373 lines
46 KiB
XML
373 lines
46 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FC8D920E96A17D793350044E9DB7EEA7">Two new related oodine genera in the Oriental Region, with remarks on the systematic position of the genera Hololeius and Holosoma (Coleoptera, Carabidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ECA542D062CFD6C0D0B3CF990ED2A8A4">Gueorguiev, Borislav</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B990301859BE809427579FC5949184A1">Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3F405AC558537030C6CB5F15D84588FE">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="15872667850225946921072A03941230">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8F4C05EAE981D26FD212A33523714CE6" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.61.7754</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6074A9F4D9DF029AFE02D142DBF877A8" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154366047" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6074A9F4D9DF029AFE02D142DBF877A8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6074A9F4D9DF029AFE02D142DBF877A8" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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<subSubSection id="695626D83F3110C2977388EF9DD8F199" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="651004E82F0AAFEB7875917270697981" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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<taxonomicName id="21DAF37236D1DCB3AAF5F3A5AA7FFF29" ID-CoL="8KWFN" authority="Semenov, 1889" authorityName="Semenov" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma Semenov, 1889</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="190E3D8D10BE462E9C21C189D7E7596A" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="453F1E7131BDFB04A2E903FA0D385154" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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<taxonomicName id="743DAFC5B73C7381E34621365FB39A85" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parahololius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parahololius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parahololius</taxonomicName>
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Heller, 1923: 66 (type species
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<taxonomicName id="E388763AB1A6CEDE6C765B05B4A8DFBD" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parahololius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parahololius weigoldi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weigoldi">Parahololius weigoldi</taxonomicName>
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Heller, 1923)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8FB22F030A533B37C8ADC2E888EDD6E5" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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<taxonomicName id="D5EF03F7B2EF5D9E4ED25D8FECE70AE4" family="Carabidae" genus="Parololius" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parololius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="genus">Parololius</taxonomicName>
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Semenov, 1927: 232 [unjustified emendation of
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<taxonomicName id="8E2F2B615605DCF725B8DF3ED0E61E43" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parahololius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parahololius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parahololius</taxonomicName>
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, not in prevailing usage]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3207399E11EB45D999CEF5CAAA6D12B8" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="AB8081EB018F486C8991CA8011DBAA82" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BFE528D17560720E76D2C4FD87849DAA" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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<taxonomicName id="2B122AAAE1E4BB36B452C462BD9BB814" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma opacum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacum">Holosoma opacum</taxonomicName>
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Semenov, 1889
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3626235CF68B86106BD71836CB9B2572" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="historical remarks">
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<paragraph id="9DCD8B8E14AD2494992C4C2EFEE8D002" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">Historical remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="536DFCB8967D46CF9DA40A4B89B8BE7D" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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<bibRefCitation id="3282AE3AC06B28A2E79645ED3FE4CE08" author="Semenov, AP" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou (nouvelle serie)" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" pagination="686 - 693" title="Apercu des genres palearctiques de la tribu des anchomenides (famille des carabiques)." volume="2" year="1889">Semenov (1889</bibRefCitation>
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: 388) proposed the generic name
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<taxonomicName id="83B7C764E0ED62535DA7BBF8D290AA83" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma</taxonomicName>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="3B17B43FC4B28881CF0CF7FF7A125C8D" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma opacum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacum">Holosoma opacum</taxonomicName>
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from South Gansu, China. The author placed the genus in "subtribum Oodidarum, prope genera
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<taxonomicName id="749271EFCA86BDCD2406FAEE091DDE7F" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Oodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oodes</taxonomicName>
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Bon. et
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<taxonomicName id="8297010ABC169EB166E875C262DC3602" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Simous" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simous" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simous</taxonomicName>
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Chaud, collocandum" (ibid.: 389). This tribal placement has been subsequently accepted (
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<bibRefCitation id="60288618820B714E39706F754CDB0E27" author="Jakobson, GG" editor="Devrien, AF" journalOrPublisher="A. F. Devrien, Sankt-Petersburg" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="241 - 320" title="Zhuki Rossii i Zapadnoi Evropy" year="1906">Jakobson 1906</bibRefCitation>
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: 310-311). In 1923,
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<bibRefCitation id="5D462DC9503712BDA807A0E21DE2DCBD" author="Heller, KM" journalOrPublisher="Entomologischen Blaetter" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="61 - 79" title="Die Coleopterenausbeute der Stotzerschen Sze-Tschwan-Expedition." volume="19" year="1923">Heller (1923</bibRefCitation>
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: 66) described the genus
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<taxonomicName id="404AA8AC7A5F7C040D7458F65436545F" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parahololius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parahololius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parahololius</taxonomicName>
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Heller, 1923, for
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<taxonomicName id="85C2D08B627C17F4297A5A3FDAD28A5A" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parahololius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parahololius weigoldi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weigoldi">Parahololius weigoldi</taxonomicName>
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Heller, 1923, from Sichuan, China. He placed this genus in
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<taxonomicName id="281E4B608C20781ECF70494C575E8B54" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
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, near to
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<taxonomicName id="3A422F5EB557EAC550847409D2555EBE" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Hololeius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hololeius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hololeius</taxonomicName>
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. Shortly afterwards,
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<bibRefCitation id="1EDEFF65EA9882B63CFA62DFC395B37D" author="Semenov, AP" journalOrPublisher="Russkoe Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" pagination="230 - 239" title="Analecta coleopterologica. Koleopterologicheskie zametki. XX." volume="21" year="1927">Semenov (1927</bibRefCitation>
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: 232) proposed [not
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<bibRefCitation id="46292CCB5A3603987C470D9E31B8446E" author="Basilewsky, P" journalOrPublisher="Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="3 - 252" title="Exploration du Parc National de l'Upemba. Mission G. F. De Witte. Carabidae (ColeopteraAdephaga)" year="1953">Basilewsky 1953</bibRefCitation>
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, as
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<bibRefCitation id="99EECA9D2B698BB48135AB112D1B6F46" author="Kirschenhofer, E" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="77 - 84" title="Neue Arten Gattung Holosoma Semenov, 1889 aus China (Col. Carabidae, Oodiinae, Trib. Simoini)." url="http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ZAOE_47_0077-0084.pdf" volume="47" year="1995">Kirschenhofer 1995</bibRefCitation>
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: 77 stated] the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="A3F59A6008CA0AA6EA42A635D9B67DD1" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parahololius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parahololius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parahololius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="0A8DA75E1E9DEDF667BE672099699A62" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma</taxonomicName>
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and emended the former name to
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<taxonomicName id="D7EC5191978A901A7BFCC91B3984DA9C" genus="Parololius" lsidName="Parololius" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="genus">Parololius</taxonomicName>
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[according to the Article 32.2.3 of
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<bibRefCitation id="A2A2144994AE28B9D5BF133E07544F87" author="Heller, KM" journalOrPublisher="International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" title="International Code on Zoological Nomenclature, fourth edition, adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences" url="http://www.iczn.org/iczn" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
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, the change of the original name to
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<taxonomicName id="C13D94E9EA3AD901C2046DE50B01F9B5" genus="Parololius" lsidName="Parololius" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="genus">Parololius</taxonomicName>
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is an "unjustified emendation].
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<bibRefCitation id="149AF7153B579139843EB9BEAEA83CA9" author="Jedlicka, A" journalOrPublisher="Casopis Ceskoslovnske Spolecnosti Entomologicke" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="21 - 30" title="Neue Carabiden aus China-Szetschuan." volume="1 / 2" year="1931">
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<normalizedToken id="2DC8362CD1F76EBA8733DE75C6C6B946" originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
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(1931
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 21-22) described
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<taxonomicName id="B7D9FE157AADA31B2489017C48138796" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma rambouseki" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rambouseki">Holosoma rambouseki</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="E9144F62C2CB3CBE354D406F91BCCFB1" originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
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, 1931 from Sichuan, China.
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<bibRefCitation id="DAA2DB65752EC169B3AAAA607313F123" author="Andrewes, HE" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="8 - 12" title="Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expeditionennachden Nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping-Chang. Insecten gesammelt von schwedischen Artz der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. 18. Coleoptera. 4. Carabidae und Cicindelidae. C. Harpalinae: Apotomini, Broscini, Pogonini, and Chlaeniini." volume="27 A" year="1935">Andrewes (1935)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName id="6821C4D342342ECD3DC96C0678FEE866" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chlaenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chlaenius hedini" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hedini">Chlaenius hedini</taxonomicName>
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Andrewes, 1935, from North Gansu and Southeast Sichuan, China. He noted, "It does not appear to be nearly allied to any other Asiatic species." [of
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<taxonomicName id="3F111A509624A5D631C59D02176A61BB" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chlaenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chlaenius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chlaenius</taxonomicName>
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Bonelli, 1810].
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<bibRefCitation id="23E9D6D7C7F26531A39A4E924E903840" author="Jedlicka, A" journalOrPublisher="Entomologisches Nachrichtenbaltt" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="51 - 55" title="Neue Carabiden aus Ostasien. (XI. Teil)." volume="10" year="1936">
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<normalizedToken id="FD75453801A54B04523970E5A4981A07" originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
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(1936
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 51) described
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<taxonomicName id="A1FB503CC432B570E5424FE8135614A8" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma boettcheri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boettcheri">Holosoma boettcheri</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="53A0463698222276232BC3D2003C3E39" originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
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, 1936, from the Philippines, which is the only known extra-Palaearctic record for the genus. Subsequent authors dealing with the genus, except for
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<bibRefCitation id="E988C41525DA2BA4AFEAFA268586FC44" author="Lorenz, W" journalOrPublisher="Tutzing" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" title="Systematic list of extant ground beetles of the World. (Insecta, Coleoptera, Adephaga: Trachypachidae & Carabidae incl. Paussinae, Cicindelinae, Rhysodinae)" year="2005">Lorenz (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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, have omitted this species. I have seen the holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="200B3642B9B9F1FC935753AD5D1E103B" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma boettcheri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boettcheri">Holosoma boettcheri</taxonomicName>
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in BMNH and found that it belongs to a different group of
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<taxonomicName id="BB6121112CBA2635AC9720C6E0C420E0" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
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. Later,
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<bibRefCitation id="70A4DF142A2700F74B3CEEFF1DE9DEE7" author="Basilewsky, P" journalOrPublisher="Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="3 - 252" title="Exploration du Parc National de l'Upemba. Mission G. F. De Witte. Carabidae (ColeopteraAdephaga)" year="1953">Basilewsky (1953</bibRefCitation>
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: 153) included
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<taxonomicName id="3255D94FAA4B68EB52121828C900883D" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma</taxonomicName>
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to the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="E9D518B32ABF677409F73A97901DB395" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Simoini">Simoini</taxonomicName>
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Basilewsky, 1953, of subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="7C2D1212A1A35266F37F4DC9F8396E2E" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Oodinae">Oodinae</taxonomicName>
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(sensu Jeannel, 1949a).
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<bibRefCitation id="90CC4F2CF2179C3DA4442998DCB66613" author="Kirschenhofer, E" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="77 - 84" title="Neue Arten Gattung Holosoma Semenov, 1889 aus China (Col. Carabidae, Oodiinae, Trib. Simoini)." url="http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ZAOE_47_0077-0084.pdf" volume="47" year="1995">Kirschenhofer (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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reviewed the known species (excl.
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<taxonomicName id="E4E93750DB45DC3626340ABED9707FFF" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chlaenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chlaenius hedini" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hedini">Chlaenius hedini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C12E5E69AFD159C7BC75B0B079E905D5" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma boettcheri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boettcheri">Holosoma boettcheri</taxonomicName>
|
|
), adding three more species and retaining the tribal affiliation of the genus. Later, he synonymized one of his added taxa with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="82D4153E2D5279E3E1056D85965CED08" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma hedini" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hedini">Holosoma hedini</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FDE10CC88F81D2AF8BE93F4849128109" author="Kirschenhofer, E" journalOrPublisher="Entomofauna" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="317 - 332" title="Neue Chlaeniinae der palaearktischen und orientalischen Region (Coleoptera, Carabidae)." url="http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ENT_0019_0317-0329.pdf" volume="19 / 20" year="1998">Kirschenhofer 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Recently,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="16820411426EFC5C7057FDDFC102E114" author="Ito, N" journalOrPublisher="The Entomological Review of Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="95 - 104" title="Note on Species of the Genus Holosoma (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Oodinae: Simoini)." volume="58" year="2003">Ito (2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B39E94500E22745890EEEC9BA45FF848" author="Ito, N" journalOrPublisher="Elytra, Tokyo (New Series)" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="303 - 310" title="Two New Species and One Subspecies of the Genus Holosoma from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Oodini)." volume="2" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) added five more species and one subspecies to the genus and keyed all species known at that time. He retained the position of the genus within the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="87CD64831D889873202A0D3510025CB3" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="3DF8E21BCA550A9511294DCA32A6DFCF" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="taxonomic position">
|
|
<paragraph id="77F2DC22C83BCBF4DD409DA3ADEFB1AB" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">Taxonomic position.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E9C90598731B1B67AA0A260A042C5A49" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
The discussion here is based on all the generic and species descriptions (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E55950D1536BEA45E18F93EFD52A8A6F" author="Semenov, AP" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou (nouvelle serie)" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" pagination="686 - 693" title="Apercu des genres palearctiques de la tribu des anchomenides (famille des carabiques)." volume="2" year="1889">Semenov 1889</bibRefCitation>
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|
,
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|
<bibRefCitation id="E835629F57CDC758E340BFC09575ACE1" author="Heller, KM" journalOrPublisher="Entomologischen Blaetter" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="61 - 79" title="Die Coleopterenausbeute der Stotzerschen Sze-Tschwan-Expedition." volume="19" year="1923">Heller 1923</bibRefCitation>
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|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="50BE69881A3AF3FD9E0FD9AFBF314832" author="Jedlicka, A" journalOrPublisher="Casopis Ceskoslovnske Spolecnosti Entomologicke" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="21 - 30" title="Neue Carabiden aus China-Szetschuan." volume="1 / 2" year="1931">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="BCA70C589ADDECB265A3C77E6D17A6C6" originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
|
|
1931
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B47E686B07C42FE9225A83FA2401B9C8" author="Andrewes, HE" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="8 - 12" title="Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expeditionennachden Nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping-Chang. Insecten gesammelt von schwedischen Artz der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. 18. Coleoptera. 4. Carabidae und Cicindelidae. C. Harpalinae: Apotomini, Broscini, Pogonini, and Chlaeniini." volume="27 A" year="1935">Andrewes 1935</bibRefCitation>
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,
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|
<bibRefCitation id="D4E3B99B37EB50B0C8AE401CCD04FF1D" author="Kirschenhofer, E" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="77 - 84" title="Neue Arten Gattung Holosoma Semenov, 1889 aus China (Col. Carabidae, Oodiinae, Trib. Simoini)." url="http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ZAOE_47_0077-0084.pdf" volume="47" year="1995">Kirschenhofer 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6F4ACF720080F9F7CA59D3F815E98224" author="Ito, N" journalOrPublisher="The Entomological Review of Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="95 - 104" title="Note on Species of the Genus Holosoma (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Oodinae: Simoini)." volume="58" year="2003">Ito 2003</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="655A774F93240B5868D78BF5F0141DF4" author="Ito, N" journalOrPublisher="Elytra, Tokyo (New Series)" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="303 - 310" title="Two New Species and One Subspecies of the Genus Holosoma from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Oodini)." volume="2" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
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|
) and on the detailed examination of two specimens. It considers only the characters that are significant for the tribal position of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FABD241231589905010C7F127AD9D09A" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Excluding
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2B97EE3CE43E0788296975A49209F0DE" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma boettcheri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boettcheri">Holosoma boettcheri</taxonomicName>
|
|
, I am aware that the group is homogeneous and the main structural features are uniform among the species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8653B888E8BD3FF25B43CBF1DA221DB3" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Pronotum posterior margin as wide as basal margin of elytra, thus habitus seems semi-oval rather than elongate. Atypical of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="470F25B8F43E2C2DDDDF883008AA0307" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
(but occurs in a few species, such as the Nearctic
|
|
<taxonomicName id="781287BA5EB1EA8394D6CA30D0153B61" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chlaenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chlaenius tomentosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">Chlaenius tomentosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Say, 1823); remark by R. Davidson). Typical of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C3DE49704A84DD221FF2EC36B1D3E132" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, except for the new genera. This condition is probably a derived trend within the genus because it occurs in most, but not all, species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="29D87E0C91431C2C31DA15555EEA1677" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Body dorsally with metallic lustre (greenish, turquoise, bluish, violet to black-blue) on dorsal surface. Habitual to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0EA23E9AE04FF5D2C49C7645E0411C6F" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, since many species from this tribe are metallic colored. In the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D1A588C91FBA9ED8706D766248B09D90" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, a metallic hue is present only in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="13B8E2173706C9766B5F690F4C233E48" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bamaroodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bamaroodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bamaroodes</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. n., most species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DB8C5471211E5495E99EABEA1BB7F7ED" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Simous" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simous" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simous</taxonomicName>
|
|
and a few taxa of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="90702CF7FDC843F40702D5BC66DC3B45" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenocrepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrepis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrepis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Chaudoir, 1857.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="126BE2AB515C2771086A085E184B370D" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Integument sparsely pubescent dorsally and ventrally. The character is distinctive of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="05B073F895C2E87155B68F726F41C324" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but it is unknown in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="30F21330878048FC332C510E33E799F4" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In the species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="95A3A3321525DE3700E67B0322D66DEA" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the dorsal surface of the head, antennomere 3 (excl. apical setae), pronotum, intervals 8-9 of elytra, prosternum, mesepisternum, mesocoxa, mesofemur, metasternum, metepisternum, and abdomen all have rather fine and scattered punctures (see also
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7E476FB6721AE47F12296AABD5AE6CDA" author="Kirschenhofer, E" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="77 - 84" title="Neue Arten Gattung Holosoma Semenov, 1889 aus China (Col. Carabidae, Oodiinae, Trib. Simoini)." url="http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ZAOE_47_0077-0084.pdf" volume="47" year="1995">Kirschenhofer 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="486A5C0170D3002BA2F8C28A495BACB2" author="Ito, N" journalOrPublisher="The Entomological Review of Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="95 - 104" title="Note on Species of the Genus Holosoma (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Oodinae: Simoini)." volume="58" year="2003">Ito 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Most of the punctures are provided with short, yellowish hairs, usually well visible under higher magnification. Sparse pubescence is also present on the medial elytral intervals posteriorly, though it is much more sporadic than on the intervals 8-9.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F66EEB2F8F01F1FF0137E3ED09A078DF" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Labrum with six setae along anterior margin. This feature is typical of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5A556EA1BB622296B1D38C55F8B6A89D" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Although it is present in most
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FC3052F17DD054FE010A83AA388ADF0B" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, several groups have different setation of the labrum.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E1DB63A518DE0C2D7E7B9174E1F3ABA2" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Clypeus with a pair of setae. The condition is usual for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="75E9B16C60E4F7F0993A0B78FA5DC25E" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Although it occurs in most
|
|
<taxonomicName id="13B8F0C12E5D9A77845DF7DEEF817993" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, several groups lack clypeal setae.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="CF9DFF1A0D408291D20BBC4384CAFAD8" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Penultimate labial palpomere with 2-4 spines at front margin. Indicative of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6EFE8DD34681C17C1769190B6E47BB4D" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
(occurs in the most of the species). This feature is unknown in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="73B857B9A848C2A3BA581F455AEEBDC1" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="4B93EF8DFFD8B5C6805D5D979BD8A8A4" author="Jedlicka, A" journalOrPublisher="Casopis Ceskoslovnske Spolecnosti Entomologicke" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="21 - 30" title="Neue Carabiden aus China-Szetschuan." volume="1 / 2" year="1931">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="122C0B51E450277358E3A213760D62FE" originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
|
|
(1931
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 22) has noted that the penultimate labial palpomere in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5B7134EDF413B2BE45FD1C999C2CE96F" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma rambouseki" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rambouseki">Holosoma rambouseki</taxonomicName>
|
|
lack setae, but this fact needs verification.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F20DB83D860E58050F2FF9142E01B004" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Terminal labial palpomere with a few fine and short setae on lateral margin (see also
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="CAAB6456AAE1A40953B3FB0366B8F7CC" author="Ito, N" journalOrPublisher="Elytra, Tokyo (New Series)" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="303 - 310" title="Two New Species and One Subspecies of the Genus Holosoma from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Oodini)." volume="2" year="2012">Ito 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 303). Occurs in some
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1450C8CD5CB0C6582F73D19D5BE7A67B" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Unknown in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EC2FB709B38326A90F715FCC2C54D96A" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4262E25B1FE4A716D930DB8158647293" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Elytral stria 8 shallower than, or as deep as striae 1-7. Typical of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F8C368BD0D13EC25001C2D1D41164B7C" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, except for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0A2CADC0C4AD1CF38FB240C992092577" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Hololeius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hololeius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hololeius</taxonomicName>
|
|
. All taxa of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="633DFA5956B5DD5D6B65C9232564736D" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
I have studied have stria 8 more or less grooved along its extent and deeper than other striae.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9218FB104631C39578EE3B4DBA25D929" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Discal setiferous punctures situated in elytral intervals 3 and 5, or in intervals 3, 5 and 7. There is no data for this condition in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="47032DED958A8076D8DA9B8F9126FD77" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but it is also atypical of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2F3A3E39639B2F81A3506048ABAA008B" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Like point 1, it can be an apotypic trend within the genus since it occurs in several, but not in all species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="120FEEBDC5A83B37FE5667BE03EEAD6A" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma</taxonomicName>
|
|
. For example,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A7297A9E23E86907E4C863A950A6B3E2" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma hedini" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hedini">Holosoma hedini</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2689CEE9AD8BFF3ECA2EEE2862A692C0" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma heros" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heros">Holosoma heros</taxonomicName>
|
|
Kirschenhofer, 1995, and the specimens from Wenxian possess setiferous punctures in intervals 3, 5 and 7.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7A1558FB3EA4EC611B871AB9161963D7" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma namikoae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="namikoae">Holosoma namikoae</taxonomicName>
|
|
Ito, 2012, has such punctures only in intervals 3 and 5, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FAFEF3A281E410C1E44E70CBFA5F60A6" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma rambouseki" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rambouseki">Holosoma rambouseki</taxonomicName>
|
|
solely in interval 3. Discal punctures are lacking in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="970F920A857D948DA5ED28A40E55F593" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma opacum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacum">Holosoma opacum</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="67A7ABF857DC78AF2FAF2BC0EFF23BD2" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma nigritum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigritum">Holosoma nigritum</taxonomicName>
|
|
Ito, 2003,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="68DEE75213D66635E966290E75D1705C" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma imurai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imurai">Holosoma imurai</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6FDEB6066B4BE34F8FC15401A1B26EFD" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma speciosum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="speciosum">Holosoma speciosum</taxonomicName>
|
|
Ito, 2003, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BF76DF39FF3D54E8A161A5711AF0787A" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma misaoae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="misaoae">Holosoma misaoae</taxonomicName>
|
|
Ito, 2012. This character has not been described for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D9DD2AD5145C73C8FB90B5529FE6CAC2" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma weigoldi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weigoldi">Holosoma weigoldi</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6EA8A66373001C5565BF84411D50D23B" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Elytral intervals 7 and 8 separate (e.g., not fused) posteriorly, thus stria 7 perceptible to apex. Typical of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="264C2D2184CB18A8BE445AB4394AEE56" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
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|
. Unusual for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83F53A3D81A09FE10AADCBDF5A97FB1F" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
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|
, except for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1EC13C6134EC7C5593CB033A8F3CDCE6" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bamaroodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bamaroodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bamaroodes</taxonomicName>
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|
gen. n.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="5DCBB48393B8FE132711CCADE3E3E218" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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|
Elytral interval 8 not forming ridge laterally. Typical of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FDB86EC4B0C8F317D578CED2F57A958C" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Unusual for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0A7FA7637F022483302361A573AA030C" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, except for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8C756F79FDCDE733E2FA6183754960DE" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bamaroodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bamaroodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bamaroodes</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. n.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="AA5017FAAC936FF956E6228E582B2D34" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Tarsomere 5 of all legs setose ventrally. Typical of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6418945C7A46689E1C65480D22333676" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Unusual for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26E59F520EFF823735C0F4D669D19682" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, except for the two new genera and a few species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3756A09A4B94020240CBB97FD4403CAB" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Systolocranius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Systolocranius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Systolocranius</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Among the species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83BBF18C33374D9CDB3164946038A9C5" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the number of the setae varies from two to six on each side of tarsomere 5.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1817CCC781C47BB7AFC22B3CACE987B8" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Quinone-like smell defensive secretion. This is one of three groups of compounds used for defence in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AEBA43727B6E610A205A41453BDF6B9F" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. It is not found in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="635349C8D37AF1146AFA27C61FF0745F" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="402680C65E7FCAD1EDFE62647C261FE5" author="Ito, N" journalOrPublisher="The Entomological Review of Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="95 - 104" title="Note on Species of the Genus Holosoma (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Oodinae: Simoini)." volume="58" year="2003">Ito (2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 95) noted that the defensive chemical in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EF9A04209BD677F962CF41EA6995517A" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma</taxonomicName>
|
|
is "also the same as that of the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DF7BD725FD6301861810D2F57E81198F" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chlaenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chlaenius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chlaenius</taxonomicName>
|
|
". I noticed this pungent smell many times when was taking the specimens from Wenxian out of the test-tube and handling them. The odor is identical or similar to that existing in the European species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="28458D8DFCB9CE10CDA4A6E2A1129066" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chlaeniellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chlaeniellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chlaeniellus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Reitter, 1908 (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="08F0C01C5253E668B0260D2B72644223" author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" pagination="165 - 166" title="Notes about the relationships of the Callistini (= Chlaeniini) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." volume="41" year="1987">Bousquet 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3324A687FA613DA1C7C102F61E69498D" author="Moore, BP" editor="Erwin, TL" journalOrPublisher="Junk, The Hague" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" pagination="193 - 203" title="Chemical defence in carabids and its bearing on phylogeny." url="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-9628-1_9" volumeTitle="Carabid beetles: their evolution, natural history, and classification" year="1979">Moore (1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 198-199) regarded the quinones as one of the most elaborate defensive strategies in the ground beetles.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2263FF0200EA96FE4E4E30C922630143" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
Thirteen character states are considered. Number 9 is not counted due to deficient data about its presence among other taxa. Six character states, i.e., 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, are typical for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="809A69E9D0B119B638E18133C09E1FE9" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and are unknown to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EE9EF977601CCACF697A55C4B0C6CDBB" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Characters 10, 11 and 12 are also typical of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DDFA4BBBF75C9EE6D1161562CE425295" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and have a few exceptions in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="05622EA6880F33BBA1B4FB9E2A4C41E6" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Similarly, characters 4 and 5 are always indicative of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1F8EB430DC75C4125F2782C47AF9AF82" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Most genera and species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AE513C07322AE2092B6C38C7932D292B" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
also share these two conditions, but there are some important exceptions. Character 1 is the only one characteristic of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52B79A38B9DB1E5A4805512F5F953D1C" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Oodini">Oodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and not typical of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3A1BDADC7C061CA74C5673FCE8A70D94" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="204522BC22B094C590FA4997D993715E" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
|
|
In conclusion,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="683536C6D4DFA4933262F10EE2C4A0E0" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Holosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holosoma</taxonomicName>
|
|
lacks oodine characters but does share important traits with the chlaeniines. It is therefore removed to a new tribal placement incertae sedis within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="508D6BC62EA372E641DF5150008D4DFC" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" rank="tribe" tribe="Chlaeniini">Chlaeniini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The precise affinity of the genus within the tribe remains unresolved.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |