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<mods:title id="51506F92A5F333A080A7BE61C1C5EFB7">Once upon a time in America: recognition of the species of Libitioides from USA, with comments on other American Cosmetidae (Opiliones, Laniatores)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="F1E6EF5D3074E4B652F3C574D4C2FFB5">Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20.940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="C2A7A53E18764D16D87C586984366D0A">Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20.940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="6CAC644CFFCEFF90FF35FBA6B273C6F8" bold="true" box="[189,575,1126,1153]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
[1] The first cosmetid (
<taxonomicName id="99D8C3DDFFCEFF90FE50FBA7B279C6F9" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1821" box="[472,565,1127,1153]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatus">
<emphasis id="6CAC644CFFCEFF90FE50FBA7B279C6F9" bold="true" box="[472,565,1127,1153]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">ornatus</emphasis>
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)
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<subSubSection id="16C2EBD5FFCEFF90FF35FB55B260C4A5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" type="description">
<paragraph id="5E67B85EFFCEFF90FF35FB55B36FC7B1" blockId="3.[187,1399,1173,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
There were already 54 species of harvestmen described in the world, when William
<bibRefCitation id="3A49C5AFFFCEFF90FB5FFB55B53AC6D7" author="Kirby W." box="[1239,1398,1173,1199]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="375 - 453" refId="ref15013" refString="Kirby W. 1819. A century of insects, including several new genera described from his Cabinet. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 12 (27) [&quot; 1818 &quot;]: 375 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1817. tb 00239. x" type="journal article" year="1819">Kirby (1819)</bibRefCitation>
described the first three
<taxonomicName id="99D8C3DDFFCEFF90FE56FB78B348C6AA" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[478,772,1208,1234]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores Thorell, 1876</taxonomicName>
(two from
<collectingCountry id="26CFF8CEFFCEFF90FC06FB78B395C6AA" box="[910,985,1208,1234]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, one from
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), placing them in the new genus
<taxonomicName id="99D8C3DDFFCEFF90FE1BFB1BB2E3C68D" authority="Kirby, 1819" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1819" box="[403,687,1243,1269]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6CAC644CFFCEFF90FE1BFB1BB25BC68D" box="[403,535,1243,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Gonyleptes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3A49C5AFFFCEFF90FD96FB1BB2E3C68D" author="Kirby W." box="[542,687,1243,1269]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="375 - 453" refId="ref15013" refString="Kirby W. 1819. A century of insects, including several new genera described from his Cabinet. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 12 (27) [&quot; 1818 &quot;]: 375 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1817. tb 00239. x" type="journal article" year="1819">Kirby, 1819</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In the very next paper in the taxonomic story of
<taxonomicName id="99D8C3DDFFCEFF90FA8CFB1BB132C761" authority="Sundevall, 1833" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones Sundevall, 1833</taxonomicName>
, Thomas
<bibRefCitation id="3A49C5AFFFCEFF90FE64FB3FB221C761" author="Say, T." box="[492,621,1279,1305]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="59 - 82" refId="ref16143" refString="Say, T. 1821. An account of the Arachnides of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2 (1): 59 - 82." type="journal article" year="1821">Say (1821)</bibRefCitation>
described the first laniator from the
<collectingCountry id="26CFF8CEFFCEFF90FB84FB3FB406C761" box="[1036,1098,1279,1305]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">USA</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="99D8C3DDFFCEFF90FBDAFB3EB0B5C744" authority="Say, 1821" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1821" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatum">
<emphasis id="6CAC644CFFCEFF90FBDAFB3EB573C760" box="[1106,1343,1278,1304]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Gonyleptes ornatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3A49C5AFFFCEFF90FACDFB3FB0B5C744" author="Say, T." pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="59 - 82" refId="ref16143" refString="Say, T. 1821. An account of the Arachnides of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2 (1): 59 - 82." type="journal article" year="1821">Say, 1821</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This was also the first species described of what we now know as
<taxonomicName id="99D8C3DDFFCEFF90FC76FAE2B4C0C744" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1839" box="[1022,1164,1314,1340]" class="Arachnida" family="Cosmetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cosmetidae</taxonomicName>
. Say was, therefore, the first to conceive what would later become the
<taxonomicName id="99D8C3DDFFCEFF90FC8BFA85B333C727" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[771,895,1349,1375]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
(as we consider today), by recognizing the intimate relationship between what are now gonyleptids and cosmetids. Soon later, other researchers (
<bibRefCitation id="3A49C5AFFFCEFF90FF4DFA4BB106C7DD" author="Perty J. A. M." box="[197,330,1419,1445]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" refId="ref15676" refString="Perty J. A. M. 1833. Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII- MDCCCXX [1817 - 1820] jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I Bavariae Regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Vol. 3. [&quot; 1830 - 1834 &quot;]. Friedrich Fleischer, Monachii [= Munchen]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 158694" type="book" year="1833">Perty 1833</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3A49C5AFFFCEFF90FEDEFA4CB194C7DE" author="Hope F. W." box="[342,472,1419,1446]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="397 - 399" refId="ref14956" refString="Hope F. W. 1836. On a new Arachnide, uniting the genera Gonyleptes and Phalangium. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17 [&quot; 1837 &quot;]: 397 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1834. tb 00031. x" type="journal article" year="1836">Hope 1836</bibRefCitation>
) proposed a different hypothesis (today refuted), by joining the cosmetids with what are now the Eupnoi Hansen &amp; Sørensen, 1904.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E67B85EFFCEFF90FF35FA30B260C4A5" blockId="3.[188,1399,1520,1758]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
Say described the new species
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<emphasis id="6CAC644CFFCEFF90FDB2FA30B360C472" box="[570,812,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Gonyleptes ornatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3A49C5AFFFCEFF90FCBFFA30B3E3C472" author="Say, T." box="[823,943,1520,1546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="59 - 82" refId="ref16143" refString="Say, T. 1821. An account of the Arachnides of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2 (1): 59 - 82." type="journal article" year="1821">Say, 1821</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(incidentally getting the grammatical inflection incorrectly, in what should have been
<taxonomicName id="99D8C3DDFFCEFF90FC98F9D4B326C455" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1821" box="[784,874,1556,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatus">
<emphasis id="6CAC644CFFCEFF90FC98F9D4B326C455" box="[784,874,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">ornatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, masculine instead of neuter gender) from Cumberland Island,
<collectingRegion id="9C1C76BCFFCEFF90FE21F9F6B24BC428" box="[425,519,1590,1616]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Georgia</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingCountry id="26CFF8CEFFCEFF90FDB6F9F7B283C428" box="[574,719,1590,1617]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">East Florida</collectingCountry>
. Say’s description is detailed and accurate enough to allow this species to be recognized without mistake (
<figureCitation id="C6E3A4DBFFCEFF90FD69F999B374C40C" box="[737,824,1625,1652]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[191,234,1837,1863]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,639,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-131@4.[189,1398,638,1780]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2.Libitioides spp. from USA, in vivo. a. L. ornata (Say, 1821) (morph A), ♂ and ♀, Florida, Orange, Orlando Wetlands Park (©Mary Keim). b. L. sayi (Simon, 1879) (morph B, “clean”), ♂, Texas, Sherman Co. (©Kate Farkas). c. L. sayi (morph C, “depressa”), ♂, Texas, Kleberg Co., Padre Island National Seashore (©Meghan Cassidy). d. L. albolineata (Sørensen, 1884) (typical morph D), ♂, Georgia, Fulton Co. (©E. Christina Butler). Photos are somewhat cropped.All images used here under written permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8064428/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
). The name ‘ornatus’ (‘decorated’), as applied to a cosmetid, is adequate enough, but it has exceedingly low discriminatory value, and indeed, it was later used to name several unrelated species. This species was first combined with
<taxonomicName id="99D8C3DDFFCEFF90FBB7F960B570C4C2" authority="Perty, 1833" authorityName="Perty" authorityYear="1833" box="[1087,1340,1696,1722]" class="Arachnida" family="Cosmetidae" genus="Cosmetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6CAC644CFFCEFF90FBB7F960B4FDC4C2" box="[1087,1201,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Cosmetus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3A49C5AFFFCEFF90FB3FF960B570C4C2" author="Perty J. A. M." box="[1207,1340,1696,1722]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" refId="ref15676" refString="Perty J. A. M. 1833. Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII- MDCCCXX [1817 - 1820] jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I Bavariae Regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Vol. 3. [&quot; 1830 - 1834 &quot;]. Friedrich Fleischer, Monachii [= Munchen]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 158694" type="book" year="1833">Perty, 1833</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
only 50 years later by
<bibRefCitation id="3A49C5AFFFCEFF90FE0EF903B265C4A5" author="Butler A. G." box="[390,553,1731,1757]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="112 - 117" refId="ref14175" refString="Butler A. G. 1873. A monographic list of the species of the genus Gonyleptes, with descriptions of three remarkable new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) 11 (62): 112 - 117, pl. 3. [Issued 1 February 1873, fide Evenhuis 2003]. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937308696775" type="journal article" year="1873">Butler (1873)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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