873 lines
197 KiB
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873 lines
197 KiB
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<document id="7A86A870D4BA99654232B26295EAC9B2" ID-CLB-Dataset="3886" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3717.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4e850c9f-64ea-4ce5-80c6-773fbbabcafe" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5597778" ID-ZooBank="FF5A940A-FAA1-440F-A815-FD954E3283BD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629906166513" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bolek, Matthew G., Szmygiel, Cleo, Kubat, Austin, Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas & Hanelt, Ben" docDate="2013" docId="C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03717p038.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3717 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Chordodes kenyaensis Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt 2013, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="392493191E4F542AFF84FFB8A26C290F" masterDocTitle="Novel techniques for biodiversity studies of gordiids and description of a new species of Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Kenya, Africa" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="26" updateTime="1699144731389" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="6F46EE2FEEE960C483E53D5A13F3E92B">Novel techniques for biodiversity studies of gordiids and description of a new species of Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Kenya, Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="07A2F53163F161FAED6A5FC453D5070B">Bolek, Matthew G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="33A5CCF9A198341DE4A12F09BB168CC6">Department of Zoology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B95442AEFAB5382DF4726B4AEEE43C8D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3912D9A627C81B75DC82C01398938065">Szmygiel, Cleo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0E45772AE27F361F296A3B34F8DFB36B">Department of Zoology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1E61DFBE2093DD52204B46B6900DECF9">Kubat, Austin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="ECE27E948AA4B262A47F017A8F097D54">Department of Zoology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EE8254422D408EE83ACA2DB09354AD78">Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="17989E884A947C83C1A676E2B54F1249">Zoological Museum and Institute, Biocenter Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5526DFB132E6D93C22CA2603027F7D20">Hanelt, Ben</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="83788FB0FA714221974710DD6C9215D6">Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, 163 Castetter Hall, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 - 0001, U. S. A. E-mail: bhanelt @ unm. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="BE8E2AA3AE37A1D1DFFF38FDF7C0936D">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5598050" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189357047" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5598050" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
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Description of
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<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4C5429FECBF9AAA0302F23" authority="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt, 2013" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[335,604,1554,1580]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FECBF9AAA0302F23" bold="true" box="[335,604,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Chordodes kenyaensis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="64F33B1E1E4C5429FDE7F9ABA0CA2F22" box="[611,678,1555,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="05AE09FC1E4C5429FF13F98DA3672F41" box="[151,267,1589,1614]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4C5429FF13F98DA3672F41" blockId="3.[151,678,1554,1614]" box="[151,267,1589,1614]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
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(
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<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4C5429FF1BF98DA36E2F41" box="[159,258,1589,1614]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,249,541,563]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,249,1321,1343]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionStartId-5="10.[151,249,1170,1192]" captionTargetBox-0="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetBox-1="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1433,193,518]" captionTargetBox-3="[153,1432,808,1293]" captionTargetBox-4="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetBox-5="[156,1434,188,1147]" captionTargetId-0="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetId-1="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetId-2="figure-530@7.[148,1433,193,520]" captionTargetId-3="figure-534@7.[151,1436,796,1299]" captionTargetId-4="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetId-5="figure-455@10.[151,1436,183,1149]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Adult and areole pattern of deformed Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) Adult male removed from a cricket while trying to emerge. Note the larval cuticle (arrow). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of the mid-body cuticle of a female showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple (1) areoles. Note that simple areoles are smooth but contain short bristles making them appear bumpy. Scale bar = 30 µm. (C) DIC photomicrograph of the same region of the cuticle in a higher focal plane of the mid-body cuticle showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple areoles. Scale bar = 30 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph of a thorn (3) areole among simple areoles of the mid-body region of an adult deformed female worm. Scale bar = 7 µm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Mating, oviposition behavior, egg strings, and eggs of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) Male and female in a Gordian knot. Note the lighter color and thicker size of the female worm compared to the male. Scale bar = 2.0 mm. (B) Female in the process of depositing egg strings in a zigzag pattern on a stick. Scale bar = 5 mm. (C) Undeveloped egg. Scale bar = 15 µm." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Developing and fully formed cysts of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. recovered from an experimentally infected Physa gyrina snail. (A) Larva in snail tissue 14 DPE in the process of folding (lateral view). Note the empty pseudointestine (black arrow). Scale bar = 12 µm. (B) Mature cysts (lateral view); note the clear halo surrounding the encysted larvae and single folding pattern. Scale bar = 15 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597784" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597786" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597790" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5597784/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5597786/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5597790/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="05AE09FC1E4C5421FF13F9C5A73729F7" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4C5429FF13F9C5A0422E0D" blockId="3.[151,1436,1661,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
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<materialsCitation id="FDDC502A1E4C5429FF13F9C5A0422E0D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3392789303" collectedFrom="Biomphalaria pfeifferi" collectionCode="MSB" country="Kenya" location="Kasabong stream" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" specimenCode="MSB Para 18595" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Nyanza province" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FF13F9C5A3612F99" bold="true" box="[151,269,1661,1686]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
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<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4C5429FF13F9C5A3642F99" box="[151,264,1661,1686]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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1 partial
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<specimenCount id="5BB291FE1E4C5429FEFAF9C5A3D92F99" box="[382,437,1661,1686]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="male">male</specimenCount>
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from a population originally collected as a cyst stage in a
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<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4C5429FBE4F9C5A7322F9A" baseAuthorityName="Krauss" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1120,1374,1661,1685]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Biomphalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pfeifferi">
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<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FBE4F9C5A7322F9A" box="[1120,1374,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
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<collectedFrom id="FEA8198A1E4C5429FBE4F9C5A7322F9A" box="[1120,1374,1661,1685]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Biomphalaria pfeifferi</collectedFrom>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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snail from
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<location id="486B0CAC1E4C5429FF5DF919A3CD2FB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7:486B0CAC1E4C5429FF5DF919A3CD2FB6" box="[217,417,1697,1722]" country="Kenya" name="Kasabong stream" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" stateProvince="Nyanza province">Kasabong stream</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="8F7094951E4C5429FE36F91AA0142FB5" box="[434,632,1697,1722]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Nyanza province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="35A31AE71E4C5429FD0CF91AA0BD2FB5" box="[648,721,1698,1722]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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Africa and reared in an experimentally infected snail
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<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4C5429FAD3F919A28C2FD2" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" genus="Physa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gyrina">
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<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FAD3F919A28C2FD2" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Physa gyrina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and cricket
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<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4C5429FEF3F97DA0422FD2" authorityName="Cade and Otte" authorityYear="2000" box="[375,558,1733,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FEF3F97DA0422FD2" box="[375,558,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Gryllus texensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, deposited at the Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division, accession number
|
||
<specimenCode id="1D12F20C1E4C5429FEE1F951A0462E0D" box="[357,554,1769,1794]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">MSB Para 18595</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4C5429FF43F8B5A3D02E9D" blockId="3.[151,1436,1661,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDDC502A1E4C5429FF43F8B5A3D02E9D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3392789302" collectedFrom="Biomphalaria pfeifferi" collectionCode="MSB" country="Kenya" location="Kasabong stream" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" specimenCode="MSB Para 18596" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Nyanza province" typeStatus="allotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FF43F8B5A3592E29" bold="true" box="[199,309,1805,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4C5429FF43F8B5A35C2E29" box="[199,304,1805,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
1 partial
|
||
<specimenCount id="5BB291FE1E4C5429FE24F8B5A3802E29" box="[416,492,1805,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="female">female</specimenCount>
|
||
from a population originally collected as a cyst in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4C5429FBA3F8B5A74F2E2A" baseAuthorityName="Krauss" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1063,1315,1805,1829]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Biomphalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pfeifferi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FBA3F8B5A74F2E2A" box="[1063,1315,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<collectedFrom id="FEA8198A1E4C5429FBA3F8B5A74F2E2A" box="[1063,1315,1805,1829]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Biomphalaria pfeifferi</collectedFrom>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
snail from
|
||
<location id="486B0CAC1E4C5429FF13F889A3372E46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7:486B0CAC1E4C5429FF13F889A3372E46" box="[151,347,1841,1866]" country="Kenya" name="Kasabong stream" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" stateProvince="Nyanza province">Kasabong stream</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7094951E4C5429FEE2F88AA0442E45" box="[358,552,1841,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Nyanza province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35A31AE71E4C5429FDB7F88AA0102E45" box="[563,636,1842,1866]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
Africa and reared in an experimentally infected snail
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4C5429FB5CF889A7002E46" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1240,1388,1841,1865]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" genus="Physa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gyrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FB5CF889A7002E46" box="[1240,1388,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Physa gyrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and cricket
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4C5429FF74F8EDA3C62E62" authorityName="Cade and Otte" authorityYear="2000" box="[240,426,1877,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FF74F8EDA3C62E62" box="[240,426,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Gryllus texensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, deposited at the Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division, accession number
|
||
<specimenCode id="1D12F20C1E4C5429FF77F8C1A3D42E9D" box="[243,440,1913,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">MSB Para 18596</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4C542EFF43F825A333286A" blockId="3.[151,1436,1661,2010]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,1941]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDDC502A1E4C542EFF43F825A330286A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3392789305" collectionCode="MSB" county="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="27" location="Larvae" municipality="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" specimenCount="6" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4C5429FF43F825A3932EB9" bold="true" box="[199,511,1949,1974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Other material deposited:</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="486B0CAC1E4C5429FD8CF826A03A2EBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7:486B0CAC1E4C5429FD8CF826A03A2EBA" box="[520,598,1950,1973]" county="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" municipality="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" name="Larvae" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Larvae</location>
|
||
fixed in 95% ethanol from laboratory cultures,
|
||
<location id="486B0CAC1E4C5429FBFDF826A39D2ED5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7:486B0CAC1E4C5429FBFDF826A39D2ED5" county="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" municipality="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" name="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division</location>
|
||
, accession number
|
||
<collectionCode id="2BA5C2B21E4C5429FD48F879A16B2ED5" box="[716,775,1985,2010]" collectionName="MSB" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/km06-gtbn" name="Museum of Southwestern Biology" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="Museum">MSB</collectionCode>
|
||
Para 18597; 2 free-living male
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4C5429FBEAF87AA6B52ED5" box="[1134,1241,1986,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
and 2 free-living female
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4B542EFF75FF20A33029BF" box="[241,348,152,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
fixed in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<location id="486B0CAC1E4B542EFD04FF20A77229BF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7:486B0CAC1E4B542EFD04FF20A77229BF" box="[640,1310,151,176]" county="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" municipality="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" name="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division</location>
|
||
, accession number
|
||
<collectionCode id="2BA5C2B21E4B542EFF70FF04A34329DA" box="[244,303,188,213]" collectionName="MSB" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/km06-gtbn" name="Museum of Southwestern Biology" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="Museum">MSB</collectionCode>
|
||
Para 18598: 1 deformed worm
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4B542EFD1FFF04A09729DB" box="[667,763,188,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
fixed in 100% ethanol,
|
||
<location id="486B0CAC1E4B542EFB8AFF04A75C29DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7:486B0CAC1E4B542EFB8AFF04A75C29DA" box="[1038,1328,188,213]" county="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" municipality="Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division" name="Museum of Southwestern" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Museum of Southwestern</location>
|
||
Biology-Parasitology Division, accession number
|
||
<collectionCode id="2BA5C2B21E4B542EFDF0FF67A0C329F7" box="[628,687,223,248]" collectionName="MSB" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/km06-gtbn" name="Museum of Southwestern Biology" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="Museum">MSB</collectionCode>
|
||
Para 18599; 1 deformed worm
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4B542EFBACFF58A6E429F7" box="[1064,1160,224,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
fixed in 10% formalin,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="AD6FC00D1E4B542EFF13FEBCA14A2812" box="[151,806,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, accession number
|
||
<collectionCode id="2BA5C2B21E4B542EFB8FFEBCA62A2812" box="[1035,1094,260,285]" collectionName="MSB" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/km06-gtbn" name="Museum of Southwestern Biology" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="Museum">MSB</collectionCode>
|
||
Para 18600; and 1 deformed worm
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4B542EFF64FE90A32C284F" box="[224,320,296,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
fixed in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="A46A22FB1E4B542EFDC0FE90A6A4284F" box="[580,1224,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Museum of Southwestern Biology-Parasitology Division</collectingCounty>
|
||
, accession number
|
||
<collectionCode id="2BA5C2B21E4B542EFF13FEF4A2BE286A" box="[151,210,332,357]" collectionName="MSB" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/km06-gtbn" name="Museum of Southwestern Biology" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="Museum">MSB</collectionCode>
|
||
Para 18601
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4B542EFF43FED7A7002887" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1941]" box="[199,1388,367,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFF43FED7A3052887" bold="true" box="[199,361,367,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Type locality:</emphasis>
|
||
Kasabong stream, Nyanza province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35A31AE71E4B542EFC8FFEC8A1382887" box="[779,852,368,392]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(-0.1519°, 34.4455°, approx.
|
||
<quantity id="8A4CF7921E4B542EFB20FED7A76C2888" box="[1188,1280,367,392]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1170.0">1,170 m</quantity>
|
||
altitude).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4B542EFF43FE2CA76128DF" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFF43FE2CA3E428A2" bold="true" box="[199,392,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Other localities:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDDC502A1E4B542EFE15FE2CA76528DF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3392789304" collectionCode="MSB" country="Kenya" county="Nyanza province" elevation="1250" location="Cysts" municipality="Asao" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="486B0CAC1E4B542EFE15FE2CA3A328A2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C51DEB611E4C5421FF13F9ABA73729F7:486B0CAC1E4B542EFE15FE2CA3A328A2" box="[401,463,404,429]" country="Kenya" county="Nyanza province" municipality="Asao" name="Cysts" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Cysts</location>
|
||
were also collected from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="AD6FC00D1E4B542EFD7CFE2CA15E28A2" box="[760,818,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Asao</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
stream,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="A46A22FB1E4B542EFC10FE2CA63B28A2" box="[916,1111,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Nyanza province</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35A31AE71E4B542EFBE7FE2CA6C028A3" box="[1123,1196,404,428]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(-0.3176°, 35.0065°, approx.
|
||
<quantity id="8A4CF7921E4B542EFF68FE0FA32D28C0" box="[236,321,439,464]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1250.0">
|
||
<elevation id="C699BD441E4B542EFF68FE0FA32D28C0" box="[236,321,439,464]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1250.0">1250 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
altitude). Samples
|
||
<collectionCode id="2BA5C2B21E4B542EFD9DFE0FA03828DF" box="[537,596,439,464]" collectionName="MSB" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/km06-gtbn" name="Museum of Southwestern Biology" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="Museum">MSB</collectionCode>
|
||
Para 18599 and 18600 were derived from cysts from this site
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4B542EFF43FE64A7302B32" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFF43FE64A37F28FA" bold="true" box="[199,275,476,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Hosts:</emphasis>
|
||
Definitive: unknown in nature but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4B542EFD3BFE64A1F928FB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[703,917,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Acheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domesticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFD3BFE64A1F928FB" box="[703,917,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Acheta domesticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4B542EFC2DFE64A63D28FB" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1902" box="[937,1105,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFC2DFE64A63D28FB" box="[937,1105,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Gryllus firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4B542EFB16FE64A72728FB" authorityName="Cade and Otte" authorityYear="2000" box="[1170,1355,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFB16FE64A72728FB" box="[1170,1355,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Gryllus texensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the laboratory; paratenic:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4B542EFE14FDB8A0E12B17" baseAuthorityName="Krauss" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[400,653,512,536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Biomphalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pfeifferi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFE14FDB8A0E12B17" box="[400,653,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Biomphalaria pfeifferi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in nature and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4B542EFCB4FDB8A1A92B18" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[816,965,512,536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" genus="Physa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gyrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFCB4FDB8A1A92B18" box="[816,965,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Physa gyrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the laboratory. Note that in the natural system, snails most likely represent a dead-end host since they are an unlikely part of the normal cricket diet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4B542EFF43FDFFA7692BC2" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFF43FDFFA3D92B6F" bold="true" box="[199,437,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
Free-living adult male
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4B542EFD41FDFFA14B2B6F" box="[709,807,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and female
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4B542EFC3CFDFFA6792B6F" box="[952,1045,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, additional male and female adult worms including deformed individuals, egg strings, eggs, larvae and cysts. SEM of mid-body, anterior and posterior ends of free-living adult male and female, and larvae, and LM of mid-body, anterior and posterior ends of free-living adult male and female; egg strings, eggs, larvae, and cysts from laboratory infected snails.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4B542EFF43FD6FA7E72BFF" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1941]" box="[199,1419,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFF43FD6FA33D2BFF" bold="true" box="[199,337,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
The species epithet is named for the country of origin (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35A31AE71E4B542EFC3AFD6FA6662BFF" box="[958,1034,727,752]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
) of this newly discovered species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4B542EFF43FD44A2992D3B" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFF43FD44A3D02A1A" bold="true" box="[199,444,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Description of male:</emphasis>
|
||
Body color tan to dark brown with anterior end lighter in color, no dark collar present. The lighter coloration blends into the normal coloration of the remaining body. Body length 114.3±32.0 (38–162; N = 15) mm, with mid-body diameter 577.5±111.6 (432–800) µm. Anterior end distinctly tapering (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFB75FCFCA72B2A52" box="[1265,1351,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a degenerate mouth; posterior end round with indication of two lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFC2EFCDFA66D2A8F" box="[938,1025,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cloacal opening located ventrally, 120–130 µm from posterior end, oval in shape and surrounded by circumcloacal spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFB6BFC34A7E22AAA" box="[1263,1422,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Figs. 1E, 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, short bristles, (10–20 µm by 1–2 µm in length and width), distributed laterally and medially on the non-areolated ventral region surrounding cloacal opening (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFCB2FC6CA1AA2AE2" box="[822,966,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Figs. 1E, 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral region posterior and anterior to the cloacal opening lacks distinct areoles, is smooth, and contains canals (furrows) running laterally separated by 4–5 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4B542EFF43FB87A12F2FEF" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The body cuticle contains
|
||
<specimenCount id="5BB291FE1E4B542EFE76FB87A0392D57" box="[498,597,1087,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="generic" typeStatus="types">six types</specimenCount>
|
||
of areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFD58FB87A1592D57" box="[732,821,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Simple areoles are the most abundant and except for the ventral region surrounding the cloacal opening and the anterior region surrounding the degenerate mouth, they are distributed on the entire cuticle. On the anterior region they are 3–5µm high, oval in shape (7–8 by 6–7 µm in length and width), and their surface contains short terminal bristles 1–3 µm in length and less than 1 µm in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFF1BFB77A2942DE7" box="[159,248,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Simple areoles on the anterior region are separated by interareolar furrows, 3–4 µm apart and contain canals running laterally across the cuticle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFDFFFB4CA0BE2C02" box="[635,722,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the mid-body and posterior regions simple areoles are 5–6 µm high and 12–13 by 6–7 µm in length and width, and their surface is also covered with short bristles 1–3 µm in length and less than 1 µm in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFDAAFA84A0EB2C5A" box="[558,647,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Scattered among the simple areoles are tubercle, thorn, bulging, and crowned areoles surrounded by circumcluster areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFC96FAE7A1F22C77" box="[786,926,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Figs. 1A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Bulging areoles common in the mid-body region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFF69FA3CA3292C92" box="[237,325,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occur in groups of 2–4, have surface covered with short bristles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFBB6FA3CA6E62C92" box="[1074,1162,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
), 8–10 µm high and 12– 15 by 10–12 µm in length and width respectively. Crowned areoles more common in the mid-body region, absent from approximately
|
||
<quantity id="8A4CF7921E4B542EFEFFFA74A06E2CEC" box="[379,514,1484,1509]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
of the anterior and posterior regions of the cuticle. Crowned areoles occur in pairs, 8–10 µm high and 12–15 µm in diameter, and contain filaments 15–30 µm in length on their apical end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFAB1FA57A2D02F22" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Figs. 1C, 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each pair is surrounded by 6–12 circumcluster areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFCC3F9ACA1CD2F22" box="[839,929,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). These are similar in size to bulging areoles being 8–10 µm long and 12–15 µm in diameter with small bristles on top (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFC52F98FA6432F5F" box="[982,1071,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thorn areoles are 10–14 µm in length and 3.5–4 µm in width at their base. Two
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E4B542EFD4EF9E4A1692F7B" box="[714,773,1628,1652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">types</typeStatus>
|
||
are present; most have typical thorn-like shape, but some have a round apical end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFE3DF9C7A07D2F97" box="[441,529,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tubercle areoles are most like simple areoles in size and shape. They contain filaments 7–10 µm in length and approximately 1–2 µm wide and some contain short bristles 1–3 µm in length and less than 1 µm wide surrounding the filament (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFD27F97FA1592FEF" box="[675,821,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Figs. 1B, 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4B542EFF43F954A6102E9A" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4B542EFF43F954A3A32E0A" bold="true" box="[199,463,1772,1797]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Description of female:</emphasis>
|
||
Body color light tan to dark brown with anterior and posterior ends lighter in color; no dark collar on the anterior end. The lighter coloration of the anterior and posterior ends blends into the normal coloration of the remaining body. Body length 118.3±28.1 (77–180; N = 15) mm with mid-body diameter 818.7±70.3 (600–880) µm. Anterior end distinctly tapered (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFCDDF8EFA1DB2E7F" box="[857,951,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a degenerate mouth; posterior end distinctly swollen in most but not all individuals, and cloacal opening terminal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E4B542EFB91F8C4A61C2E9A" box="[1045,1136,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="19CB0AFF1E4A542FFF13F911A7572EFD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" startId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" targetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E4A542FFF13F911A7572EFD" blockId="5.[151,1436,1705,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4A542FFF13F911A3622FB1" bold="true" box="[151,270,1705,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||
. Holotype of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E4A542FFE52F911A0D62FB0" authority="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt, 2013" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[470,698,1705,1727]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4A542FFE52F911A0D62FB0" box="[470,698,1705,1727]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Chordodes kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E4A542FFD45F911A0902FB1" bold="true" box="[705,764,1705,1726]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="64F33B1E1E4A542FFD45F911A0902FB1" box="[705,764,1705,1726]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="19CB0AFF1E49542CFF13F98DA6E92ED5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" startId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" targetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E49542CFF13F98DA6E92ED5" blockId="6.[151,1436,1589,2010]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E49542CFF13F98DA3602F45" bold="true" box="[151,268,1589,1611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
.Allotype of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E49542CFE5FF98DA0D32F44" authority="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt, 2013" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[475,703,1589,1611]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E49542CFE5FF98DA0D32F44" box="[475,703,1589,1611]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Chordodes kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E49542CFD41F98EA16C2F44" bold="true" box="[709,768,1590,1611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="64F33B1E1E49542CFD41F98EA16C2F44" box="[709,768,1590,1611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="19CB0AFF1E48542DFF13FDA5A72C2BE4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5597784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597784/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" startId="7.[151,249,541,563]" targetBox="[151,1433,193,518]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E48542DFF13FDA5A72C2BE4" blockId="7.[151,1436,541,747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E48542DFF13FDA5A37F2B3D" bold="true" box="[151,275,541,563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult and areole pattern of deformed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E48542DFD1AFDA5A1EE2B3C" authority="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt, 2013" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[670,898,541,563]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E48542DFD1AFDA5A1EE2B3C" box="[670,898,541,563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Chordodes kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E48542DFC0CFDA5A1AE2B3D" bold="true" box="[904,962,541,562]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="64F33B1E1E48542DFC0CFDA5A1AE2B3D" box="[904,962,541,562]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Adult male removed from a cricket while trying to emerge. Note the larval cuticle (arrow). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of the mid-body cuticle of a female showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple (1) areoles. Note that simple areoles are smooth but contain short bristles making them appear bumpy. Scale bar = 30 µm. (C) DIC photomicrograph of the same region of the cuticle in a higher focal plane of the mid-body cuticle showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple areoles. Scale bar = 30 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph of a thorn (3) areole among simple areoles of the mid-body region of an adult deformed female worm. Scale bar = 7 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="19CB0AFF1E48542DFF13FA91A2D32C94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597786" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5597786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597786/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" startId="7.[151,249,1321,1343]" targetBox="[153,1432,808,1293]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E48542DFF13FA91A2D32C94" blockId="7.[151,1436,1321,1435]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E48542DFF13FA91A3792C31" bold="true" box="[151,277,1321,1343]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating, oviposition behavior, egg strings, and eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E48542DFCD8FA91A62D2C30" authority="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt, 2013" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[860,1089,1321,1343]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E48542DFCD8FA91A62D2C30" box="[860,1089,1321,1343]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Chordodes kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E48542DFBCEFA92A6EA2C30" bold="true" box="[1098,1158,1322,1343]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="64F33B1E1E48542DFBCEFA92A6EA2C30" box="[1098,1158,1322,1343]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Male and female in a Gordian knot. Note the lighter color and thicker size of the female worm compared to the male. Scale bar = 2.0 mm. (B) Female in the process of depositing egg strings in a zigzag pattern on a stick. Scale bar = 5 mm. (C) Undeveloped egg. Scale bar = 15 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E485422FF43FA70A0FF284F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1480,2009]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
As in males, the body cuticle of females has
|
||
<specimenCount id="5BB291FE1E48542DFD47FA70A14A2CEE" box="[707,806,1480,1505]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="generic" typeStatus="types">six types</specimenCount>
|
||
of areoles. Simple areoles are most abundant, found on most areas of the cuticle, but lacking in regions surrounding the terminal cloacal opening and the degenerate mouth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E48542DFF1BF9A8A35A2F26" box="[159,310,1552,1577]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Figs. 2A, 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Separated by interareolar furrows, 3–5 µm apart and running laterally across the cuticle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E48542DFAB7F9A8A2862F42" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Figs. 2A, 2B, 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Unlike in males, in females simple areoles are morphologically distinct in the posterior region of the cuticle from those on the anterior and mid-body regions of the cuticle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E48542DFC3EF9E0A6162F7E" box="[954,1146,1624,1649]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Figs. 2B, 2F, 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the anterior and midbody regions, they are 3–4 µm high, oval to round in shape (5–8 by 4–7 µm) with a smooth surface. On the anterior region of the cuticle, simple areoles contain terminal bristles 1–3 µm in length and less than 1 µm in width; but the bristles are much smaller in the mid-body region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E48542DFD54F97CA10E2FD2" box="[720,866,1732,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Figs. 2B, 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, on the posterior region of the cuticle simple areoles are not as high, less well developed and nested among groups of bulging areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E48542DFB50F950A7422E0E" box="[1236,1326,1768,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Bulging areoles occur in higher densities on the posterior than the anterior and mid-body regions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E48542DFB3AF8B4A7712E2A" box="[1214,1309,1804,1829]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are scattered among simple areoles and most common on the mid-body and posterior regions of the cuticle. Occur in groups of three on the mid-body cuticle and groups of two to four on the posterior region of the cuticle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E48542DFAB2F8ECA2D12E9E" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Figs. 2E, 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Height 7.6–10 µm high, oval to round in shape (6–8 µm) with a smooth surface containing small terminal bristles 1–3 µm in length and less than 1 µm in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E48542DFCA1F824A1D22EBA" box="[805,958,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Figs. 2E, 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Scattered among the simple areoles are tubercle and thorn areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E48542DFE4CF878A0EB2ED6" box="[456,647,1984,2009]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Figs. 2A, 2F, 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thorn areoles 7–14 µm in length and 3–4 µm wide at their base with typical thorn shape. The filaments of tubercle areoles are 5–7 µm in length and approximately 1–2 µm in width. Crowned areoles occur on mid-body and posterior regions of the cuticle, much denser in distribution than in males (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FF48FF67A34229F7" box="[204,302,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[242,1348,200,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-231@5.[236,1354,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of male Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Scale bar = 170 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), and two types of thorn (3 and 3*) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 15 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing an overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 190 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the midbody cuticle containing simple (1), tubercle (2), thorn (3), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the long filaments on crowned areoles and short bristles on top of simple smooth areoles which are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows. Scale bar = 25 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing the posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the indistinct lobes (thick arrows). Scale bar = 115 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing a higher magnification of the posterior region of the cloacal opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Note the non-areolated region and bristles on the lateral regions of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597780/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FEB9FF67A30D29F7" box="[317,353,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in males, crowned areoles in females occur in pairs with long filaments on top 20–70 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FF5DFEBCA3CC2812" box="[217,416,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 2D, 2E, 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Surrounded by 8–12 circumcluster areoles with small bristles on top and morphological similar to bulging areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FE47FE9FA0EA284F" box="[451,646,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[276,1304,185,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-287@6.[276,1304,185,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2.Allotype of female Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) SEM photomicrograph showing the tapered anterior end and areole pattern. Note distinct thorn areoles (arrows) among simple areoles. Scale bar = 115 µm. (B) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the anterior region of the cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle (2) areoles. Note that interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Scale bar = 10 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph showing overview of the mid-body cuticle. Note the pattern of crowned areoles. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph showing two crowned (6) areoles surrounded by circumcluster (5) areoles in the mid-body region. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph showing simple (1), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crown (6) areoles in the mid-body region. Note the long filaments on crown areoles. Scale bar = 20 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of simple (1), tubercle (2), and thorn (3) areoles in the mid-body region. Interareolar furrows are arranged laterally across the cuticle. Note the fine terminal bristles on the simple and tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) SEM photomicrograph showing posterior end and cloacal opening (arrow). Note the non-areolated region around the cloacal opening and bristles on the lateral sides of the non-areolated field. Scale bar = 150 µm. (H) SEM photomicrograph showing higher magnification of the posterior region of the cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles. Note the variation in simple areoles in this body region compared to the anterior and mid-body region of the cuticle. Scale bar = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597782/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 2D, 2E, 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E475422FF43FEF4A6A22B50" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FF43FEF4A0EC286A" bold="true" box="[199,640,332,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Description of deformed individuals:</emphasis>
|
||
All individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FCD0FEF4A183286B" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[852,1007,332,356]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FCD0FEF4A183286B" box="[852,1007,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovered from crickets infected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FF13FEC9A36B2887" authorityName="Hanelt, Bolek and Schmidt-Rhaesa" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,263,368,392]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Paragordius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="obamai">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FF13FEC9A36B2887" box="[151,263,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">P. obamai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were much smaller in length than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FD08FEC8A14A2887" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[652,806,368,392]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FD08FEC8A14A2887" box="[652,806,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovered from crickets with single infections. Females (N =3) were light tan or white in color and 16±3.6 (13–20) mm in length and 986.7±162.9 (800–1100) µm in midbody diameter; whereas males (N = 2) were tan in color and
|
||
<quantity id="8A4CF7921E475422FCC8FE0FA1AA28C0" box="[844,966,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="12.0">12–16 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and 800–1000 µm in mid-body diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FE8DFE64A30828FA" box="[265,356,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,249,541,563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,518]" captionTargetId="figure-530@7.[148,1433,193,520]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Adult and areole pattern of deformed Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) Adult male removed from a cricket while trying to emerge. Note the larval cuticle (arrow). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of the mid-body cuticle of a female showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple (1) areoles. Note that simple areoles are smooth but contain short bristles making them appear bumpy. Scale bar = 30 µm. (C) DIC photomicrograph of the same region of the cuticle in a higher focal plane of the mid-body cuticle showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple areoles. Scale bar = 30 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph of a thorn (3) areole among simple areoles of the mid-body region of an adult deformed female worm. Scale bar = 7 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597784/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Deformed individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FD12FE64A15D28FB" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[662,817,476,500]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FD12FE64A15D28FB" box="[662,817,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contained
|
||
<specimenCount id="5BB291FE1E475422FC2AFE64A67E28FB" box="[942,1042,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" type="generic" typeStatus="types">six types</specimenCount>
|
||
of areoles on the cuticle including simple areoles with terminal bristles, bulging, tubercle, thorn and crown areoles surrounded by 8–12 circumcluster areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FF7DFD9CA3A92B32" box="[249,453,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,249,541,563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,518]" captionTargetId="figure-530@7.[148,1433,193,520]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Adult and areole pattern of deformed Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) Adult male removed from a cricket while trying to emerge. Note the larval cuticle (arrow). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of the mid-body cuticle of a female showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple (1) areoles. Note that simple areoles are smooth but contain short bristles making them appear bumpy. Scale bar = 30 µm. (C) DIC photomicrograph of the same region of the cuticle in a higher focal plane of the mid-body cuticle showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple areoles. Scale bar = 30 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph of a thorn (3) areole among simple areoles of the mid-body region of an adult deformed female worm. Scale bar = 7 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597784/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 3B, 3C, 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Areole patterns in deformed male and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FC70FD9CA6FD2B33" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[1012,1169,548,572]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FC70FD9CA6FD2B33" box="[1012,1169,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were indistinguishable from normal individuals recovered from crickets with single species infections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FBA9FDF0A6AB2B6F" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[1069,1223,584,608]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FBA9FDF0A6AB2B6F" box="[1069,1223,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E475422FF43FDD4A0222AAC" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FF43FDD4A1E02B8A" bold="true" box="[199,908,620,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Description of mating, oviposition, egg strings, and eggs:</emphasis>
|
||
Individual male and female worms initiated typical Gordian knots within hours to days of being placed together in Stender dishes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FB1BFD37A6922BA7" box="[1183,1278,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1321,1343]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,808,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-534@7.[151,1436,796,1299]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Mating, oviposition behavior, egg strings, and eggs of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) Male and female in a Gordian knot. Note the lighter color and thicker size of the female worm compared to the male. Scale bar = 2.0 mm. (B) Female in the process of depositing egg strings in a zigzag pattern on a stick. Scale bar = 5 mm. (C) Undeveloped egg. Scale bar = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597786/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males were observed to move up and down the female’s body with their coiled posterior end. Once a males’ cloaca was in proximity with the female cloaca, the male deposited a mass of sperm that remained on the female for up to a week. Females began oviposition within a week of copulating. During oviposition female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FBE0FD44A76D2A1B" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[1124,1281,764,788]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FBE0FD44A76D2A1B" box="[1124,1281,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attached egg strings in a continuous zigzag pattern on small branches or air-hoses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FC22FCA7A1902A37" box="[934,1020,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1321,1343]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,808,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-534@7.[151,1436,796,1299]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Mating, oviposition behavior, egg strings, and eggs of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) Male and female in a Gordian knot. Note the lighter color and thicker size of the female worm compared to the male. Scale bar = 2.0 mm. (B) Female in the process of depositing egg strings in a zigzag pattern on a stick. Scale bar = 5 mm. (C) Undeveloped egg. Scale bar = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597786/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
) but never deposited free egg strings in the water column. Egg string width was 449 (220–580) µm; whereas individual undeveloped eggs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FABFFCFCA7FF2A52" box="[1339,1427,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1321,1343]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,808,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-534@7.[151,1436,796,1299]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Mating, oviposition behavior, egg strings, and eggs of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) Male and female in a Gordian knot. Note the lighter color and thicker size of the female worm compared to the male. Scale bar = 2.0 mm. (B) Female in the process of depositing egg strings in a zigzag pattern on a stick. Scale bar = 5 mm. (C) Undeveloped egg. Scale bar = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597786/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
) were 39 (32–45) µm in length and 30 (24–35) µm in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FCB7FCDFA1E02A8F" box="[819,908,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1321,1343]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,808,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-534@7.[151,1436,796,1299]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Mating, oviposition behavior, egg strings, and eggs of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) Male and female in a Gordian knot. Note the lighter color and thicker size of the female worm compared to the male. Scale bar = 2.0 mm. (B) Female in the process of depositing egg strings in a zigzag pattern on a stick. Scale bar = 5 mm. (C) Undeveloped egg. Scale bar = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597786/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larvae developed in eggs and began hatching within 3–7 weeks at room temperature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E475422FF43FC17A1942DCA" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FF43FC17A3BC2AC7" bold="true" box="[199,464,943,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Description of larvae:</emphasis>
|
||
Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FDD6FC08A0822AC7" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[594,750,944,968]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FDD6FC08A0822AC7" box="[594,750,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possessed a cylindrical body divided by a septum into two regions, the preseptum and a postseptum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FDF1FC6CA1602AE2" box="[629,780,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 5A, 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The preseptum was 21.0 (17–24) µm in length and 15.7 (14–17) µm in width and contained an eversible proboscis supported by three internal stylets which were 14.9 (12– 18) µm in length and 3.6 (3–4) µm in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FD24FBA4A16A2D3A" box="[672,774,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FC97FBA4A15A2D3A" box="[787,822,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,249,541,563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,518]" captionTargetId="figure-530@7.[148,1433,193,520]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Adult and areole pattern of deformed Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) Adult male removed from a cricket while trying to emerge. Note the larval cuticle (arrow). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of the mid-body cuticle of a female showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple (1) areoles. Note that simple areoles are smooth but contain short bristles making them appear bumpy. Scale bar = 30 µm. (C) DIC photomicrograph of the same region of the cuticle in a higher focal plane of the mid-body cuticle showing tubercle (2), bulging (4), circumcluster (5) and crowned (6) areoles scattered among simple areoles. Scale bar = 30 µm. (D) DIC photomicrograph of a thorn (3) areole among simple areoles of the mid-body region of an adult deformed female worm. Scale bar = 7 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597784/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The postseptum was 23.0 (14–26) µm in length and 13.0 (12–15) µm in width and contained a clearly visible pseudointestine. The pseudointestine was v-shaped with one smaller and one larger branch both positioned anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FCD5FBDCA1C02D72" box="[849,940,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pseudointestine was 12.2 (12–14) µm in length and 9.7 (8–12) µm in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FDC2FB3FA0B42DAF" box="[582,728,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 5D, 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Three to four weeks after hatching free-living larvae secreted thread like projections by empting their pseudointestine and stopped moving.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E475422FF43FB77A63D2CCF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Externally, larvae were superficially annulated and the postseptum contained two pairs of terminal spines located ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FEE0FB4CA3AC2C02" box="[356,448,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pseudointestine exterior opening was centrally located above the pair of anterior terminal spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FED5FAAFA3C62C3F" box="[337,426,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The preseptum contained three sets of cuticular hooks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FBAFFAAFA6842C3F" box="[1067,1256,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 5C, 5E, 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The outer ring of hooks contained seven hooks, two of which are very close together and ventrally positioned, and there were six hooks in the middle and inner rings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FDBFFAE7A0A72C77" box="[571,715,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 5E, 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal and ventral side of the anterior end of the laterally flattened and eversible proboscis each contained five spines (two aligned pairs and one single spine above); whereas the left lateral side of the proboscis contained four spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FC0DFA1FA6282CCF" box="[905,1092,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-449@9.[151,1436,697,1661]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larval characteristics of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. (A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figs. 5E, 5F, 5G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E475422FF43FA74A3272FB2" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FF43FA74A0F52CEA" bold="true" box="[199,665,1484,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Development and descriptions of cysts:</emphasis>
|
||
After being ingested by snails, larvae penetrated snail intestines and became distributed throughout the snail tissues. Once inside snail tissue, larvae emptied the content of their pseudointestine and began the process of cyst formation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FCB9F9ACA1F72F22" box="[829,923,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1170,1192]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,188,1147]" captionTargetId="figure-455@10.[151,1436,183,1149]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Developing and fully formed cysts of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. recovered from an experimentally infected Physa gyrina snail. (A) Larva in snail tissue 14 DPE in the process of folding (lateral view). Note the empty pseudointestine (black arrow). Scale bar = 12 µm. (B) Mature cysts (lateral view); note the clear halo surrounding the encysted larvae and single folding pattern. Scale bar = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597790/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fully formed cysts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FB38F9ACA7362F23" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[1212,1370,1556,1580]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FB38F9ACA7362F23" box="[1212,1370,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were recovered from laboratory-reared and exposed snails 14–24 DPE. Fully formed cysts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FBFCF980A77E2F5F" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[1144,1298,1592,1616]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FBFCF980A77E2F5F" box="[1144,1298,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possessed a clear cyst wall of unknown composition 11.4 (5.5–18.5) µm in length and 11.9 (7–16.5) µm in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FAB0F9E4A7E22F7A" box="[1332,1422,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1170,1192]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,188,1147]" captionTargetId="figure-455@10.[151,1436,183,1149]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Developing and fully formed cysts of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. recovered from an experimentally infected Physa gyrina snail. (A) Larva in snail tissue 14 DPE in the process of folding (lateral view). Note the empty pseudointestine (black arrow). Scale bar = 12 µm. (B) Mature cysts (lateral view); note the clear halo surrounding the encysted larvae and single folding pattern. Scale bar = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597790/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Folded larvae inside of the cyst were folded only once and were 28.2 (22–35) µm in length and 20.2 (15–25) µm in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E475422FF62F91CA3522FB2" box="[230,318,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1170,1192]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,188,1147]" captionTargetId="figure-455@10.[151,1436,183,1149]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Developing and fully formed cysts of Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. recovered from an experimentally infected Physa gyrina snail. (A) Larva in snail tissue 14 DPE in the process of folding (lateral view). Note the empty pseudointestine (black arrow). Scale bar = 12 µm. (B) Mature cysts (lateral view); note the clear halo surrounding the encysted larvae and single folding pattern. Scale bar = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597790/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E475423FF43F97FA09E2B8C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,645]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FF43F97FA06D2FEF" bold="true" box="[199,513,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis and comments:</emphasis>
|
||
Male and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FD59F970A1102FEF" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[733,892,1736,1760]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FD59F970A1102FEF" box="[733,892,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contain
|
||
<specimenCount id="5BB291FE1E475422FC61F97FA62E2FEF" box="[997,1090,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" type="generic" typeStatus="type">six type</specimenCount>
|
||
of areoles and exhibit minor differences in cuticular morphology (number of circumcluster areoles, length of filaments on crowned areoles, density and distribution of bulging and crowned areoles); thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FCF6F8A8A6632E27" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[882,1039,1808,1832]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FCF6F8A8A6632E27" box="[882,1039,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sexually dimorphic.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FAA6F8A8A37C2E43" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FAA6F8A8A37C2E43" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Chordodes kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to a large group of African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FD47F88CA1512E43" authorityName="Creplin" authorityYear="1847" box="[707,829,1844,1868]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FD47F88CA1512E43" box="[707,829,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which simple areoles are smooth or superficially structured less so than “blackberry” areoles but contain filamentous projections. Among the simple areoles are clusters of bulging areoles, crowned and circumcluster areoles along with thorn and tubercle areoles. Our observations on deformed individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E475422FDEFF819A16B2EB7" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[619,775,1952,1976]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E475422FDEFF819A16B2EB7" box="[619,775,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly indicate that this areal pattern is consistent within this species but worm length appears not to be a good character for species differentiation within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FF13FF20A37D29BF" authorityName="Creplin" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,273,152,176]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FF13FF20A37D29BF" box="[151,273,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Of the 19 other sufficiently described African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FCBCFF20A66329BF" box="[824,1039,151,176]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FCBCFF20A1DE29BF" box="[824,946,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 14 species contain simple areoles that are not of the “blackberry”
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E465423FD84FF04A05C29DB" box="[512,560,188,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FDBBFF04A17A29DA" author="Zanca, F. & De Villalobos, C. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & Achiorno, C." box="[575,790,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="17 - 31" refId="ref12237" refString="Zanca, F., De Villalobos, C., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & Achiorno, C. (2006 a) Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa I - I. Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes gariazzi Camerano, 1902, C. heinzei Sciacchitano, 1937, C. kolensis Sciacchitano, 1933, C. muelleri Sciacchitano, 1937, and C. ruandensis Sciacchitano, 1937. Journal of Natural History, 40, 17 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930600617898" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Zanca
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FD09FF05A0AA29DB" box="[653,710,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FCA6FF04A10029DA" author="Zanca, F. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & De Villalobos, C. & Achiorno, C." box="[802,876,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="49 - 59" refId="ref12338" refString="Zanca, F., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., De Villalobos, C. & Achiorno, C. (2006 b) Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa. II. Ultrastructural redescription of C. africanus Sciacchitano, 1933, C. hawkeri Camerano 1902; C. sandoensis, Sciacchitano 1937; C. schoutendeni, Sciacchitano 1933 and reinterpretation of Chordodes butensis Sciacchitano, 1937. Zootaxa, 1191, 49 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">2006b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; De Villalobos
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FB9FFF05A63829DB" box="[1051,1108,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FB20FF04A2BF29F7" author="Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & De Villalobos, C. & Zanca, F." pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="37 - 114" refId="ref12019" refString="Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., De Villalobos, C. & Zanca, F. (2008) Summary of Chordodes species (Nematomorpha, Gordiida), with a discussion of their diagnostic characters. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 44, 37 - 114." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Schmidt-Rhaesa
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FAE7FF05A7F029DB" box="[1379,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; De Villalobos
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FE01FF59A3AC29F7" box="[389,448,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FD96FF67A0B229F7" author="Bolek, M. G. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & Hanelt, B. & Richardson, D. J." box="[530,734,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="36 - 54" refId="ref9961" refString="Bolek, M. G., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Hanelt, B. & Richardson, D. J. (2010) Redescription of the African Chordodes albibarbatus Montgomery 1898, and description of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) and its non-adult stages from Cameroon, Africa. Zootaxa, 2631, 36 - 54." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Bolek et
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FDFFFF58A0F429F7" box="[635,664,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of those, seven species contain smooth simple areoles with minute bristles or projections on their apical surface (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FC87FEBCA6C42812" authority="Camerano 1895" authorityName="Camerano" authorityYear="1895" box="[771,1192,260,285]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FC87FEBCA18B2813" box="[771,999,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Chordodes capensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FC75FEBCA6C42812" author="Camerano, L." box="[1009,1192,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref10157" refString="Camerano, L. (1895) Gordiens nouveaux ou peu connus du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Leyde. Notes Leyden Museum, 17, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1895">Camerano 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FB32FEBCA359284F" authority="Linstow 1901" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1901" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="digitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FB32FEBCA7F02813" box="[1206,1436,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Chordodes digitatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FF13FE9FA359284F" author="Linstow, O. von" box="[151,309,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="409 - 428" refId="ref11142" refString="Linstow, O. von. (1901) Helminthen von den Ufern des Nyassa-Sees. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaften, 35, 409 - 428." type="journal article" year="1901">Linstow 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FEBBFE90A3DE2830" authorityName="Bolek, Schmidt-Rhaesa, Hanelt, & Richardson" authorityYear="2010" box="[319,434,296,319]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="janovyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FEBBFE90A3DE2830" box="[319,434,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. janovyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FE44FE90A11F284F" authority="Sciacchitano 1933" authorityName="Sciacchitano" authorityYear="1933" box="[448,883,295,320]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kolensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FE44FE90A0F7284F" box="[448,667,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Chordodes kolensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FD26FE9FA11F284F" author="Sciacchitano, I." box="[674,883,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="50 - 59" refId="ref11754" refString="Sciacchitano, I. (1933) Su alcuni Gordii del Congo Belga. Revue Zoologique et Botanique Africaine, 24, 50 - 59." type="journal article" year="1933">Sciacchitano 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FCFAFE90A7FB284F" authority="(Camerano 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Camerano" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[894,1431,295,320]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FCFAFE90A6A5284F" box="[894,1225,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Chordodes madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FB5CFE9FA7E3284F" author="Camerano, L." box="[1240,1423,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="339 - 419" refId="ref10186" refString="Camerano, L. (1897) Monografia dei Gordei. Memoire delle Reale Accademia delle Science di Torino, Italy, 47, 339 - 419." type="journal article" year="1897">Camerano 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FF13FEF4A016286A" authority="Sciacchitano 1937" authorityName="Sciacchitano" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,634,332,357]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="sandoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FF13FEF4A3F4286B" box="[151,408,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Chordodes sandoensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FE20FEF4A016286A" author="Sciacchitano, I." box="[420,634,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="141 - 151" refId="ref11780" refString="Sciacchitano, I. (1937) Nuovi Gordii del Congo Belga. Revue Zoologique et Botanique Africaine 30, 141 - 151." type="journal article" year="1937">Sciacchitano 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FD3BFEF4A6ED286A" authority="Linstow 1901" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1901" box="[703,1153,332,357]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FD3BFEF4A1BC286B" box="[703,976,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Chordodes tuberculatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E465423FC58FEF4A6ED286A" author="Linstow, O. von" box="[988,1153,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="409 - 428" refId="ref11142" refString="Linstow, O. von. (1901) Helminthen von den Ufern des Nyassa-Sees. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaften, 35, 409 - 428." type="journal article" year="1901">Linstow 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, they can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FEFDFEC8A07B2887" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[377,535,368,392]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FEFDFEC8A07B2887" box="[377,535,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the arrangement and
|
||
<typeStatus id="920FE4D51E465423FCC4FEC8A1172887" box="[832,891,368,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of areoles on the cuticle. Additionally, simple areoles of these seven species never contain bristles or projections on their apical surface which are as pronounced as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FF5CFE00A31928DF" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[216,373,440,464]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FF5CFE00A31928DF" box="[216,373,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally, males of two species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FD6DFE00A10328DF" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1901" box="[745,879,440,464]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="digitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FD6DFE00A10328DF" box="[745,879,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. digitatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FC28FE00A63628DF" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1901" box="[940,1114,440,464]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FC28FE00A63628DF" box="[940,1114,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. tuberculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are superficially similar to males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FF79FE64A3FA28FB" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[253,406,476,500]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FF79FE64A3FA28FB" box="[253,406,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because they possess a smooth cuticle structured with fine canals (furrows) surrounding the cloacal opening similar to the cuticular region in males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FCA9FDB8A1A42B17" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[813,968,512,536]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FCA9FDB8A1A42B17" box="[813,968,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, both these species differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FF13FD9CA35D2B33" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,305,548,572]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FF13FD9CA35D2B33" box="[151,305,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following characteristics: crown areoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FCEEFD9CA1812B33" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1901" box="[874,1005,548,572]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="digitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FCEEFD9CA1812B33" box="[874,1005,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. digitatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are arranged in groups of three versus groups of two in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FEDCFDF0A39F2B6F" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[344,499,584,608]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FEDCFDF0A39F2B6F" box="[344,499,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FDE1FDF0A17E2B6F" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1901" box="[613,786,584,608]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FDE1FDF0A17E2B6F" box="[613,786,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. tuberculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only contains
|
||
<specimenCount id="5BB291FE1E465423FC33FDFFA65E2B6F" box="[951,1074,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
|
||
of areoles (simple, tubercle and crowned) versus
|
||
<specimenCount id="5BB291FE1E465423FED2FDD4A3D52B8B" box="[342,441,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" type="generic" typeStatus="types">six types</specimenCount>
|
||
of areoles in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FDD5FDD4A0872B8B" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[593,747,620,644]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FDD5FDD4A0872B8B" box="[593,747,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="19CB0AFF1E465423FF13F92AA14D2EB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597788" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5597788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597788/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" startId="9.[151,249,1682,1704]" targetBox="[155,1431,702,1659]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E465423FF13F92AA14D2EB3" blockId="9.[151,1436,1682,1980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FF13F92AA3602FA7" bold="true" box="[151,268,1682,1704]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||
. Larval characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E465423FD96F92AA0982FA7" authority="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt, 2013" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[530,756,1682,1704]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FD96F92AA0982FA7" box="[530,756,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Chordodes kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E465423FD7DF92BA15E2FA7" bold="true" box="[761,818,1683,1704]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="64F33B1E1E465423FD7DF92BA15E2FA7" box="[761,818,1683,1704]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) DIC photomicrograph of a live larva (lateral view). Note two of the three stylets (black arrow) and v shaped pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 µm. (B) DIC photomicrograph of anterior end of larva (lateral view), note the everted proboscis (arrow) with three stylets. Scale bar = 13 µm. (C) SEM photomicrograph of an entire larva (lateral view). Note the distinct preseptum (Pre) and postseptum (Pos) Scale bar = 8.0 µm. (D) SEM photomicrograph of the posterior end (ventral side). Note the two anterior spines (AS), two posterior spines (PS) and pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (E) SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end (en face view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) with left lateral spines (LLS) to the ventral hooks (VH). Scale bar = 3.0 µm. (F) SEM photomicrograph of the preseptum (ventral view). Note the orientation of the proboscis (P) to the ventral hooks (VH); median hooks (MH). Scale bar = 3.3 µm. (G) Close up SEM photomicrograph of a ventral view of the proboscis (P). Note the arrangement of the five ventral spines (VS). Scale bar = 1.5 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="19CB0AFF1E455420FF13FB2AA3962C0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597790" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5597790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597790/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" startId="10.[151,249,1170,1192]" targetBox="[156,1434,188,1147]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E455420FF13FB2AA3962C0B" blockId="10.[151,1436,1170,1284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FF13FB2AA3622DA8" bold="true" box="[151,270,1170,1192]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
|
||
. Developing and fully formed cysts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FD2BFB2AA1F82DA7" authority="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt, 2013" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[687,916,1170,1192]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FD2BFB2AA1F82DA7" box="[687,916,1170,1192]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Chordodes kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FC19FB2AA1B52DA8" bold="true" box="[925,985,1170,1191]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="64F33B1E1E455420FC19FB2AA1B52DA8" box="[925,985,1170,1191]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
recovered from an experimentally infected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FF13FB09A3722DC8" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[151,286,1201,1223]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" genus="Physa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gyrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FF13FB09A3722DC8" box="[151,286,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Physa gyrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
snail. (A) Larva in snail tissue 14 DPE in the process of folding (lateral view). Note the empty pseudointestine (black arrow). Scale bar = 12 µm. (B) Mature cysts (lateral view); note the clear halo surrounding the encysted larvae and single folding pattern. Scale bar = 15 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E455420FF43FA89A74A2EA1" blockId="10.[151,1436,1329,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Observations on the oviposition behavior, egg strings, eggs, larvae and cysts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FBECFA89A7692C46" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[1128,1285,1329,1353]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FBECFA89A7692C46" box="[1128,1285,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicate that non-adult characteristics of this species are most similar to other species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FBE1FAEDA6B32C62" authorityName="Creplin" authorityYear="1847" box="[1125,1247,1365,1389]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FBE1FAEDA6B32C62" box="[1125,1247,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and are distinct from other genera and species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FDC8FAC1A1392C9D" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[588,853,1401,1426]" class="Gordioida" family="Gordiidae" genus="Gordius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FDC8FAC1A0CB2C9E" box="[588,679,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Gordius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FD2BFAC1A1392C9D" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[687,853,1401,1426]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" refId="ref11107" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae, Vol. 1. 10 th edition (from Facsimile 1956). Trustees of the British Museum, Natural History, London," type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FC09FAC1A6762C9E" authorityName="Camerano" authorityYear="1897" box="[909,1050,1401,1425]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Paragordius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FC09FAC1A6762C9E" box="[909,1050,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Paragordius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for which such characteristics are available (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FE8FFA24A3FC2CBA" author="Inoue, I." box="[267,400,1436,1461]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="203 - 218" refId="ref10969" refString="Inoue, I. (1958) Studies on the life history of Chordodes japonensis, a species of Gordiacea. I. The development and structure of the larva. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 12, 203 - 218." type="journal article" year="1958">Inoue 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FE18FA24A0072CBA" author="Bohall, P. J. & Wells, M. R. & Chandler, C. M." box="[412,619,1436,1461]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="26 - 29" refId="ref9803" refString="Bohall, P. J., Wells, M. R. & Chandler, C. M. (1997) External morphology of larvae of Chordodes morgani (Nematomorpha). Invertebrate Biology, 116, 26 - 29. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226921" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Bohall
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FE6BFA26A0442CBA" box="[495,552,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FDFCFA24A11E2CBA" author="Schmidt-Rhaesa, A." box="[632,882,1436,1461]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref11804" refString="Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (1997) Nematomorpha. In: Schwoerbel, J. & Zwick, P. (Eds.), Susswasserfauna Mitteleuropas. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 124." type="book chapter" year="1997">Schmidt-Rhaesa 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FCFBFA24A6E42CBA" author="Bolek, M. G. & Coggins, J. R." box="[895,1160,1436,1461]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="287 - 294" refId="ref9858" refString="Bolek, M. G. & Coggins, J. R. (2002) Seasonal occurrence, morphology, and observations on the life history of Gordius difficilis (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea) from southeastern Wisconsin, United States. Journal of Parasitology, 88, 287 - 294." type="journal article" year="2002">Bolek & Coggins 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FB11FA24A7FB2CBA" author="Hanelt, B. & Janovy, J. Jr." box="[1173,1431,1436,1461]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="557 - 562" refId="ref10686" refString="Hanelt, B. & Janovy, J. Jr. (2002) Morphometric analysis of non-adult characters of common species of American gordiids (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea). Journal of Parasitology, 88, 557 - 562. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / 0022 - 3395 (2002) 088 [0557: maonco] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Hanelt & Janovy 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FF13FA79A3E72CD5" author="Marchiori, N. C. & Pereira, J. Jr. & Castro, L. A. S." box="[151,395,1473,1498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="1218 - 1220" refId="ref11240" refString="Marchiori, N. C., Pereira, J. Jr. & Castro, L. A. S. (2009) Morphology of larval Gordius dimorphus (Gordiida: Nematomorpha). Journal of Parasitology, 95, 1218 - 1220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / ge- 2014.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Marchiori
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FE8BFA7AA32D2CD6" box="[271,321,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FE1CFA79A00C2CD5" author="Bolek, M. G. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & Hanelt, B. & Richardson, D. J." box="[408,608,1473,1498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="36 - 54" refId="ref9961" refString="Bolek, M. G., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Hanelt, B. & Richardson, D. J. (2010) Redescription of the African Chordodes albibarbatus Montgomery 1898, and description of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) and its non-adult stages from Cameroon, Africa. Zootaxa, 2631, 36 - 54." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Bolek
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FE67FA7AA0712CD6" box="[483,541,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FDE9FA79A1442CD5" author="Chiu, M. & Huang, C. & Wu, W. & Shiao, S." box="[621,808,1473,1498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref10214" refString="Chiu, M., Huang, C., Wu, W. & Shiao, S. (2011) A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis. ZooKeys, 160, 1 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 160.2290" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Chiu
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FD2FFA7AA0892CD6" box="[683,741,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females of both the African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FB07FA79A6942CD6" authorityName="Bolek, Schmidt-Rhaesa, Hanelt, & Richardson" authorityYear="2010" box="[1155,1272,1473,1497]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="janovyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FB07FA79A6942CD6" box="[1155,1272,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">C. janovyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FE88FA5DA3E72CF2" authorityName="Montgomery" authorityYear="1898" box="[268,395,1509,1533]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="morgani">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FE88FA5DA3E72CF2" box="[268,395,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">C. morgani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deposit egg strings in the water on twigs and detritus in a zigzag pattern, whereas females of the Asian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FE95F9B1A0F12F2D" authority="Chiu 2011" authorityName="Chiu" authorityYear="2011" box="[273,669,1545,1570]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FE95F9B1A0752F2E" box="[273,537,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Chordodes formosanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FDA0F9B1A0F12F2D" author="Chiu, M. & Huang, C. & Wu, W. & Shiao, S." box="[548,669,1545,1570]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref10214" refString="Chiu, M., Huang, C., Wu, W. & Shiao, S. (2011) A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis. ZooKeys, 160, 1 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 160.2290" type="journal article" year="2011">Chiu 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deposit their egg strings on rocks in a similar zigzag pattern. In contrast, the attachment of eggs strings to substrate has never been reported for other gordiid genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FF13F9E9A29E2F66" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,242,1617,1641]" class="Gordioida" family="Gordiidae" genus="Gordius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FF13F9E9A29E2F66" box="[151,242,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Gordius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FEACF9E9A3D92F66" authorityName="Camerano" authorityYear="1897" box="[296,437,1617,1641]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Paragordius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FEACF9E9A3D92F66" box="[296,437,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Paragordius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which simply release egg strings into water (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FC32F9E9A6D42F65" author="Hanelt, B. & Janovy, J. Jr." box="[950,1208,1617,1642]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="557 - 562" refId="ref10686" refString="Hanelt, B. & Janovy, J. Jr. (2002) Morphometric analysis of non-adult characters of common species of American gordiids (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea). Journal of Parasitology, 88, 557 - 562. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / 0022 - 3395 (2002) 088 [0557: maonco] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Hanelt & Janovy 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FB47F9E9A7FD2F65" author="Hanelt, B. & Bolek, M. G. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A." box="[1219,1425,1617,1642]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="34472" refId="ref10882" refString="Hanelt, B., Bolek, M. G. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2012) Going Solo: Discovery of the first parthenogenetic Gordiid (Nematomorpha: Gordiida). PLoS ONE, 7, e 34472. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0034472" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Hanelt
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FA90F9EAA7212F66" box="[1300,1357,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larvae and cysts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FEFAF9CDA0752F82" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[382,537,1653,1677]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FEFAF9CDA0752F82" box="[382,537,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">C. kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also similar in morphology to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FC6DF9CDA6D02F81" box="[1001,1212,1653,1678]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FC6DF9CDA60F2F82" box="[1001,1123,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FB4AF9CDA2852FBE" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FB4AF9CDA71A2F82" authorityName="Chiu" authorityYear="2011" box="[1230,1398,1653,1677]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">C. formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FA06F9CDA2852FBE" authorityName="Bolek, Schmidt-Rhaesa, Hanelt, & Richardson" authorityYear="2010" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="janovyi">C. janovyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FF72F921A3172FBE" box="[246,379,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FF72F921A31B2FBE" authorityName="Montgomery" authorityYear="1898" box="[246,375,1689,1713]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="morgani">C. morgani</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FE35F921A15D2FBD" authority="Inoue 1952" authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1952" box="[433,817,1689,1714]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FE35F921A0C52FBE" box="[433,681,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Chordodes japonensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FD2BF922A15D2FBD" author="Inoue, I." box="[687,817,1689,1714]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="400 - 402" refId="ref10940" refString="Inoue, I. (1952) On a new species of Chordodes (Gordiacea) from Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 25, 400 - 402." type="journal article" year="1952">Inoue 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but differ morphologically from larval and cyst stages of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FEB0F905A3AD2FDA" authorityName="Camerano" authorityYear="1897" box="[308,449,1725,1749]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Paragordius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FEB0F905A3AD2FDA" box="[308,449,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Paragordius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FE79F905A0342FDA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[509,600,1725,1749]" class="Gordioida" family="Gordiidae" genus="Gordius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FE79F905A0342FDA" box="[509,600,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Gordius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FD1DF905A1FB2FD9" author="Schmidt-Rhaesa, A." box="[665,919,1725,1750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref11804" refString="Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (1997) Nematomorpha. In: Schwoerbel, J. & Zwick, P. (Eds.), Susswasserfauna Mitteleuropas. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 124." type="book chapter" year="1997">Schmidt-Rhaesa 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FC21F905A6162FD9" author="Bohall, P. J. & Wells, M. R. & Chandler, C. M." box="[933,1146,1725,1750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="26 - 29" refId="ref9803" refString="Bohall, P. J., Wells, M. R. & Chandler, C. M. (1997) External morphology of larvae of Chordodes morgani (Nematomorpha). Invertebrate Biology, 116, 26 - 29. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226921" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Bohall
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FC7DF906A6582FDA" box="[1017,1076,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FB0CF905A7FB2FD9" author="Bolek, M. G. & Coggins, J. R." box="[1160,1431,1725,1750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="287 - 294" refId="ref9858" refString="Bolek, M. G. & Coggins, J. R. (2002) Seasonal occurrence, morphology, and observations on the life history of Gordius difficilis (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea) from southeastern Wisconsin, United States. Journal of Parasitology, 88, 287 - 294." type="journal article" year="2002">Bolek & Coggins 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FF13F959A3CC2FF5" author="Hanelt, B. & Janovy, J. Jr." box="[151,416,1761,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="557 - 562" refId="ref10686" refString="Hanelt, B. & Janovy, J. Jr. (2002) Morphometric analysis of non-adult characters of common species of American gordiids (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea). Journal of Parasitology, 88, 557 - 562. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / 0022 - 3395 (2002) 088 [0557: maonco] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Hanelt & Janovy 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Marchiori,
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FDAAF95AA00E2FF6" box="[558,610,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FD38F959A1E42FF5" author="Bolek, M. G. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & Hanelt, B. & Richardson, D. J." box="[700,904,1761,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="36 - 54" refId="ref9961" refString="Bolek, M. G., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Hanelt, B. & Richardson, D. J. (2010) Redescription of the African Chordodes albibarbatus Montgomery 1898, and description of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) and its non-adult stages from Cameroon, Africa. Zootaxa, 2631, 36 - 54." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Bolek
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FC8CF95AA12F2FF6" box="[776,835,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FC12F959A6392FF5" author="Chiu, M. & Huang, C. & Wu, W. & Shiao, S." box="[918,1109,1761,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref10214" refString="Chiu, M., Huang, C., Wu, W. & Shiao, S. (2011) A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis. ZooKeys, 160, 1 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 160.2290" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Chiu
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FC52F95AA67D2FF6" box="[982,1041,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FBE7F959A7552FF5" author="Hanelt, B. & Bolek, M. G. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A." box="[1123,1337,1761,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="34472" refId="ref10882" refString="Hanelt, B., Bolek, M. G. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2012) Going Solo: Discovery of the first parthenogenetic Gordiid (Nematomorpha: Gordiida). PLoS ONE, 7, e 34472. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0034472" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Hanelt
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FB33F95AA69E2FF6" box="[1207,1266,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is particularly true for the arrangement of spines on the proboscis of larvae. As in our study, both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FB43F8BDA7F02E11" author="Bolek, M. G. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & Hanelt, B. & Richardson, D. J." box="[1223,1436,1797,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="36 - 54" refId="ref9961" refString="Bolek, M. G., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Hanelt, B. & Richardson, D. J. (2010) Redescription of the African Chordodes albibarbatus Montgomery 1898, and description of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) and its non-adult stages from Cameroon, Africa. Zootaxa, 2631, 36 - 54." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Bolek
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FA95F8BEA7262E12" box="[1297,1354,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FF4CF891A3F82E4D" author="Chiu, M. & Huang, C. & Wu, W. & Shiao, S." box="[200,404,1833,1858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref10214" refString="Chiu, M., Huang, C., Wu, W. & Shiao, S. (2011) A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis. ZooKeys, 160, 1 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 160.2290" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Chiu
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FE83F892A32D2E4E" box="[263,321,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
clearly showed that the proboscis in the African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FC4DF891A6522E4E" authorityName="Bolek, Schmidt-Rhaesa, Hanelt, & Richardson" authorityYear="2010" box="[969,1086,1833,1857]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="janovyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FC4DF891A6522E4E" box="[969,1086,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">C. janovyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Taiwanese
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FB73F891A7F02E4E" authorityName="Chiu" authorityYear="2011" box="[1271,1436,1833,1857]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FB73F891A7F02E4E" box="[1271,1436,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">C. formosanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was laterally compressed and contained spines on the dorsal, ventral and left lateral side, whereas Marhiori
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FAE7F8F6A7F02E6A" box="[1379,1436,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009) indicated that the proboscis in the South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FCC4F8C9A6DD2E85" authority="Poinar 1991" authorityName="Poinar" authorityYear="1991" box="[832,1201,1905,1930]" class="Gordioida" family="Gordiidae" genus="Gordius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="dimorphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FCC4F8C9A6712E86" box="[832,1053,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Gordius dimorphus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292527861E455420FBA2F8C9A6DD2E85" author="Poinar, G. O. Jr." box="[1062,1201,1905,1930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="1592 - 1599" refId="ref11476" refString="Poinar, G. O. Jr. (1991) Hairworm (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea) parasites of New Zealand wetas (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 1592 - 1599. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 91 - 223" type="journal article" year="1991">Poinar 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was dorso-ventrally compressed with spines positioned on the left and right lateral sides and the dorsal side of the proboscis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D0B5A771E455421FF43F801A73729F7" blockId="10.[151,1436,1329,2038]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1435,151,248]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FF43F801A0962EDE" bold="true" box="[199,762,1976,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FE74F800A0962EDE" bold="true" box="[496,762,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB421F41E455420FE74F800A09A2EDE" authorityName="Bolek & Szmygiel & Kubat & Schmidt-Rhaesa & Hanelt" authorityYear="2013" box="[496,758,1976,2001]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">Chordodes kenyaensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDDC502A1E455421FC87F801A73B29F7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3392789301" accessionNumber="KF381359, KF381360" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" specimenCount="1">
|
||
Both fragments of 658 base pairs were amplified from the
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC086651E455420FF13F866A2D22EFA" box="[151,190,2014,2037]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">cox</emphasis>
|
||
1 region and sequenced. Sequences derived from the worms were identical. These sequences were placed into GenBank (
|
||
<accessionNumber id="52E7C7941E445421FE94FF2FA3E229BF" box="[272,398,151,176]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF381359" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">KF381359</accessionNumber>
|
||
;
|
||
<accessionNumber id="52E7C7941E445421FE1EFF2FA07B29BF" box="[410,535,151,176]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF381360" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">KF381360</accessionNumber>
|
||
). After addition of samples from GenBank, sequences were trimmed to 526 bp, and aligned. Addition of gaps was not required. The phylogenetic tree produced was based on 17 nucleotide sequences (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58F46F21E445421FE9CFF67A33029F7" box="[280,348,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1182,1204]" captionTargetBox="[230,1355,328,1144]" captionTargetId="figure-401@11.[206,1381,301,1161]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Molecular phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood method based on partial cox1 gene from Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. and 16 other nucleotide sequences from Genbank. Paragordius and Gordius were used as outgroups. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Only bootstrap values with a value of 85% or higher are shown. Note that Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. is placed within other species of Chordodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5597792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5597792/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). After removal of the third base codon positions, the final dataset contained 351 positions
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |