treatments-xml/data/D6/58/87/D65887E4FFA8FF8698C8D387FD86F855.xml
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<document id="C43D456CDBBC4693B695F09233AE7A32" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5357.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10012543" ID-ZooBank="7CDE221A-1E73-416D-A984-23E64D9451A6" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1697528271103" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Çiçek, Erdoğan, Jawad, Laith, Eagderi, Soheil, Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Mouludi-Saleh, Atta, Sungur, Sevil &amp; Fricke, Ronald" docDate="2023" docId="D65887E4FFA8FF8698C8D387FD86F855" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5357.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5357 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5357.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Carcharhinus leucas" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="2A61FF9CFFABFF85985FD605FFCEFFC0" masterDocTitle="Freshwater fishes of Iraq: a revised and updated annotated checklist- 2023" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1697639214288" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="AF2D617FB308797DDBCD220E8A6F2EDB">Freshwater fishes of Iraq: a revised and updated annotated checklist- 2023</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="7F41F221DF3E4879DF2B64ED5DADC979">Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Nevşehir Hacı BektaşVeli University, Nevşehir, Türkiye</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C3C1BA00A9F730CC85304A5EE27E528F">Fricke, Ronald</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C0D745FF2381889B2E3F5BEC3B5E1D0D">Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="16EB6579FFA8FF8698C8D387FCA2FA5D" box="[151,876,1410,1437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFA8FF8698C8D387FCA2FA5D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1410,1941]" box="[151,876,1410,1437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="0506819EFFA8FF8698C8D387FCA2FA5D" bold="true" box="[151,876,1410,1437]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF8698C8D387FCA2FA5D" bold="true" box="[151,876,1410,1437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="99F14D71FFA8FF8698C8D387FD55FA5C" ID-CoL="R3NW" authority="(Valenciennes, 1839)" baseAuthorityName="Valenciennes" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[151,667,1410,1437]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucas">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF8698C8D387FE5BFA5D" bold="true" box="[151,405,1410,1437]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Carcharhinus leucas</emphasis>
(Valenciennes, 1839)
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[N]—Bull shark
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<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFA8FF8698C8D3A2FB88F9C9" blockId="3.[151,1437,1410,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF8698C8D3A2FED4FA01" bold="true" box="[151,282,1447,1473]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="EE993CAFFFA8FF869940D3A2FB8CF9C9" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Iraq" location="western Atlantic" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
Original description:
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<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF869A54D3A2FD44FA01" box="[523,650,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF869AC7D3A2FCDEFA01" box="[664,784,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF869B41D3A2FCA8FA01" box="[798,870,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">leucas</emphasis>
Valenciennes, 1839: 42
</taxonomicName>
[Antilles,
<location id="5B2E6029FFA8FF869C80D3A2FA56FA01" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D65887E4FFA8FF8698C8D387FD86F855:5B2E6029FFA8FF869C80D3A2FA56FA01" box="[1247,1432,1447,1473]" country="Iraq" name="western Atlantic" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">western Atlantic</location>
;
<typeStatus id="814A8850FFA8FF8698BCD3CEFE87FA25" box="[227,329,1483,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">syntypes</typeStatus>
: (4)
<collectionCode id="38E0AE37FFA8FF869926D3CEFE01FA25" box="[377,463,1483,1509]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MNHN</collectionCode>
A-9650 (1, dry), A-9652 (1, dry), uncat. (2, lost)].—
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFA8FF869C4ED3CEFB8FFA25" box="[1041,1089,1483,1509]" name="Iraq" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Iraq</collectingCountry>
synonyms: None.—Revisions: Compagno (1984: 478).—Illustration: photo of teeth in
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFA8FF869B0BD3EAFB8CF9C9" author="Hussain, N. A. &amp; Rasen, A. K. &amp; Al, B. Y. &amp; Coad, B. W." box="[852,1090,1519,1545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="140 - 143" refId="ref38291" refString="Hussain, N. A., Rasen, A. K., Al, B. Y. &amp; Coad, B. W. (2012) Bull shark occurrence Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) at the inland waters of southern Iraq. Journal of Duhok University, 15 (1), 140 - 143." type="journal article" year="2012">
Hussain
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF869BEAD3EAFC28F9C9" box="[949,998,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="16EB6579FFA8FF8698C8D017FD10F991" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFA8FF8698C8D017FD10F991" blockId="3.[151,1437,1410,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF8698C8D017FE8AF9ED" bold="true" box="[151,324,1554,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Status in
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFA8FF869957D016FEF1F9ED" box="[264,319,1555,1581]" name="Iraq" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Iraq</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
First record from Iraq by
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFA8FF869A33D016FCD2F9ED" author="Gunther, A." box="[620,796,1555,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="36 - 38" refId="ref37798" refString="Gunther, A. (1874) A contribution to the fauna of the river Tigris. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 14 (79) (Art. 8), 36 - 38, pls. 8 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937408680918" type="journal article" year="1874">Günther (1874)</bibRefCitation>
; confirmed by
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFA8FF869B98D016FB4FF9ED" author="Kennedy, W. P." box="[967,1153,1555,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="745 - 749" refId="ref39769" refString="Kennedy, W. P. (1937) Some additions to the fauna of Iraq. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 39, 745 - 749." type="journal article" year="1937">Kennedy (1937)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFA8FF869CD3D016FA59F9ED" author="Al-Hassan, L. A. &amp; Hussain, N. A. &amp; Soud, K. D." box="[1164,1431,1555,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="283 - 288" refId="ref32216" refString="Al-Hassan, L. A. J, Hussain, N. A. &amp; Soud, K. D. (1989) A preliminary annotated checklist of the fishes of Shatt Al-Arab river, Basrah, IRAQ. Polish Archives of Hydrobiology, 36 (2), 283 - 288." type="journal article" year="1989">
Al-Hassan
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF869D55D016FAF5F9ED" box="[1290,1339,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
. (1989)
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3A604B03FFA8FF8698BCD032FE03F991" author="Hussain, N. A. &amp; Rasen, A. K. &amp; Al, B. Y. &amp; Coad, B. W." box="[227,461,1591,1617]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="140 - 143" refId="ref38291" refString="Hussain, N. A., Rasen, A. K., Al, B. Y. &amp; Coad, B. W. (2012) Bull shark occurrence Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) at the inland waters of southern Iraq. Journal of Duhok University, 15 (1), 140 - 143." type="journal article" year="2012">
Hussain
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF86991BD032FEBBF991" box="[324,373,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
.—Iraq materials: None.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16EB6579FFA8FF8698C8D05FFC2FF8C5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFA8FF8698C8D05FFC2FF8C5" blockId="3.[151,1437,1410,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF8698C8D05FFE02F9B4" bold="true" box="[151,460,1626,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
Distribution in
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFA8FF869AD1D05EFD71F9B5" box="[654,703,1627,1653]" name="Iraq" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Iraq</collectingCountry>
: Persian Gulf.—General distribution: Circumglobal in tropical seas (including the Caribbean Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of California/
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFA8FF869C43D07AFBBCF959" box="[1052,1138,1663,1689]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mexico</collectingCountry>
).—Habitat: The species is demersal and pelagic in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate waters, both inshore and offshore. The species is euryhaline; it commonly moves into estuarine and fresh waters, where females normally give birth and the young can remain for up to five years. Freshwater, brackish, marine.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="16EB6579FFA8FF8698C8D10BFD09F8E9" box="[151,711,1806,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFA8FF8698C8D10BFD09F8E9" blockId="3.[151,1437,1410,1941]" box="[151,711,1806,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF8698C8D10BFE6AF8E8" bold="true" box="[151,420,1806,1832]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Economic importance.</emphasis>
Commercially important.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16EB6579FFA8FF8698C8D137FD86F855" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="5E4E36F2FFA8FF8698C8D137FD86F855" blockId="3.[151,1437,1410,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="6C85EAE0FFA8FF8698C8D137FEF1F88C" bold="true" box="[151,319,1842,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Conservation.</emphasis>
Conservation status in
<collectingCountry id="26E67662FFA8FF869A0FD136FD4FF88D" box="[592,641,1843,1869]" name="Iraq" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Iraq</collectingCountry>
: Unknown.—IUCN: VU (IUCN 2023).—Threats: CLI, FIT, HAB.— Moderate sensitivity to human activities.—Keystone species.—Decline status: Decreasing.—Moderate priority for conservation action.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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