676 lines
81 KiB
XML
676 lines
81 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="45A9591AE4C36BF41699C0D1DD5B3132">Trypanosoma madeirae sp. n.: A species of the clade T. cruzi associated with the neotropical common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9E4ECC0E8BEDEA7089282857BFE222CB" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="DA97A1147F4B760219A70F8AA2989F26">Barros, Juliana H. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="802B323EC0E03466E4139220EC6E5E45">Trypanosomatid Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0EA6367421E18F2E140C83FD449CB573">Lima, Luciana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="20E9D11F80EA98813CCC69437B3A3A7E">Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7954F9D7618BBC5E5833D7BCB8645F22">Schubach, Armando O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="45F172DFFFDA4140C427876703368994">Surveillance and Clinical Research in Leishmaniasis Laboratory, National of Infectology Evandro Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="84BECDE5E447FDF5058FD1F0BF18AC56">Teixeira, Marta M. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DDDE35C10E8D55885EC41D19B71DE18B">Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="A81B530A58A74921FE606A1D729CB436">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1C2949D9AE80163B2AE6E843B0B70B34">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B56587E6F038FF8BF612FBAF59E9FC7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11042721" ID-GBIF-Taxon="226327472" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11042721" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B56587E6F038FF8BF612FBAF59E9FC7A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B56587E6F038FF8BF612FBAF59E9FC7A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
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<subSubSection id="75D6657BF038FF8AF612FBAF5EFBFB92" box="[100,650,1079,1099]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3D7336F0F038FF8AF612FBAF5EFBFB92" blockId="8.[100,650,1079,1099]" box="[100,650,1079,1099]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
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<heading id="663B819CF038FF8AF612FBAF5EFBFB92" box="[100,650,1079,1099]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF612FBAF5EFBFB92" bold="true" box="[100,650,1079,1099]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
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5.1. Phylogenetic positioning of
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<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF7F1FBAF5E28FB93" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[391,601,1079,1099]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">Trypanosoma madeirae</taxonomicName>
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n. sp
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="75D6657BF038FF8AF6F3FBE75838FE13" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="3D7336F0F038FF8AF6F3FBE75E5AF8DD" blockId="8.[100,770,1135,1992]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
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In the present study, we described
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<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF798FBE75EB5FB5B" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[494,708,1135,1155]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
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<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF798FBE75EB5FB5B" bold="true" box="[494,708,1135,1155]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Trypanosoma madeirae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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n. sp isolated from the hematophagous bat
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<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF79CFB1B5E28FB47" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[490,601,1163,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
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<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF79CFB1B5E28FB47" bold="true" box="[490,601,1163,1183]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">D. rotundus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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captured in the Atlantic Forest biome,
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<collectingRegion id="FF08F812F038FF8AF734FB305DA3FB63" box="[322,466,1191,1210]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
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, Southeast
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<collectingCountry id="45DB7660F038FF8AF434FB305E0DFB63" box="[578,636,1191,1210]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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. To date, this species was identified only in
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<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF7F8FB545D88FB0F" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[398,505,1219,1238]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
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<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF7F8FB545D88FB0F" bold="true" box="[398,505,1219,1238]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">D. rotundus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. Altogether, phylogenetic inferences and degrees of sequence divergences based on
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<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F038FF8AF4BBFB485EACFB2B" box="[717,733,1247,1266]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
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7
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<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F038FF8AF49EFB485E89FB2B" box="[744,760,1247,1266]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
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8
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<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF612FB6C5CB5FAD7" bold="true" box="[100,196,1275,1294]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
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<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F038FF8AF612FB6C5CF8FAD7" box="[100,137,1275,1294]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">SSU</collectionCode>
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||
rRNA
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||
</emphasis>
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||
and
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<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF682FB6C5D35FAD7" bold="true" box="[244,324,1275,1294]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">gGAPDH</emphasis>
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sequences strongly support
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<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF424FB6C5ECFFAD4" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[594,702,1274,1294]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
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<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF424FB6C5ECFFAD4" bold="true" box="[594,702,1274,1294]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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placed within the
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<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF6B9FA805D67FAF3" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[207,278,1303,1322]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
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<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF6B9FA805D67FAF3" bold="true" box="[207,278,1303,1322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. cruzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade (
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<figureCitation id="A5F72A75F038FF8AF729FA805DEFFAF3" box="[351,414,1303,1322]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,130,1725,1742]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,153,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[150,1438,152,1703]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Barcoding (V7-V8 SSU rRNA sequences) of T. rotundus from cultures and bat blood samples, and its related species of the clade T. cruzi. Phylogenetic tree inferred by Parsimony using 93 (∼800 bp) of V7-V8 SSU rRNA sequences. The node numbers are bootstrap values derived from 500 replicates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="A5F72A75F038FF8AF7A7FA805DACFAF3" box="[465,477,1303,1322]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[100,130,1916,1933]" captionTargetBox="[219,1364,152,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-1@5.[218,1368,152,1894]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Phylogenetic positioning of T. rotundus in the clade T. cruzi. ML phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of V7V8 SSU rRNA and gGAPDH genes (1.690 characters, –Ln = 8768.346166) from ten isolates of T. rotundus, other 29 bat trypanosomes, and 21 trypanosomes from other mammals. T. lewisi was used as outgroup. The numbers at the nodes correspond respectively to P, ML (500 replicates) and BI support values." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">3</figureCitation>
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), similar to most bat trypanosomes described to date. Thus, our findings provide additional support to the ‘bat-seeding’ hypothesis for the origin of the species of this clade (Hamilton et al., 2012).
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<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF72FFAFC5E5FFAA4" authority="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira, 2019" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[345,558,1386,1406]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF72FFAFC5E5FFAA4" bold="true" box="[345,558,1386,1406]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Trypanosoma madeirae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="148B5799F038FF8AF44EFAFC5E1EFAA7" box="[568,623,1387,1406]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
clustered with other trypanosomes from phylostomid bats in the Neobat phylogenetic lineage, which comprises closely related trypanosomes distributed in the clades Neotropic 1, 2, and 3. Each clade is formed by sequences obtained from bat blood samples representing a single species waiting for a formal taxonomic description.
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||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF7C8FA615EE0F9D0" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[446,657,1526,1545]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF7C8FA615EE0F9D0" bold="true" box="[446,657,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Trypanosoma madeirae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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is very closely related to
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<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF683F9855D79F9FC" bold="true" box="[245,264,1554,1573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F038FF8AF683F9855D75F9FC" box="[245,260,1554,1573]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T</collectionCode>
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||
.
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</emphasis>
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sp Neotropic 1, so far detected in
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<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF42FF9865F73F9FD" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[601,770,1553,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Trachops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cirrhosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF42FF9865F73F9FD" bold="true" box="[601,770,1553,1572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Trachops cirrhosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF6FAF9BA5D4EF998" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[140,319,1581,1601]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF6FAF9BA5D4EF998" bold="true" box="[140,319,1581,1601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(phyllostomids) in
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<collectingCountry id="45DB7660F038FF8AF783F9B95E5DF998" box="[501,556,1582,1601]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="45DB7660F038FF8AF42FF9B95ED6F998" box="[601,679,1582,1601]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The high similarity of
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF6ABF9DD5D4DF984" bold="true" box="[221,316,1610,1629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
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<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F038FF8AF6ABF9DD5D73F984" box="[221,258,1610,1629]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">SSU</collectionCode>
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||
rRNA
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sequences shared by both
|
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<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF44CF9DD5ED4F985" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[570,677,1609,1629]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF44CF9DD5ED4F985" bold="true" box="[570,677,1609,1629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF4A3F9DD5E96F984" bold="true" box="[725,743,1610,1629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F038FF8AF4A3F9DD5E95F984" box="[725,740,1610,1629]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp Neot 1 suggests that these two trypanosomes likely represent very closely related species or different genotypes of
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF435F9155EC6F94D" bold="true" box="[579,695,1665,1685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF435F9155EC2F94D" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[579,691,1665,1685]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">T. madeirae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but an answer to this question requires comparative analyses using the more polymorphic
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF69EF92E5D49F915" bold="true" box="[232,312,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">gGAPDH</emphasis>
|
||
sequences. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF46AF92E5EFDF915" authority="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira, 2019" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[540,652,1721,1740]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF46AF92E5EFDF915" bold="true" box="[540,652,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="148B5799F038FF8AF4EFF92D5EA3F914" box="[665,722,1722,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was clearly separated from
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF737F9425DDAF931" bold="true" box="[321,427,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF737F9425DD6F931" box="[321,423,1749,1768]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="wauwau">T. wauwau</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the only named species of trypanosome within the Neobat lineage (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A5F72A75F038FF8AF7D4F9665D91F8DD" box="[418,480,1777,1796]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,130,1725,1742]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,153,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[150,1438,152,1703]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Barcoding (V7-V8 SSU rRNA sequences) of T. rotundus from cultures and bat blood samples, and its related species of the clade T. cruzi. Phylogenetic tree inferred by Parsimony using 93 (∼800 bp) of V7-V8 SSU rRNA sequences. The node numbers are bootstrap values derived from 500 replicates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="A5F72A75F038FF8AF467F9665E6CF8DD" box="[529,541,1777,1796]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[100,130,1916,1933]" captionTargetBox="[219,1364,152,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-1@5.[218,1368,152,1894]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Phylogenetic positioning of T. rotundus in the clade T. cruzi. ML phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of V7V8 SSU rRNA and gGAPDH genes (1.690 characters, –Ln = 8768.346166) from ten isolates of T. rotundus, other 29 bat trypanosomes, and 21 trypanosomes from other mammals. T. lewisi was used as outgroup. The numbers at the nodes correspond respectively to P, ML (500 replicates) and BI support values." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F038FF8AF6F3F89A5FB2FF6B" blockId="8.[100,770,1135,1992]" lastBlockId="8.[818,1488,159,458]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
The Neobat lineage also harbors
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF7CEF89A5EA8F8F9" authority="(Lima et al., 2015 a)" baseAuthorityName="Lima" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[440,729,1805,1824]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="wauwau">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF7CEF89A5E6BF8F9" bold="true" box="[440,538,1805,1824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. wauwau</emphasis>
|
||
(Lima et al., 2015a)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only species of this lineage obtained in culture and formally described before
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF6DEF8D25D6BF88E" bold="true" box="[168,282,1860,1880]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF6DEF8D25D66F88E" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[168,279,1860,1880]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">T. madeirae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The trypanosomes positioned basal to this lineage were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF6EDF8F65C85F8AD" box="[155,244,1889,1908]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Trachops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="janseni">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF6EDF8F65C85F8AD" bold="true" box="[155,244,1889,1908]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. janseni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a Neotropical marsupial (Lopes et al., 2018),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF499F8F65CD0F856" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Trachops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noyesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF499F8F65CD0F856" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. noyesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Australian rodents and marsupials (Hamilton et al., 2012b; Botero et al., 2016), and one unnamed trypanosome of lemurs from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="45DB7660F038FF8AF612F8235CA5F81E" box="[100,212,1972,1991]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
known just by a small DNA sequence (Larsen et al., 2016) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A5F72A75F038FF8AF54CFF085F09FF6B" box="[826,888,159,178]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,130,1725,1742]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,153,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[150,1438,152,1703]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Barcoding (V7-V8 SSU rRNA sequences) of T. rotundus from cultures and bat blood samples, and its related species of the clade T. cruzi. Phylogenetic tree inferred by Parsimony using 93 (∼800 bp) of V7-V8 SSU rRNA sequences. The node numbers are bootstrap values derived from 500 replicates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="A5F72A75F038FF8AF5DFFF085FC4FF6B" box="[937,949,159,178]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[100,130,1916,1933]" captionTargetBox="[219,1364,152,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-1@5.[218,1368,152,1894]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Phylogenetic positioning of T. rotundus in the clade T. cruzi. ML phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of V7V8 SSU rRNA and gGAPDH genes (1.690 characters, –Ln = 8768.346166) from ten isolates of T. rotundus, other 29 bat trypanosomes, and 21 trypanosomes from other mammals. T. lewisi was used as outgroup. The numbers at the nodes correspond respectively to P, ML (500 replicates) and BI support values." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F038FF8AF525FF2C5838FE13" blockId="8.[818,1488,159,458]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
In addition to
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF596FF2C58D3FF17" bold="true" box="[992,1186,187,206]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF596FF2C583FFF17" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[992,1102,187,206]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">T. madeirae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF22AFF2C58D3FF17" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[1116,1186,187,206]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">T. cruzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF2C6FF2C5937FF17" bold="true" box="[1200,1350,187,206]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F038FF8AF2C6FF2C58CEFF17" box="[1200,1215,187,206]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T</collectionCode>
|
||
. c. marinkellei
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF322FF2C5F02FF33" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF322FF2C59C1FF17" box="[1364,1456,187,206]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">T. dionisii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF3CBFF2C5F01FF33" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">T. rangeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF5DEFF405867FF33" bold="true" box="[936,1046,215,234]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Trypansoma</emphasis>
|
||
spp Neot 1, 2, and 3 have been molecularly identified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF5C5FF645851FEDC" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[947,1056,242,262]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF5C5FF645851FEDC" bold="true" box="[947,1056,242,262]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="45DB7660F038FF8AF246FF645819FEDF" box="[1072,1128,243,262]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="45DB7660F038FF8AF2D7FF645977FEDF" box="[1185,1286,243,262]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
). However, differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF513FE985FA1FEF8" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[869,976,270,290]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF513FE985FA1FEF8" bold="true" box="[869,976,270,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was so far detected exclusively in
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF316FE9859A1FEF8" bold="true" box="[1376,1488,270,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF316FE9859BBFEF8" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1376,1482,270,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">D. rotundus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
these trypanosomes have been detected in a range of bat species (Cavazzana et al., 2010; Cottontail et al., 2014; Ramírez et al., 2014; Pinto et al., 2015). Unfortunately,
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF2F2FEF45895FEAC" bold="true" box="[1156,1252,354,374]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF2F2FEF458AEFEAC" authorityName="Deane & Sugay" authorityYear="1963" box="[1156,1247,354,374]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="pessoai">T. pessoai</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a species previously reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF5E7FEE85F8DFE48" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[913,1020,382,402]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF5E7FEE85F8DFE48" bold="true" box="[913,1020,382,402]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="45DB7660F038FF8AF268FEE95824FE48" box="[1054,1109,382,401]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Deane and Sugay, 1963; Deane et al., 1978; Molyneux, 1991; Vilar et al., 2004), is not available for molecular comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF5A1FE215832FE10" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[983,1091,438,457]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF5A1FE215832FE10" bold="true" box="[983,1091,438,457]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="75D6657BF038FF8BF544FE7959E9FC7A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F038FF8AF544FE7959C4FDD8" blockId="8.[818,1461,494,513]" box="[818,1461,494,513]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<heading id="663B819CF038FF8AF544FE7959C4FDD8" box="[818,1461,494,513]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF544FE7959C4FDD8" bold="true" box="[818,1461,494,513]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
5.2. Morphological and biological characterization of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF36FFE7959F5FDD8" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" box="[1305,1412,494,513]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">T. madeirae</taxonomicName>
|
||
n. sp
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F038FF8AF525FDB158E1FD39" blockId="8.[818,1488,550,1992]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
The flagellates from log- and stationary-phase cultures were examined by light morphology. The typical epimastigote forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF3CBFDD55FF5FDA9" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF3CBFDD55FF5FDA9" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at log-phase cultures were slender flagellates with a near central nucleus, small lateral kinetoplast, and an under-developed undulating membrane. Both epimatigotes and trypomastigotes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF3E4FD025F19FD1D" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF3E4FD025F19FD1D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF242FD265893FD1D" bold="true" box="[1076,1250,689,708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF242FD26580DFD1D" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[1076,1148,689,708]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">T. cruzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF2FEFD265893FD1D" box="[1160,1250,689,708]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">T. dionisii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF36DFD265900FD1D" box="[1307,1393,689,708]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF36DFD265900FD1D" bold="true" box="[1307,1393,689,708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. rangeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Maia da Silva et al., 2009; Lima et al., 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F038FF8AF525FD7E5962FB47" blockId="8.[818,1488,550,1992]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
By taking into account its phylogenetic positioning in the Neobat lineage, we compared behavioral and morphological features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF3CBFC925FF5FCEA" authorityName="Barros & Lima & Schubach & Teixeira" authorityYear="2019" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF3CBFC925FF5FCEA" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with those described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF20AFCB65891FCED" box="[1148,1248,801,820]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="wauwau">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF20AFCB65891FCED" bold="true" box="[1148,1248,801,820]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. wauwau</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only closely related species that are available in culture and was previously isolated in culture and morphologically characterized. Both
|
||
<typeStatus id="E2778852F038FF8AF37AFCCF5941FCB2" box="[1292,1328,856,875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" type="epitype">epi-</typeStatus>
|
||
and trypomastigote cultured forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF27DFCE2581FFC51" box="[1035,1134,885,904]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="wauwau">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF27DFCE2581FFC51" bold="true" box="[1035,1134,885,904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. wauwau</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
markedly differ from those observed in cultures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF5C5FC0658AFFC7A" authority="(Lima et al., 2015 a)" baseAuthorityName="Lima" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[947,1246,912,932]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF5C5FC06586CFC7A" bold="true" box="[947,1053,912,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
(Lima et al., 2015a)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We demonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF3CBFC065FF5FC66" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF3CBFC065FF5FC66" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can survive at 37 ̊C and enter murine macrophagic cells, probably internalized by phagocytosis, but it is unable to survive inside these cells. Similar behavior was observed in the closely related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF3CBFC735F0DFBCA" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="wauwau">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF3CBFC735F0DFBCA" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. wauwau</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using monolayers of monkey LLC-MK2 cells (Lima et al., 2015a). In contrast, all bat trypanosomes of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF3F9FB8C5FF6FB92" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Schizotrypanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF3F9FB8C5FF6FB92" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Schizotrypanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF5AAFBAF58F2FB93" bold="true" box="[988,1155,1079,1099]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF5AAFBAF5850FB92" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[988,1057,1080,1099]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">T. cruzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF25DFBAF58F2FB93" box="[1067,1155,1079,1099]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">T. dionisii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF2C1FBAF5974FB92" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1293" box="[1207,1285,1080,1099]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="erneyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF2C1FBAF5974FB92" bold="true" box="[1207,1285,1080,1099]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. erneyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, invade, differentiate and replicate within macrophages, LLC-MK2, and other mammalian cells (Baker et al., 1971; Cavazzana et al., 2010; Lima et al., 2012; Maeda et al., 2012; Espinosa-Álvarez et al., 2018).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F038FF8AF525FB30585BF931" blockId="8.[818,1488,550,1992]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
The complement system, a key component of innate immunity, plays a very important role as the first line of defense against trypanosomes (Lidani et al., 2017). The epimastigotes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF34FFB4859D9FB2B" box="[1337,1448,1247,1266]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF34FFB4859D9FB2B" bold="true" box="[1337,1448,1247,1266]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are susceptible to lysis by human complement system, similar to epimastigotes of
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF5E2FA8058A0FAF0" bold="true" box="[916,1233,1302,1322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF5E2FA805FACFAF3" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[916,989,1303,1322]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">T. cruzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF59CFA8058A0FAF0" box="[1002,1233,1302,1322]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="desterrensis">Trypanosoma desterrensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF370FA805910FAF0" box="[1286,1377,1302,1322]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF370FA805910FAF0" bold="true" box="[1286,1377,1302,1322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. dionisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are both species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF230FAA558A4FA9C" box="[1094,1237,1330,1349]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Schizotrypanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF230FAA558A4FA9C" bold="true" box="[1094,1237,1330,1349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Schizotrypanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas epimastigotes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF544FAD85FFEFAB8" box="[818,911,1358,1378]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF544FAD85FFEFAB8" bold="true" box="[818,911,1358,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. rangeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not lysed when incubated with fresh human sera (Schottelius et al., 1986; Steindel et al., 1998; Maeda et al., 2012). Is it well known that when describing new
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF2DBFA105901FA40" box="[1197,1392,1414,1434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF2DBFA105957FA43" bold="true" box="[1197,1318,1415,1434]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is very challenging to find the right culture media to grow all stages, especially to induce transformation and growth of metacyclic trypomastigotes. Although we have been done some attempts to enhance metacyclic forms in cultures,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF595FA61583EF9D0" box="[995,1103,1526,1545]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF595FA61583EF9D0" bold="true" box="[995,1103,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
always shows up low percentage of typical trypomastigote forms. These results may have influenced either macrophage infection rates and/or survival inside cell. It is important to consider that metacyclic trypomastigotes of
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF294F9DD5924F985" bold="true" box="[1250,1365,1609,1629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF294F9DD5921F985" box="[1250,1360,1609,1629]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">T. madeirae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which were scarce even in stationary cultures, may exhibit differences regarding susceptibility to the human complement system. Differing from the complement-resistant metacyclic trypomastigotes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF36BF9095911F969" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[1309,1376,1693,1713]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF36BF9095911F969" bold="true" box="[1309,1376,1693,1713]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. cruzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, metacyclic trypomastigotes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF59CF92E5834F915" box="[1002,1093,1721,1740]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF59CF92E5834F915" bold="true" box="[1002,1093,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. dionisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are susceptible to complement-mediated lysis (Maeda et al., 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F038FF8BF525F9665DF7FD71" blockId="8.[818,1488,550,1992]" lastBlockId="9.[100,771,159,987]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
Previous studies showed that most cultured trypanosomes of the clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF51BF89A5FC4F8F9" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[877,949,1805,1824]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF51BF89A5FC4F8F9" bold="true" box="[877,949,1805,1824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. cruzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not develop in triatomine bugs (Cavazzana et al., 2010; Lima et al., 2012, 2013, 2015b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF2D2F8BE5898F8E5" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[1188,1257,1833,1852]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF2D2F8BE5898F8E5" bold="true" box="[1188,1257,1833,1852]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. cruzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF36FF8BE591EF8E5" box="[1305,1391,1833,1852]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF36FF8BE591EF8E5" bold="true" box="[1305,1391,1833,1852]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. rangeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are so far the only species unquestionably cyclically transmitted by triatomines. Here, many attempts of infecting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF21FF8F658BCF8AA" baseAuthorityName="Klug in Meyen" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1129,1229,1888,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Triatoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infestans">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF21FF8F658BCF8AA" bold="true" box="[1129,1229,1888,1908]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. infestans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF375F8F6591DF8AA" box="[1283,1388,1888,1908]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF375F8F6591DF8AA" bold="true" box="[1283,1388,1888,1908]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
failed; the flagellates were completely destroyed in the digestive tract of the bugs after ∼15 days. Previous efforts of obtaining established experimental infection of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF5DBF8235F8EF81E" authorityName="Laporte" authorityYear="1832" box="[941,1023,1972,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Triatoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF5DBF8235F8EF81E" bold="true" box="[941,1023,1972,1991]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Triatoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF279F8235813F81E" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1859" box="[1039,1122,1972,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhodnius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF279F8235813F81E" bold="true" box="[1039,1122,1972,1991]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Rhodnius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F038FF8AF2ECF8235912F81E" box="[1178,1379,1972,1991]" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8AF2ECF8235964F81E" bold="true" box="[1178,1301,1972,1991]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Panstrongylus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F038FF8BF3D5F8225D5AFF6B" bold="true" italics="true" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F038FF8AF3D5F82259C3F811" box="[1443,1458,1973,1992]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">T</collectionCode>
|
||
. c. marinkellei,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF6A5FF085D5AFF6B" box="[211,299,159,178]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">T. dionisii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF740FF085DFAFF6B" bold="true" box="[310,395,159,178]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF740FF085DF4FF6B" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1293" box="[310,389,159,178]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="erneyi">T. erneyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF7CFFF085D8CFF6B" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[441,509,159,178]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF7CFFF085D8CFF6B" bold="true" box="[441,509,159,178]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. cruzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the genotype TcBat have all failed, despite the ability of all these species to survive for many days in the digestive tract of the triatomines (Cavazzana et al., 2010; Lima et al., 2012, 2015b). Recently,
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF7EBFF645E47FEDC" bold="true" box="[413,566,242,262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F039FF8BF7EBFF645DDDFEDF" box="[413,428,243,262]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T</collectionCode>
|
||
. c. marinkellei
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF41BFF645EBBFEDC" box="[621,714,242,262]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF41BFF645EBBFEDC" bold="true" box="[621,714,242,262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. dionisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were detected by PCR surveys in the digestive tract of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF429FE985F73FEFB" baseAuthorityName="Stål" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[607,770,271,290]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Triatoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viticipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF429FE985F73FEFB" bold="true" box="[607,770,271,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Triatoma viticipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dario et al., 2017a,b), but colonization of the triatomine guts by these species was not demonstrated. In addition to the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF4D5FED05E9BFE80" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[675,746,326,346]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF4D5FED05E9BFE80" bold="true" box="[675,746,326,346]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. cruzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is cyclicaly transmitted by a range of triatomines species, it was welldemonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF76BFEE85D09FE48" box="[285,376,382,402]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF76BFEE85D09FE48" bold="true" box="[285,376,382,402]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. dionisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF7DBFEE85E4BFE48" box="[429,570,382,402]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="vespertilionis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF7DBFEE85E4BFE48" bold="true" box="[429,570,382,402]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. vespertilionis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are cyclically transmitted by cimicid bugs (Bower and Woo, 1982; Gardner e Molyneux, 1988; Espinosa-Álvarez et al., 2018). In addition, sand flies were incriminated as vectors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF726FE455DD8FE3C" authorityName="Deane & Sugay" authorityYear="1963" box="[336,425,466,485]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="pessoai">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF726FE455DD8FE3C" bold="true" box="[336,425,466,485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. pessoai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF7ACFE455E07FE3C" box="[474,630,466,485]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Triatoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonidasdeanei">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF7ACFE455E07FE3C" bold="true" box="[474,630,466,485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. leonidasdeanei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to neotropical bats (Zeledón and Rosabal, 1969; Deane et al., 1978). The epidemiological and ecological data suggest that transmission of trypanosomes among bats should also occur through ingestion (during grooming) of their ectoparasites (flies, ticks, bugs, mites, and fleas) containing trypanosome infected blood meal (Cavazzana et al., 2010; Lima et al., 2012, 2013, 2015a; Barbosa et al., 2016; Dario et al., 2017a,b; Espinosa-Álvarez et al., 2018).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F039FF8BF6F3FD265F72FC02" blockId="9.[100,771,159,987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Therefore, vectors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF726FD265DCBFD1D" box="[336,442,689,708]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF726FD265DCBFD1D" bold="true" box="[336,442,689,708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all other trypanosome species nested in the Neobat lineage are so far unknown. Many cave-dwelling hematophagous insects living together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF479FD7E5E08FD22" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[527,633,744,764]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF479FD7E5E08FD22" bold="true" box="[527,633,744,764]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as mosquitoes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF6C3FC925D63FCC1" box="[181,274,773,792]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), sand flies (Phlebotominae), bat flies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF4F7FC925F73FCC1" box="[641,770,773,792]" class="Insecta" family="Nycteribiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nycteribiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF6FAFCB65C9EFCED" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityYear="1863" box="[140,239,801,820]" class="Insecta" family="Streblidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Streblidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), biting midges (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF7FFFCB65E5FFCED" box="[393,558,801,820]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), bat bugs (cimicidae), fleas and ticks (Obame-Nkoghe et al., 2017), are all potential vector candidates. It is also tempting to speculate whether the transmission of
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF612FCE25CA5FC5E" bold="true" box="[100,212,884,904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF612FCE25CA1FC5E" box="[100,208,884,904]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">T. madeirae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
apparently specifically among
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF78CFCE25E19FC5E" bold="true" box="[506,616,884,904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF78CFCE25E12FC5E" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[506,611,884,904]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">D. rotundus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
might be due to its social cooperative behavior of sharing blood meals that is regurgitated to feed starving bats (Wilkinson et al., 2016), thus allowing the transmission of this trypanosome specifically among bats of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F039FF8BF612FB975E59FBCA" blockId="9.[100,552,1024,1043]" box="[100,552,1024,1043]" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<heading id="663B819CF039FF8BF612FB975E59FBCA" box="[100,552,1024,1043]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF612FB975E59FBCA" bold="true" box="[100,552,1024,1043]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">5.3. Phylogeography and host-parasite association</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F039FF8BF6F3FBAF5CD4FA40" blockId="9.[100,770,1080,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Notably, taking into account the large number of surveys of trypanosomes in Neotropical bats carried out using molecular methods,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF499FBC35CC7FB5B" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF499FBC35CC7FB5B" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was exclusively found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF7C1FBE75E53FB5B" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[439,546,1135,1155]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF7C1FBE75E53FB5B" bold="true" box="[439,546,1135,1155]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF447FBF85EB9FB5B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[561,712,1135,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phyllostomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This species was detected in 22 (14 cultures and 8 archived blood samples) out of 130 (78 captured in RJ and examined by hemoculturing and 52 from other regions screened by nested PCR) specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF4EEFB545F73FB0F" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[664,770,1219,1238]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF4EEFB545F73FB0F" bold="true" box="[664,770,1219,1238]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
captured from Northern to Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="45DB7660F039FF8BF7CDFB485D84FB2B" box="[443,501,1247,1266]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The survey of trypanosomes in more than 1700 bats captured across South America (Cavazzana et al., 2010; Pinto et al., 2015; Lima et al., 2015a,b; Dario et al., 2017a,b; Dos Santos et al., 2017; Bento et al., 2018; Lourenço et al., 2018) did not reveal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF743FAD85DD3FAB8" box="[309,418,1358,1378]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF743FAD85DD3FAB8" bold="true" box="[309,418,1358,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in more than 60 species of bats examined, even though most species examined belonged to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF4D2FAFD5CD0FA40" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phyllostomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F039FF8BF6F3FA355CD3F81E" blockId="9.[100,770,1080,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Taken together, our findings support
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF794FA355E3DFA6C" box="[482,588,1442,1461]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF794FA355E3DFA6C" bold="true" box="[482,588,1442,1461]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new species of trypanosome, so far exclusively found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF794FA295E38FA08" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[482,585,1470,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF794FA295E38FA08" bold="true" box="[482,585,1470,1489]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Vampire bats from wide geographical range (North to South) and distinct Brazilian biomes were found infected with isolates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF794FA615E22F9D0" box="[482,595,1526,1545]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF794FA615E22F9D0" bold="true" box="[482,595,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sharing virtually identical
|
||
<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F039FF8BF6B6F9855CA1F9FC" box="[192,208,1554,1573]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
7
|
||
<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F039FF8BF6ADF9855C9AF9FC" box="[219,235,1554,1573]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
8
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF689F9855D10F9FC" bold="true" box="[255,353,1554,1573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5BDDAE35F039FF8BF689F9855D55F9FC" box="[255,292,1554,1573]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">SSU</collectionCode>
|
||
rRNA
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
barcodes. However, without experimental cross-infections, strict host-restriction of trypanosomes cannot be warranted to any trypanosome species, even though relevant data have suggested important degrees of association between some trypanosomes and their bat hosts. This study demonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF4E2F9155F73F94D" box="[660,770,1665,1685]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF4E2F9155F73F94D" bold="true" box="[660,770,1665,1685]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be a species more linked to vampire bats among other trypanosome species that also infect
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF700F92E5D94F915" bold="true" box="[374,485,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF700F92E5DAEF915" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[374,479,1721,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">D. rotundus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
even those that also nested in the lineage Neobats. The Neobat lineage also harbors
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF4F6F9425E9CF931" bold="true" box="[640,749,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF4F6F9425E99F931" box="[640,744,1749,1768]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="wauwau">T. wauwau</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a species linked to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF77FF9665DE7F8DD" box="[265,406,1777,1796]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF77FF9665D16F8DD" bold="true" box="[265,359,1777,1796]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Pteronotus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF7D4F9665E58F8DD" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" box="[418,553,1777,1796]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mormoopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) reported in large surveys of bats in many countries from Central and South America (from Amazon to the Atlantic Forest) (Lima et al., 2015b; Da Costa et al., 2016). Recently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF766F8D25D06F881" box="[272,375,1861,1880]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="wauwau">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF766F8D25D06F881" bold="true" box="[272,375,1861,1880]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. wauwau</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported for the first time in one phyllostomid bat of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF7F3F8F65DB9F8AD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[389,456,1889,1908]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Anoura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF7F3F8F65DB9F8AD" bold="true" box="[389,456,1889,1908]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Anoura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FF08F812F039FF8BF791F8F65E15F8AD" box="[487,612,1889,1908]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="45DB7660F039FF8BF41BF8F65ED5F8AD" box="[621,676,1889,1908]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Pegorari et al., 2018). Previously, bats of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF7D3F8EB5D99F856" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[421,488,1916,1935]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Anoura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF7D3F8EB5D99F856" bold="true" box="[421,488,1916,1935]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Anoura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
captured in different biomes were found infected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF725F80E5DDAF872" box="[339,427,1944,1964]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF725F80E5DDAF872" bold="true" box="[339,427,1944,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. dionisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cavazzana et al., 2010; Dario et al., 2017).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F039FF8BF525FF0858E1FDD8" blockId="9.[818,1488,159,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Supporting the link between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF201FF085894FF6B" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1143,1253,159,178]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF201FF085894FF6B" bold="true" box="[1143,1253,159,178]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF36BFF0859E3FF6B" bold="true" box="[1309,1426,159,178]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF36BFF0859FFFF6B" box="[1309,1422,159,178]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">T. madeirae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
other species of trypanosomes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF250FF2C58F1FF17" box="[1062,1152,187,206]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="dionisii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF250FF2C58F1FF17" bold="true" box="[1062,1152,187,206]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. dionisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF2C4FF2C596CFF17" bold="true" box="[1202,1309,187,206]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF2C4FF2C5969FF17" box="[1202,1304,187,206]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="wauwau">T. wauwau</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were identified in bats sharing shelters with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF240FF4058D0FF33" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1078,1185,215,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF240FF4058D0FF33" bold="true" box="[1078,1185,215,234]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cavazzana et al., 2010; Lima et al., 2015). Interestingly, although vampire bats often shared shelters with other bat species, they generally hung separately (Delpietro et al., 2017). The frequent contact between blood meal of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF341FEBC59D2FEE4" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1335,1443,298,318]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF341FEBC59D2FEE4" bold="true" box="[1335,1443,298,318]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and wild and domestic animals (Johnson et al., 2014), and even humans may favor interspecific transmission of
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF2C8FEF45945FEAC" bold="true" box="[1214,1332,354,374]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF2C8FEF45941FEAC" box="[1214,1328,354,374]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">T. madeirae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Host switching appears to be a common process allowing for the expansion of host ranges of trypanosomes nested in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF2E2FE0D5891FE74" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[1172,1248,410,429]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF2E2FE0D5891FE74" bold="true" box="[1172,1248,410,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. cruzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, a process likely mediated by cimicid/triatomine vectors by which the generalist
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF3FAFE2159A1FE10" authorityName="TCC" authorityYear="1122" box="[1420,1488,438,457]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF3FAFE2159A1FE10" bold="true" box="[1420,1488,438,457]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. cruzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF52CFE455FDEFE3C" box="[858,943,466,485]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rangeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF52CFE455FDEFE3C" bold="true" box="[858,943,466,485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. rangeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most likely originated (Hamilton et al., 2012; Lima et al., 2012; Espinosa-Álvarez et al., 2018).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D7336F0F039FF8BF525FD9D59E9FC7A" blockId="9.[818,1488,159,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
The lack of trypanosome geographical structure suggested a constant flow of bats carrying
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF248FDB158C3FDE1" bold="true" box="[1086,1202,549,569]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF248FDB158DEFDE1" box="[1086,1199,549,569]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">T. madeirae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This hypothesis is consistent with studies demonstrating that young males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF365FDD5590EFD8D" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1299,1407,577,597]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF365FDD5590EFD8D" bold="true" box="[1299,1407,577,597]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
systematically disperse to new colonies. Colonies of
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF293FDC95924FDA9" bold="true" box="[1253,1365,605,625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF293FDC9593EFDA9" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1253,1359,605,625]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">D. rotundus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with a longevity up to 16 years, can be large (> 300 bats) and in the absence of environmental disturbances adults spend most of their lifetime in the same or neighboring colonies, while young males migrate to more distant new colonies (Martins et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2014). Successive dispersion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF272FD7E5800FD22" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1028,1137,744,764]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF272FD7E5800FD22" bold="true" box="[1028,1137,744,764]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
likely allowed for interchange and dispersion of their trypanosomes. The very interesting and apparent strong association of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF27FFCB65808FCEA" box="[1033,1145,800,820]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="madeirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF27FFCB65808FCEA" bold="true" box="[1033,1145,800,820]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">T. madeirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF2CCFCB65956FCEA" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1210,1319,800,820]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF2CCFCB65956FCEA" bold="true" box="[1210,1319,800,820]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">D. rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must be further confirmed by more comprehensive surveys of trypanosomes from
|
||
<emphasis id="0FB8EAE2F039FF8BF3CDFCAA5FF7FCB2" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACC4D73F039FF8BF3CDFCAA5FF0FCB2" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Demodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">D. rotundus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
other hematophagous bats, and bats of many other species and families, using more sensitive and effective methods suitable for unraveling the full repertoire of trypanosomes harbored by bats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |