1611,1636]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Dipodarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="susannae">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FE7BF9B8FD777B2C" box="[452,703,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">Dipodarctus susannae</emphasis>
Jørgensen
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FC81F9BFFCBF7B2B" box="[830,887,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</taxonomicName>
) from Australian marine caves (Jørgensen
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FF28F983FF077BC7" box="[151,207,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">et al.</emphasis>
2014). Our specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF97EA53FE4EF983FD687BC7" box="[497,672,1647,1672]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Dipodarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="anaholiensis">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FE4EF983FD687BC7" box="[497,672,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">D. anaholiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from all other species most notably by the lack of an elongate toe on legs IIII (
<figureCitation id="132D22E0FF97EA53FEDDF960FE6C7BE3" box="[354,420,1683,1708]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[175,1414,439,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[175,1414,439,1430]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dipodarctus anaholiensis. A. Holotype from Hawaii, USA with arrow showing the smaller digit 4 on leg I. Scale bar = 50 µm. B. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Leg IV with arrow showing the cuticular folds on external digits. Scale bar = 10 µm. C. Specimen from Moorea, French Polynesia. Habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239011/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C). Our specimens are most easily distinguished from the new Australian species by the lack of three parallel folds on the digits. In addition, they differ from
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF97EA53FC60F94BFB5D7B9F" box="[991,1173,1719,1744]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Dipodarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="australiensis">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FC60F94BFB5D7B9F" box="[991,1173,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">D. australiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the lack of lateral processes between legs III and IV; lack of peduncles on legs IV; and lack of cephalic processes and facial plate. Our specimens also differ from
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF97EA53FE6CF8F3FDA87A58" box="[467,608,1792,1815]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Dipodarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="susannae">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FE6CF8F3FDA87A58" box="[467,608,1792,1815]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">D. susannae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the lack of a cirrophore on sensory organ IV and fine details of the cephalic cirri. For a more thorough discussion of the taxonomy of this genus, including the junior synonym
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF97EA53FF28F8BBFE657A2F" box="[151,429,1863,1888]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Hemitanarctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="chimaera">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FF28F8BBFE657A2F" box="[151,429,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">Hemitanarctus chimaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF97EA53FE6AF8B4FD257A2F" author="Zio" box="[469,749,1863,1888]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" refString="de Zio Grimaldi, S., D'Addabbo Gallo, M., Morone De Lucia, M. R. &amp; Troccoli, A. (1995 / 1996) Hemitanarctus chimaera n. g., n. sp., new Halechiniscidae from the Ionian Sea (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 234, 167 - 174." type="journal article" year="1995">
Zio Grimaldi
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FDD0F8BBFD667A2F" box="[623,686,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">et al.,</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
/96, see Jørgensen
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FC7FF8BBFC317A2F" box="[960,1017,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">et al.</emphasis>
2014.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C6DEEFF97EA53FF78F898FEA87ABF" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA93E65FF97EA53FF78F898FEA87ABF" blockId="2.[151,1437,1575,2032]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">
<taxonomicName id="4C1645E6FF97EA53FF78F898FE237ACB" ID-CoL="36PJS" box="[199,491,1899,1924]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Dipodarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="anaholiensis">
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FF78F898FE237ACB" box="[199,491,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">Dipodarctus anaholiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, primarily a shallow subtidal species, has been found in the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean (Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Strait of Sicily), and the Pacific Ocean (
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF97EA53FB62F87CFABE7AE7" author="Pollock" box="[1245,1398,1935,1960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" refString="Pollock, L. W. (1995) New marine tardigrades from Hawaiian beach sand and phylogeny of the family Halechiniscidae. Invertebrate Biology, 114, 220 - 235. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226877" type="journal article" year="1995">Pollock 1995</bibRefCitation>
; de Zio Grimaldi &amp; DAddabbo
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF97EA53FE66F840FD927A83" author="Gallo" box="[473,602,1971,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" refString="de Zio Grimaldi, S. &amp; D'Addabbo Gallo, M. (2001) Further data on the Mediterranean Sea tardigrade fauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 240, 345 - 360. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1078 / 0044 - 5231 - 00042" type="journal article" year="2001">Gallo 2001</bibRefCitation>
; de
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF97EA53FD38F840FC547A83" author="Zio" box="[647,924,1971,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" refString="de Zio Grimaldi, S., D'Addabbo Gallo, M., Sandulli, R. &amp; D'Addabbo, R. (2003) Checklist of the Italian marine Tardigrada. Meiofauna Marina, 12, 97 - 135." type="journal article" year="2003">
Zio Grimaldi
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FC9DF847FC927A83" box="[802,858,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF874394FF97EA53FC17F840FBA17A83" author="Gallo" box="[936,1129,1971,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="391" refString="Gallo, M., D'Addabbo, R., De Leonardis, C., Sandulli, R. &amp; de Zio Grimaldi, S. (2007) The diversity of Indian Ocean Heterotardigrada. Journal of Limnology, 66 (Supplement 1), 60 - 64. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4081 / jlimnol. 2007. s 1.60" type="journal article" year="2007">
Gallo
<emphasis id="B962E277FF97EA53FC52F847FBED7A83" box="[1005,1061,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
). This is the first record for
<collectingCountry id="F3017EF5FF97EA53FF28F824FE957ABF" box="[151,349,2007,2032]" name="French Polynesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="391">French Polynesia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>