treatments-xml/data/D6/58/87/D65887E4FFB2FF9F98C8D07AFD0FFE6D.xml
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<mods:title id="17BF96EB2A5D04F2B2DD81CED1F6B157">Freshwater fishes of Iraq: a revised and updated annotated checklist- 2023</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D0C099B509CB6B4DBE2490C8BC64C47C">Çiçek, Erdoğan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3B713ED306B30B5FFE1AE396B24BAF87">Jawad, Laith</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DB7D89EA55A130CC8604411DC01AB4DC">Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BD81E3904A8AB3D0A41E9064F82C9ABF">Esmaeili, Hamid Reza</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9AC67D962101DF6E727F392B0AFF5878">Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="ACB067718233507AF299B81C8B77A9C1">Mouludi-Saleh, Atta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3C99D38EC1DC54516AF9A8DDF493DB42">Sungur, Sevil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CF293DA69EA91E0EC24F59F3E6789DE3">Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="D65887E4FFB2FF9F98C8D07AFD0FFE6D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10019198" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10019198" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D65887E4FFB2FF9F98C8D07AFD0FFE6D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D65887E4FFB2FF9F98C8D07AFD0FFE6D" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<subSubSection id="16EB6579FFB2FF9C98C8D07AFD20F958" box="[151,750,1662,1689]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFB2FF9C98C8D07AFD20F958" blockId="25.[151,1437,1662,2013]" box="[151,750,1662,1689]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<heading id="0506819EFFB2FF9C98C8D07AFD20F958" bold="true" box="[151,750,1662,1689]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB2FF9C98C8D07AFD20F958" bold="true" box="[151,750,1662,1689]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="99F14D71FFB2FF9C98C8D07AFD97F958" ID-CoL="3LC74" authority="(Bloch, 1794)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[151,601,1662,1689]" family="Heteropneustidae" genus="Heteropneustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fossilis">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB2FF9C98C8D07AFE63F959" bold="true" box="[151,429,1662,1689]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heteropneustes fossilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFB2FF9C99E2D07BFD9FF958" author="Bloch, M. E." box="[445,593,1662,1688]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="361 - 396" refId="ref33495" refString="Bloch, M. E. (1794) Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische. Vol. 8. Verfasser, Berlin, iv + 174, pls. 361 - 396." type="journal article" year="1794">Bloch, 1794</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
[I]—Singee
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFB2FF9C98C8D0A7FD2BF8C4" blockId="25.[151,1437,1662,2013]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB2FF9C98C8D0A7FED4F97C" bold="true" box="[151,282,1698,1724]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
Original description:
<taxonomicName id="99F14D71FFB2FF9C9A49D0A7FC4EF97C" authority="Bloch, 1794: 46" authorityName="Bloch" authorityPageNumber="46" authorityYear="1794" box="[534,896,1698,1724]" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fossilis">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB2FF9C9A49D0A7FD73F97C" box="[534,701,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Silurus fossilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFB2FF9C9A9AD0A7FC4EF97C" author="Bloch, M. E." box="[709,896,1698,1724]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="361 - 396" refId="ref33495" refString="Bloch, M. E. (1794) Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische. Vol. 8. Verfasser, Berlin, iv + 174, pls. 361 - 396." type="journal article" year="1794">Bloch, 1794: 46</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Pl. 370 (fig. 2) [
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9C15D0A7FB04F97C" box="[1098,1226,1698,1724]" name="India" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tranquebar</collectingCountry>
[
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9C83D0A7FA5CF97C" box="[1244,1426,1698,1724]" name="India" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tharangambadi</collectingCountry>
],
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C98BCD0C3FEEEF920" box="[227,288,1734,1760]" name="India" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">India</collectingCountry>
;
<typeStatus id="814A8850FFB2FF9C9971D0C3FE57F920" box="[302,409,1734,1760]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">lectotype</typeStatus>
: ZMB 3074].—
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9A12D0C3FDB3F920" box="[589,637,1734,1760]" name="Iraq" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Iraq</collectingCountry>
synonyms: None.—Revisions: Ratmuangkhwang
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB2FF9C9CE1D0C2FB3FF920" box="[1214,1265,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
. (2014: 82).— Illustration:
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFB2FF9C9933D0EFFDEBF8C4" author="Bloch, M. E." box="[364,549,1770,1796]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="361 - 396" refId="ref33495" refString="Bloch, M. E. (1794) Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische. Vol. 8. Verfasser, Berlin, iv + 174, pls. 361 - 396." type="journal article" year="1794">Bloch (1794: 46</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 370 (fig. 2)).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="16EB6579FFB2FF9C98C8D10BFB83F855" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFB2FF9C98C8D10BFB83F855" blockId="25.[151,1437,1662,2013]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB2FF9C98C8D10BFE86F8E8" bold="true" box="[151,328,1806,1832]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Status in
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9953D10BFE8DF8E8" box="[268,323,1806,1832]" name="Iraq" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Iraq</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
First record from Iraq by
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFB2FF9C9A22D10BFCEFF8E8" author="Khalaf, K. T." box="[637,801,1806,1832]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref39800" refString="Khalaf, K. T. (1961) The marine and freshwater fishes of Iraq. Al-Rabitta Press, Baghdad: 164 pp." type="book" year="1961">Khalaf (1961)</bibRefCitation>
. This species has been introduced in Iraq in late 1950s (
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFB2FF9C98B4D137FEB5F88D" author="Jawad, L. A." box="[235,379,1842,1869]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="52 - 61" refId="ref38658" refString="Jawad, L. A. (2015) The Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) Envenomation - A report of four cases from Basrah and Maysan, South of Iraq. TOFIQ Journal of Medical Sciences, 2 (2), 52 - 61." type="journal article" year="2015">Jawad, 2015</bibRefCitation>
) and Al-Hassan &amp; Muhsin (1986) from the marine waters of Iraq; confirmed by Al-Hassan &amp; Muhsin (1986); Al-Faisal
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB2FF9C9A57D152FDF4F8B0" box="[520,570,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
. (2014).—Iraq materials: Fish Collection of the Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16EB6579FFB2FF9F98C8D19BFBF3FE81" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFB2FF9F98C8D19BFBF3FE81" blockId="25.[151,1437,1662,2013]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB2FF9C98C8D19BFE71F878" bold="true" box="[151,447,1950,1976]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
Distribution in
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9A32D19AFD50F879" box="[621,670,1951,1977]" name="Iraq" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Iraq</collectingCountry>
: Euphrates River.—General distribution: South Asia:
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9CAFD19BFA9CF878" box="[1264,1362,1950,1976]" name="Pakistan" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9D03D19BFA56F878" box="[1372,1432,1950,1976]" name="India" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C98BCD1C7FE9AF81C" box="[227,340,1986,2012]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C993FD1C7FE7AF81C" box="[352,436,1986,2012]" name="Bhutan" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C999FD1C7FDC8F81C" box="[448,518,1986,2012]" name="Nepal" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9A4DD1C7FD56F81C" box="[530,664,1986,2012]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9AFCD1C6FCDCF81D" box="[675,786,1987,2013]" name="Myanmar" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9B41D1C7FC4AF81C" box="[798,900,1986,2012]" name="Thailand" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9B9FD1C6FC38F81D" box="[960,1014,1987,2013]" name="Laos" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Laos</collectingCountry>
and?
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9C65D1C7FB4CF81C" box="[1082,1154,1986,2012]" name="China" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">China</collectingCountry>
. Introduced in
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9D73D1C6FA92F81D" box="[1324,1372,1987,2013]" name="Iran" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB2FF9C9D37D1C6FA56F81D" box="[1384,1432,1987,2013]" name="Iraq" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Iraq</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB1FF9F98BCD692FEEFFF71" box="[227,289,151,177]" name="Syria" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Syria</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFB1FF9F993FD692FE7FFF71" box="[352,433,151,177]" name="Turkey" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Turkey</collectingCountry>
.—Habitat: This species inhabits freshwater and, rarely, brackish waters as well. This is primarily a fish of ponds, ditches, creeks, swamps, and marshes, but it is sometimes found in muddy rivers. Its air-breathing apparatus enables it to exist in almost any kind of water quality. Generally, during the dry season, it lives in semi-liquid and semi-dry mud, and, even when the mud dries, they take their bodies to the bottom of the fissures and crevices formed by the cracking mud. Freshwater.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFB1FF9F98C8D74FFD09FEA5" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,429]" box="[151,711,330,357]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB1FF9F98C8D74FFE6AFEA4" bold="true" box="[151,420,330,356]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Economic importance.</emphasis>
Commercially important.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFB1FF9F98C8D76AFB8DFE49" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,429]" box="[151,1091,366,393]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB1FF9F98C8D76AFE75FE48" bold="true" box="[151,443,366,393]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Reasons of introduction.</emphasis>
Fisheries: enhancement of wild stocks and sports fishing.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16EB6579FFB1FF9F98C8D797FD0FFE6D" box="[151,705,402,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFB1FF9F98C8D797FD0FFE6D" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,429]" box="[151,705,402,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFB1FF9F98C8D797FEF1FE6C" bold="true" box="[151,319,402,428]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Conservation.</emphasis>
Not relevant (introduced species).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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