603 lines
80 KiB
XML
603 lines
80 KiB
XML
<document id="0017767D7A9D65CC28BAD0A0D0D5E2DC" ID-CLB-Dataset="21131" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1005712" ID-GBIF-Dataset="be1204f7-e9a6-43f5-9783-9760edf50a7a" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999782" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1598292128428" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Hernández-Ortiz, V. & Aguirre, A." docDate="2015" docId="03F887FCFFBEFF887D39FAFAFEA7FD92" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.49.31-32.1877-1889.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 49 (31)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F.6:JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F" docStyleName="JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis Hernandez-Ortiz and Aguirre 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="1888" masterDocId="FFC1FF84FFBDFF837C35FFEEFFEDFFED" masterDocTitle="A new species of the Neotropical genus Beebeomyia (Diptera: Richardiidae) with observations of its biology on Dieffenbachia oerstedii (Araceae)" masterLastPageNumber="1889" masterPageNumber="1877" pageNumber="1880" updateTime="1698845293034" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="45E96AB159192C6379E5C54D24392713">A new species of the Neotropical genus Beebeomyia (Diptera: Richardiidae) with observations of its biology on Dieffenbachia oerstedii (Araceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9E50176CE3B1330780A54BFEA5B807DF">Hernández-Ortiz, V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8FF8163A422301EDDCBB700B3B2A885">Aguirre, A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="075D1A3FA3A7B6F4FE2991E8BF499923">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3E15372514C34E233373E44690520B86">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F887FCFFBEFF887D39FAFAFEA7FD92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4328059" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167307985" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4328059" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887FCFFBEFF887D39FAFAFEA7FD92" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887FCFFBEFF887D39FAFAFEA7FD92" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1888" pageId="3" pageNumber="1880">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBEFF807D39FAFAFC80FAC1" ID-CoL="9HX8T" authority="Hernandez-Ortiz and Aguirre" authorityName="Hernandez-Ortiz and Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[268,877,1300,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="1880" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBEFF807D39FAFAFDFDFAC1" bold="true" box="[268,528,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1880">Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
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Hernández-Ortiz and Aguirre
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2165783FFBEFF807F4CFAFBFC39FAC1" box="[889,980,1301,1324]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1880" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(
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:
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y
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, hosp:
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(
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.
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:
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y C.
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<collectorName id="26A4533CFFBEFF807FF1F98DFC10F996" box="[964,1021,1635,1659]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1880">Díaz</collectorName>
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, hosp:
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(
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–
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;
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<collectingDate id="EFABE9C2FFB9FF877FDDF9ECFB85F9F7" box="[1000,1128,1538,1562]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" value="2012-11-22">22/XI/2012</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4533CFFB9FF87784DF9ECFEC6F9D7" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">A. Aguirre</collectorName>
|
||
y
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4533CFFB9FF877D79F9CCFE01F9D7" box="[332,492,1570,1594]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">D. Rodríguez</collectorName>
|
||
, hosp:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB9FF877E75F9CCFCADF9D7" authorityName="Schott" authorityYear="1858" box="[576,832,1570,1594]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Dieffenbachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="oerstedii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB9FF877E75F9CCFCADF9D7" box="[576,832,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">Dieffenbachia oerstedii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D57FD63FFB9FF877F61F9CCFC5EF9D7" box="[852,947,1570,1594]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF79E91FFB9FF877F88F9CCFB65F9D7" box="[957,1160,1570,1594]" collectionCode="IEXA" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">IEXA 213007606</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B393CB7FFB9FF877CE1F9ACFEB5F994" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848972301" collectingDate="2013-09-13" collectionCode="V" country="Mexico" elevation="150" location="Estacion de Biologia Tropical Los Tuxtlas" municipality="San Andres Tuxtla" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F808FFB9FF877CE1F9ACFED0F9B4" box="[212,317,1602,1625]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8AAC90FFB9FF877D7CF9ACFDCFF9B7" box="[329,546,1602,1626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">San Andrés Tuxtla</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E8E6031FFB9FF877E05F9ACFBF9F9B7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887FCFFBEFF887D39FAFAFEA7FD92:8E8E6031FFB9FF877E05F9ACFBF9F9B7" box="[560,1044,1602,1626]" country="Mexico" municipality="San Andres Tuxtla" name="Estacion de Biologia Tropical Los Tuxtlas" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" stateProvince="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave">Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas</location>
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFB9FF877829F9ACFB88F9B4" box="[1052,1125,1602,1626]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" unit="m" value="150.0">
|
||
<elevation id="007CD1D9FFB9FF877829F9ACFB88F9B4" box="[1052,1125,1602,1626]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFEF102AFFB9FF877847F9ACFEDFF994" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" value="2013-09-13">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFABE9C2FFB9FF877847F9ACFEDFF994" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" value="2013-09-13">13/ IX/2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED40AE2FFFB9FF877D74F98CFEB5F994" box="[321,344,1634,1657]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B393CB7FFB9FF877D52F98FFC5BF974" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848972305" collectionCode="CNIN, EBLT, USNM" collectorName="Hernandez, A & D. Rodriguez" country="Mexico" location="Aguirre" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" specimenCode="IEXA 213007780" specimenCount="104" specimenCount-female="55" specimenCount-male="49" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4533CFFB9FF877D52F98FFDE0F994" box="[359,525,1633,1657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">Hernández, A</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8E8E6031FFB9FF877E28F98FFD99F994" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887FCFFBEFF887D39FAFAFEA7FD92:8E8E6031FFB9FF877E28F98FFD99F994" box="[541,628,1633,1657]" country="Mexico" name="Aguirre" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">Aguirre</location>
|
||
y
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4533CFFB9FF877EADF98CFCD7F994" box="[664,826,1633,1657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">D. Rodríguez</collectorName>
|
||
, hosp:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB9FF877FA7F98CFB79F997" authorityName="Schott" authorityYear="1858" box="[914,1172,1634,1658]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Dieffenbachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="oerstedii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB9FF877FA7F98CFB79F997" box="[914,1172,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">Dieffenbachia oerstedii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D57FD63FFB9FF877CEEF96FFEAEF974" box="[219,323,1665,1689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" type="male">49 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D57FD63FFB9FF877D65F96FFE2AF974" box="[336,455,1665,1689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" type="female">55 females</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF79E91FFB9FF877DE5F96FFD74F974" box="[464,665,1665,1689]" collectionCode="IEXA" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">IEXA 213007780</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED40AE2FFFB9FF877E90F96FFD1CF974" box="[677,753,1665,1689]" country="Mexico" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/qbc0-xx4g" name="Coleccion Nacional de Insectos, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">CNIN</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED40AE2FFFB9FF877ECBF96CFCA5F974" box="[766,840,1666,1689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">EBLT</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED40AE2FFFB9FF877F60F96FFC43F974" box="[853,942,1665,1689]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6662FFB9FF877CE1FAC4FEA3FA58" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999784/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" startId="4.[212,279,1322,1344]" targetBox="[212,1169,168,1290]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB9FF877CE1FAC4FEA3FA58" blockId="4.[212,1172,1322,1461]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">
|
||
Figure 1. Adult morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB9FF877E1CFAC4FCF9FAD2" authority="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre, 2015" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[553,788,1322,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB9FF877E1CFAC4FCF9FAD2" box="[553,788,1322,1343]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881">Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2165783FFB9FF877F2AFAC5FCB1FAAD" box="[799,860,1323,1344]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1881" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
: (A) general habitus of male, lateral view; (B) detail of head; (C) thorax, dorsal view; (D) wing pattern and venation; (E–F) morphology of the female ovipositor and the aculeus tip; (G) male terminalia in lateral view showing outer and medial surstyli; (H–I) male phallus showing basal spines and detail of the distiphallus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6561FFB8FF867CA5FF47FC74FDEA" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB8FF867CA5FF47FF11FF2D" blockId="5.[144,1104,169,519]" box="[144,252,169,192]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">
|
||
<heading id="D0A68186FFB8FF867CA5FF47FF11FF2D" box="[144,252,169,192]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB8FF867CA5FF47FF11FF2D" box="[144,252,169,192]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB8FF867CA5FF3EFC74FDEA" blockId="5.[144,1104,169,519]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB8FF867CA5FF3EFE76FF05" authority="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre, 2015" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[144,411,208,232]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB8FF867CA5FF3EFE76FF05" box="[144,411,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2165783FFB8FF867D9FFF3FFDE6FF05" box="[426,523,209,232]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be distinguished from all other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB8FF867CA5FF1EFEFBFEE5" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[144,278,240,264]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB8FF867CA5FF1EFEFBFEE5" box="[144,278,240,264]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Beebeomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters: mesonotum entirely reddish, postpronotal lobe and notopleuron covered by whitish or grayish pollinosity; two dorsocentral setae, with anterior pair smaller; presutural supra-alar seta present; wing with small apical spot, costal and subcostal cells dark brown; foreleg yellow, including coxa to tarsomeres; mid and hind leg black with yellow; male with medial and lateral surstyli elongate of similar length in lateral view; phallus coiled with strong setae along basal third; distiphallus broad, with two comb-like opposite basal rows of long yellow setae; female aculeus length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFB8FF867E51FE21FCE5FE0A" box="[612,776,463,487]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" unit="mm" value="0.82" valueMax="0.84" valueMin="0.8">0.80–0.84 mm</quantity>
|
||
, nearly two times as long as wide; apex of aculeus triangular, nearly two times longer than wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6561FFB8FF857CA5FDA0FEA3FC73" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="1883" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB8FF867CA5FDA0FEE2FD88" blockId="5.[144,601,590,653]" box="[144,271,590,613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">
|
||
<heading id="D0A68186FFB8FF867CA5FDA0FEE2FD88" box="[144,271,590,613]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB8FF867CA5FDA0FEE2FD88" box="[144,271,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB8FF867CA5FD9BFDB4FD60" blockId="5.[144,601,590,653]" box="[144,601,629,653]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">
|
||
Body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFB8FF867D16FD9BFE2EFD61" box="[291,451,629,653]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.805" metricValueMax="6.25" metricValueMin="5.36" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" unit="mm" value="5.805" valueMax="6.25" valueMin="5.36">5.36–6.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFB8FF867DE1FD9BFDA4FD60" box="[468,585,629,653]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[212,279,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[212,1169,168,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[212,1172,168,1290]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Adult morphology of Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis n. sp.: (A) general habitus of male, lateral view; (B) detail of head; (C) thorax, dorsal view; (D) wing pattern and venation; (E–F) morphology of the female ovipositor and the aculeus tip; (G) male terminalia in lateral view showing outer and medial surstyli; (H–I) male phallus showing basal spines and detail of the distiphallus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB8FF867CA5FD55FD47FC3F" blockId="5.[144,1104,698,978]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB8FF867CA5FD55FF21FD3E" box="[144,204,699,723]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFB8FF867CE8FD54FEA2FD3F" box="[221,335,698,722]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[212,279,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[212,1169,168,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[212,1172,168,1290]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Adult morphology of Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis n. sp.: (A) general habitus of male, lateral view; (B) detail of head; (C) thorax, dorsal view; (D) wing pattern and venation; (E–F) morphology of the female ovipositor and the aculeus tip; (G) male terminalia in lateral view showing outer and medial surstyli; (H–I) male phallus showing basal spines and detail of the distiphallus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Height
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFB8FF867D88FD54FDB2FD3F" box="[445,607,698,723]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" metricValueMax="1.22" metricValueMin="1.06" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" unit="mm" value="1.14" valueMax="1.22" valueMin="1.06">1.06–1.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width in lateral view
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFB8FF867F6BFD54FBECFD3F" box="[862,1025,698,723]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" metricValueMax="10.4" metricValueMin="8.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" unit="mm" value="0.96" valueMax="1.04" valueMin="0.88">0.88–1.04 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Frons shining reddish posterodorsally between vertex and ocellar triangle, matt anteroventrally from lunule almost to base of orbital seta. Face reddish yellow; first flagellomere reddish dorsally, somewhat darkened along apical half, reaching margin of clypeus; arista pubescent; occiput along posterior margin of eye with thin line of whitish pollinosity; gena narrow. A pair of long orbital seta located almost in line with ocellar setae; postocellar seta very small, inner and outer vertical setae present and similar sized; ventral margin of occiput, close to insertion of the head and thorax, with row of small black setae forming a fringe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB8FF867CA5FBEEFDC7FB7A" blockId="5.[144,1104,1023,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB8FF867CA5FBEEFF0FFBF5" box="[144,226,1024,1048]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFB8FF867CC7FC11FE88FBFA" box="[242,357,1023,1047]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[212,279,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[212,1169,168,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[212,1172,168,1290]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Adult morphology of Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis n. sp.: (A) general habitus of male, lateral view; (B) detail of head; (C) thorax, dorsal view; (D) wing pattern and venation; (E–F) morphology of the female ovipositor and the aculeus tip; (G) male terminalia in lateral view showing outer and medial surstyli; (H–I) male phallus showing basal spines and detail of the distiphallus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Figure 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesonotum length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFB8FF867E6EFC11FD10FBFA" box="[603,765,1023,1047]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.91" metricValueMax="2.04" metricValueMin="1.78" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" unit="mm" value="1.91" valueMax="2.04" valueMin="1.78">1.78–2.04 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Postpronotal lobe and mesonotum reddish, entirely covered by black setulae; whitish or grayish pollinosity covering postpronotal lobe and notopleuron; scutellum bare, subtriangular, yellow reddish, slightly paler than scutum; subscutellum reddish with small medial dark spot, mediotergite black; halteres whitish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB8FF867C8FFB71FEAEFA9B" blockId="5.[144,1104,1023,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Macrosetae black as follows: 1 postprontal, 2 notopleural, 2 dorsocentral, with anterior pair smaller about one half length of posterior pair; 1 presutural supra-alar, 1 postsutural supra-alar, 1 intra-alar, 1 postalar, 2 scutellar, 1 anepisternal, acrostichal seta absent. Propleuron with one weak yellow seta; mesopleuron shining black, including anepisternum, anepimeron, katepisternum, with only yellow colouration surrounding anterior spiracle; pleuron surface mostly bare, with sparse and thin whitish pilosity.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB8FF867C8FFA90FC31F9D8" blockId="5.[144,1104,1023,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Foreleg entirely yellow including coxa, anteroventral margin of distal part of femur without short spines, or with 1–2 subapical spines, posteroventral margin with row of 6–8 long black setae. Mid leg with femur mostly black, yellow apically, with 4–5 short ventral spines in two rows, tibia black, and tarsus yellow. Hind femur black except base and apex yellow, anteroventral margin with 2–3 spines slightly reduced, and posteroventral margin with 4–5 spines; tibia black, and tarsus yellow.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB8FF857CA5F98AFE01FECD" blockId="5.[144,1104,1635,1691]" lastBlockId="6.[212,1172,168,288]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="1883" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB8FF867CA5F98AFF21F996" box="[144,204,1636,1659]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Wing</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFB8FF867CD4F98DFEB6F996" box="[225,347,1635,1659]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[212,279,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[212,1169,168,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[212,1172,168,1290]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Adult morphology of Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis n. sp.: (A) general habitus of male, lateral view; (B) detail of head; (C) thorax, dorsal view; (D) wing pattern and venation; (E–F) morphology of the female ovipositor and the aculeus tip; (G) male terminalia in lateral view showing outer and medial surstyli; (H–I) male phallus showing basal spines and detail of the distiphallus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882">Figure 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Wing is
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFB8FF867DE8F98DFD6CF996" box="[477,641,1635,1659]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4399999999999995" metricValueMax="4.64" metricValueMin="4.24" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" unit="mm" value="4.4399999999999995" valueMax="4.64" valueMin="4.24">4.24–4.64 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFB8FF867F3DF98DFC41F996" box="[776,940,1635,1659]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.58" metricValueMax="1.68" metricValueMin="1.48" pageId="5" pageNumber="1882" unit="mm" value="1.58" valueMax="1.68" valueMin="1.48">1.48–1.68 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Mostly hyaline except costal and subcostal cells entirely brown, a narrow apical dark spot, extended from apex of vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17D534AFFFBBFF857E1DFF5DFDA4FF2E" attach="left" box="[552,585,179,195]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">2+3</subScript>
|
||
to apex of vein M; wing membrane evenly covered with microtrichia, except cell bcu completely bare, and cell bm basally bare on 3/4 of its length; base of vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17D534AFFFBBFF857DC2FF1CFDF4FEEF" attach="left" box="[503,537,242,258]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">4+5</subScript>
|
||
with 2–3 small black setae; crossvein r-m located near mid-length of discal cell.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBBFF857CE1FEA6FEC5FE52" blockId="6.[212,1172,328,447]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857CE1FEA6FEA9FE8D" box="[212,324,328,352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
Shining black, with all tergites uniformly covered with black setulae, in addition to some noticeable transverse striations on tergites 3–5; syntergite 1 + 2 with 2 long black setae located on medial side, with a mid-transverse strip devoid of setulae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBBFF857CE1FE09FE08FDB2" blockId="6.[212,1172,487,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857CE1FE09FE61FE12" box="[212,396,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFBBFF857DABFE09FDD7FE12" box="[414,570,487,511]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[212,279,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[212,1169,168,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[212,1172,168,1290]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Adult morphology of Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis n. sp.: (A) general habitus of male, lateral view; (B) detail of head; (C) thorax, dorsal view; (D) wing pattern and venation; (E–F) morphology of the female ovipositor and the aculeus tip; (G) male terminalia in lateral view showing outer and medial surstyli; (H–I) male phallus showing basal spines and detail of the distiphallus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999784/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Figures 1E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oviscape
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFBBFF857EF4FE09FC8FFE12" box="[705,866,487,511]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" metricValueMax="9.2" metricValueMin="8.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" unit="mm" value="0.89" valueMax="0.92" valueMin="0.86">0.86–0.92 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; aculeus length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFBBFF857862FE09FED1FDF2" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" unit="mm" value="0.82" valueMax="0.84" valueMin="0.8">0.80– 0.84 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and width
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFBBFF857DFCFDE9FD86FDF2" box="[457,619,519,543]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" unit="mm" value="0.425" valueMax="0.45" valueMin="0.4">0.40–0.45 mm</quantity>
|
||
on wider section, nearly two times longer than wide; apex triangular (
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B0FFFBBFF857DE1FDC9FD98FDD2" box="[468,629,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.7999999999999998" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" unit="mm" value="0.19" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.18">0.18–0.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
long), nearly as long as wide, yellow somewhat sclerotised, tip rounded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBBFF857CE1FD69FEA3FC73" blockId="6.[212,1172,647,926]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857CE1FD69FE99FD72" box="[212,372,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFBBFF857DB1FD69FDF4FD73" box="[388,537,647,671]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[212,279,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[212,1169,168,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[212,1172,168,1290]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Adult morphology of Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis n. sp.: (A) general habitus of male, lateral view; (B) detail of head; (C) thorax, dorsal view; (D) wing pattern and venation; (E–F) morphology of the female ovipositor and the aculeus tip; (G) male terminalia in lateral view showing outer and medial surstyli; (H–I) male phallus showing basal spines and detail of the distiphallus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999784/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Figures 1G–I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Epandrium brown reddish; proctiger yellow; inner and outer surstyli approximately of same length in lateral view, inner surstylus with ventral triangular protuberance located just before mid-length, with short apical prensiseta; outer surstylus with mid-dorsal tooth-like projection, spoon-shaped apically; phallus long tangled, provided with numerous strong setae on basal third, the rest bare; distiphallus (or glans) broad, membranous, with two opposite basal comblike rows of long yellow setae; apical extreme membranous and translucent with two projections, an acute thorn weakly sclerotised, and other non-sclerotised bulbous projection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6561FFBBFF887CE1FC30FEA7FD92" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1888" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBBFF857CE1FC30FEA0FC1B" blockId="6.[212,1172,990,1117]" box="[212,333,990,1014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">
|
||
<heading id="D0A68186FFBBFF857CE1FC30FEA0FC1B" box="[212,333,990,1014]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857CE1FC30FEA0FC1B" box="[212,333,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBBFF857CE1FBEBFE40FBB0" blockId="6.[212,1172,990,1117]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">
|
||
The specific epithet comes from the Mexican native word ‘Los Tuxtlas’, in addition to the Latin suffix
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857DADFBC8FE21FBD0" box="[408,460,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">ensis</emphasis>
|
||
= coming from, in reference to the region of origin of the material examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBBFF857CE1FB73FDFFFB58" blockId="6.[212,1172,1181,1691]" box="[212,530,1181,1205]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">
|
||
<heading id="D0A68186FFBBFF857CE1FB73FDFFFB58" box="[212,530,1181,1205]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857CE1FB73FDFFFB58" box="[212,530,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Infestation rates and biology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBBFF857CE1FB2BFD13FA51" blockId="6.[212,1172,1181,1691]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">
|
||
Along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBBFF857D6AFB2BFD8EFB30" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[351,611,1221,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857D6AFB2BFD8EFB30" box="[351,611,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we also found another fly species of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBBFF857CE1FB0BFE9AFB10" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[212,375,1253,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as yet unidentified, whose larvae were feeding simultaneously within the inflorescences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBBFF857D8BFAE8FDD3FAF0" authorityName="Schott" authorityYear="1858" box="[446,574,1285,1309]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Dieffenbachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="oerstedii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857D8BFAE8FDD3FAF0" box="[446,574,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">D. oerstedii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We assessed the infestation levels by the two species along sexual sections of the inflorescences. As a global infestation produced by larvae and pupae on 36 inflorescences, we found 1901 individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBBFF857F97FAABFBD4FAB0" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[930,1081,1349,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857F97FAABFBD4FAB0" box="[930,1081,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">B. tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distributed on 20.5% and 79.5% of the male and female sections, respectively; while the drosophilid species accounted for 370 individuals distributed on 55.7% and 44.3% along the male and female sections, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBBFF847CCBFA2AFE93FAB7" blockId="6.[212,1172,1181,1691]" lastBlockId="7.[144,1104,1219,1689]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1884" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">
|
||
Infestation levels of the male section (upper) compared between the two fly species were not statistically different (Wilcoxon test, Z = 1.21, N = 36 inflorescences,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857CE1F9EBFF0BF9F1" box="[212,230,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.225);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBBFF857D52F9EBFDECF9F1" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[359,513,1540,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857D52F9EBFDECF9F1" box="[359,513,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">B. tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presented 10.83 ± 2.81 (individuals mean ± SE), while drosophilid species were 5.72 ± 1.4 (individuals mean ± SE) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFBBFF857FB5F9CDFC19F9D6" box="[896,1012,1571,1595]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[144,211,1110,1132]" captionTargetBox="[144,1099,168,1078]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[144,1104,168,1078]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Assessment of the infestation levels produced by B. tuxtlaensis and a drosophilid species on (A) the male and (B) the female sections of the inflorescence of D. oerstedii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999786/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Figure 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, in the female section (bottom), higher infestations by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBBFF857F6CF9AAFC14F9B1" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[857,1017,1604,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857F6CF9AAFC14F9B1" box="[857,1017,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">B. tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found (41.97 ± 1.4, mean ± SE) with respect to the drosophilid species (4.55 ± 1.0, mean ± SE) (Wilcoxon test, Z = 4.53, N = 36 inflorescences,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBBFF857F4DF96AFC67F976" box="[888,906,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.000) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFBBFF85783BF96DFB6EF976" box="[1038,1155,1667,1691]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[144,211,1110,1132]" captionTargetBox="[144,1099,168,1078]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[144,1104,168,1078]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Assessment of the infestation levels produced by B. tuxtlaensis and a drosophilid species on (A) the male and (B) the female sections of the inflorescence of D. oerstedii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999786/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1883">Figure 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Results of the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBAFF847DD4FB2AFD9AFB36" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[481,631,1219,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBAFF847DD4FB2AFD9AFB36" box="[481,631,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884">B. tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among the inflorescences showed greater infestation levels in the female section (Wilcoxon test, Z = 3.81, N = 36 inflorescences,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBAFF847CD2FAEAFF14FAF6" box="[231,249,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.000), while the drosophilid species did not show significant differences of infestation levels between sexual sections (Wilcoxon test, Z = 0.84, N = 36 inflorescences,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBAFF847CC9FAAAFEE3FAB6" box="[252,270,1348,1371]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.396).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6662FFBAFF847CA5FBB8FBE7FB65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999786" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999786/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884" startId="7.[144,211,1110,1132]" targetBox="[144,1099,168,1078]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBAFF847CA5FBB8FBE7FB65" blockId="7.[144,1104,1110,1161]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884">
|
||
Figure 2. Assessment of the infestation levels produced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBAFF847F37FBB9FC61FB86" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[770,908,1110,1132]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBAFF847F37FBB9FC61FB86" box="[770,908,1110,1132]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884">B. tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a drosophilid species on (A) the male and (B) the female sections of the inflorescence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBAFF847FBBFB9AFBEBFB65" authorityName="Schott" authorityYear="1858" box="[910,1030,1139,1161]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Dieffenbachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="oerstedii">D. oerstedii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBAFF847C8FFA8DFEF6F9F7" blockId="7.[144,1104,1219,1689]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBAFF847CE9FA8DFE0CFA96" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[220,481,1379,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBAFF847CE9FA8DFE0CFA96" box="[220,481,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884">Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the average time of development for the larval stage was 27.7 days, whereas for pupal stage it was 14.3 days; therefore, the expended time from the collection of larvae to adult emergence was of 42 ± 1.02 days (mean ± SE, N = 42 individuals); however, for the drosophilid species, the expended time from the collection of larvae to adult emergence was of 16.47 ± 0.86 days (mean ± SE, N = 40 individuals).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFBAFF8B7C8FF9CDFDBFF974" blockId="7.[144,1104,1219,1689]" lastBlockId="8.[212,1171,1602,1689]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1885" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884">
|
||
In addition, two hymenopteran parasitoid species were associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBAFF847FCAF9CDFF0CF9B7" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFBAFF847FCAF9CDFF0CF9B7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884">B. tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one species of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBAFF847E3AF9ACFD7EF9B7" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[527,659,1602,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, represented by a gregarious parasitoid recovered from
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D57FD63FFBAFF847D64F98FFE2CF994" box="[337,449,1633,1657]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884" type="pupa">13 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
; and three pteromalid specimens (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFBAFF847F53F98FFC11F994" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[870,1020,1633,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1884" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 1) recovered from the same number of pupae. The drosophilid species was also parasitised by three hymenopteran species; a solitary parasitoid of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB5FF8B7CE1F98CFED4F997" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[212,313,1634,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Figitidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovered from
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D57FD63FFB5FF8B7DCCF98CFD89F994" box="[505,612,1634,1658]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885" type="pupa">25 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
, nine parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB5FF8B7F64F98CFC0BF997" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[849,998,1634,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 2 and four parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB5FF8B7D42F96FFDE1F974" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[375,524,1665,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6662FFB5FF8B7CE1FA44FD5FF9FA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999788" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885" startId="8.[212,279,1450,1472]" targetBox="[215,1169,168,1417]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB5FF8B7CE1FA44FD5FF9FA" blockId="8.[212,1172,1450,1559]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885">
|
||
Figure 3. (A) general aspect of the host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB5FF8B7EFCFA45FCD2FA52" authorityName="Schott" authorityYear="1858" box="[713,831,1450,1472]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Dieffenbachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="oerstedii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB5FF8B7EFCFA45FCD2FA52" box="[713,831,1450,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885">D. oerstedii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showing flower buds open and closed; (B) distribution of the male (top) and female (bottom) flowers in the inflorescence; (C) flower bud with eggs located at the edge of the bract; (D–E) females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB5FF8B7F9EFA0BFB7EFA17" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[939,1171,1509,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB5FF8B7F9EFA0BFB7EFA17" box="[939,1171,1509,1530]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1885">Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ovipositing on the bud. Arrows show the eggs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB4FF8A7C8FFF46FD85FE52" blockId="9.[144,1104,168,639]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">
|
||
The biology of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7DA3FF46FDCAFF2D" authorityName=", Steyskal" authorityYear="1968" box="[406,551,168,192]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Richardiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is poorly known. The majority of known larvae are saprophagous, found in decaying vegetable matter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB4FF8A7F25FF26FC5BFF0D" author="Hancock EG" box="[784,950,200,224]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" pagination="871 - 879" refId="ref5275" refString="Hancock EG. 2010. Richardiidae (Richardiid flies). In: Brown BV, editor. Manual of central American Diptera. Vol. 2. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada; p. 871 - 879." type="book chapter" year="2010">Hancock 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only a few species have been recorded as having phytophagous larvae, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7F92FF06FE7BFECD" authority="(Schiner)" baseAuthorityName="Schiner" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Sepsisoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrocephalum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7F92FF06FEC8FECD" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Sepsisoma erythrocephalum</emphasis>
|
||
(Schiner)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which damages the stems of grasses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB4FF8A7F55FEE6FBE4FECD" author="Deeming JC" box="[864,1033,264,288]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" pagination="402 - 407" refId="ref4996" refString="Deeming JC. 1985. A description of the adult and immature stages of Ectecephala capillata (Coquillett) (Diptera: Chloropidae). Proc Entom Soc Wash. 87: 402 - 407." type="journal article" year="1985">Deeming 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7CA5FEC6FE2BFEAD" authority="Hendel" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1911" box="[144,454,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Melanoloma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viatrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7CA5FEC6FE81FEAD" box="[144,364,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Melanoloma viatrix</emphasis>
|
||
Hendel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7E37FEC7FD7EFEAD" box="[514,659,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Melanoloma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canospila">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7E37FEC7FD7EFEAD" box="[514,659,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">M. canospila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with larvae associated with damage of pineapple fruits in South America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB4FF8A7E03FEA6FC69FE8D" author="Penaranda EA & Ospina MAO" box="[566,900,328,352]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref5469" refString="Penaranda EA, Ospina MAO. 1995. Consideraciones generales sobre Melanoloma viatrix Hendel, una nueva plaga de la pina. Rev Colombiana Entom. 21: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1995">Peñaranda and Ospina 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB4FF8A7FADFEA6FBADFE8D" author="Hancock EG" box="[920,1088,328,352]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" pagination="871 - 879" refId="ref5275" refString="Hancock EG. 2010. Richardiidae (Richardiid flies). In: Brown BV, editor. Manual of central American Diptera. Vol. 2. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada; p. 871 - 879." type="book chapter" year="2010">Hancock 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larvae of an unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7E1CFE86FD59FE6D" box="[553,692,360,384]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Melanoloma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7E1CFE86FD59FE6D" box="[553,692,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Melanoloma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also observed in inflorescences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7C98FE66FD75FE72" authority="Engl. & K. Krause" authorityName="Engl. & K. Krause" box="[173,664,391,416]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Taccarum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ulei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7C98FE66FEA7FE4D" box="[173,330,392,416]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Taccarum ulei</emphasis>
|
||
Engl. & K. Krause (Araceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346767AFFB4FF8A7E8EFE69FCECFE72" box="[699,769,391,415]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, feeding on the connectives of male florets and fruits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB4FF8A7DA9FE49FDB5FE52" author="Maia ACD & Gibernau M & Torres Carvalho A & Goncalves E & Schlindwein C" box="[412,600,423,447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" pagination="22 - 34" refId="ref5390" refString="Maia ACD, Gibernau M, Torres Carvalho A, Goncalves E, Schlindwein C. 2013. The cowl does not make the monk: scarab beetle pollination of the Neotropical aroid Taccarum ulei (Araceae: Spathicarpeae). Biol Jour Linn Soc. 108: 22 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Maia et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB4FF897C8FFE29FE7DFE92" blockId="9.[144,1104,168,639]" lastBlockId="10.[212,1172,168,447]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1887" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB4FF8A7C8FFE29FE3BFE32" author="Seifert RP & Seifert FH" box="[186,470,455,479]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" pagination="233 - 242" refId="ref5501" refString="Seifert RP, Seifert FH. 1976. Natural history of insects living in inflorescences of two species of Heliconia. Jour New York Entom Soc. 84: 233 - 242." type="journal article" year="1976">Seifert and Seifert (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7ECCFE29FC93FE32" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[761,894,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7ECCFE29FC93FE32" box="[761,894,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Beebeomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7CFCFE09FDB3FE12" authority="(Kuntze) Baker" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Kuntze" box="[201,606,487,511]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="imbricata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7CFCFE09FE48FE12" box="[201,421,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Heliconia imbricata</emphasis>
|
||
(Kuntze) Baker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7EA8FE06FBDEFE12" authority="Peterson" authorityName="Peterson" box="[669,1075,487,511]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="wagneriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7EA8FE06FCACFE12" box="[669,833,488,511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">H. wagneriana</emphasis>
|
||
Peterson (Musaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346767AFFB4FF8A7CA5FDE9FEFCFDF2" box="[144,273,519,543]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Some observations showed that flower parts, particularly the petals, and nectar seem to be the main food source; oviposition occurs on the rachis or inside the bract near the juncture of the rachis and bract. Larvae occasionally were found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7806FDA6FEBDFD92" authority="Benth." authorityName="Benth." class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="latispatha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7806FDA6FF11FD92" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">H. latispatha</emphasis>
|
||
Benth.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and adults were observed copulating, as well as near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7FF5FD86FBBDFD92" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Kuntze" box="[960,1104,615,639]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="imbricata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7FF5FD86FBBDFD92" box="[960,1104,615,639]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">H. imbricata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897D3EFF47FE51FF2D" box="[267,444,169,192]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897D3EFF47FE5AFF2D" box="[267,439,169,192]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="wagneriana">H. wagneriana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Other records include an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897FA5FF46FBFBFF2D" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[912,1046,168,192]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897FA5FF46FBFBFF2D" box="[912,1046,168,192]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">Beebeomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species as saprophagous, most living between buds and bracts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897F67FF27FB63FF0D" authority="(Naeem 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Naeem" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[850,1166,200,224]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="imbricata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897F67FF27FC0FFF0D" box="[850,994,200,224]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">H. imbricata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB7FF897FC6FF26FB69FF0D" author="Naeem S" box="[1011,1156,200,224]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" pagination="29 - 38" refId="ref5442" refString="Naeem S. 1990. Resource heterogeneity and community structure: a case study in Heliconia imbricata phytotelmata. Oecologia. 84: 29 - 38." type="journal article" year="1990">Naeem 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897D55FF07FE53FEED" box="[352,446,232,256]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="bihai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897D55FF07FE53FEED" box="[352,446,232,256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">H. bihai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346767AFFB7FF897DDCFF06FDB1FEED" box="[489,604,232,256]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB7FF897E5BFF06FC67FEED" author="Frank JH & Barrera R" box="[622,906,232,256]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref5151" refString="Frank JH, Barrera R. 2010. Natural history of Belonuchus Nordmann spp. and allies (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Heliconia L. (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) flower bracts. Insecta Mundi. 0110: 1 - 12." type="book chapter" year="2010">Frank and Barrera 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Richardiid flies have been recorded as visitors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897E3FFEE6FB63FECD" authority="(Garcia-Robledo et al. 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Robledo" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[522,1166,264,288]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Dieffenbachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="nitidipetiolata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897E3FFEE6FCA9FECD" box="[522,836,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">Dieffenbachia nitidipetiolata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB7FF897F67FEE6FB69FECD" author="Garcia-Robledo C & Quintero-Marin P & Mora-Kepfer F" box="[850,1156,264,288]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" pagination="650 - 656" refId="ref5239" refString="Garcia-Robledo C, Quintero-Marin P, Mora-Kepfer F. 2005. Geographic variation and succession of arthropod communities in inflorescences and infructescences of Xanthosoma (Araceae). Biotropica. 37: 650 - 656." type="journal article" year="2005">Garcia-Robledo et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and several undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897DDFFEC6FD9DFEAD" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[490,624,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897DDFFEC6FD9DFEAD" box="[490,624,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">Beebeomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346767AFFB7FF897F38FEC6FC61FEAD" box="[781,908,296,320]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
have been reared from flowers and bracts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897DC7FEA6FD05FE8D" box="[498,744,328,352]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Anthurium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897DC7FEA6FD84FE8D" box="[498,617,328,352]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">Anthurium</emphasis>
|
||
(Araceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897F02FEA6FBD8FE8D" box="[823,1077,328,352]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897F02FEA6FC4FFE8D" box="[823,930,328,352]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">Heliconia</emphasis>
|
||
(Musaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1BFFB7FF897CEEFE89FE6DFE92" author="Hancock EG" box="[219,384,359,383]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" pagination="871 - 879" refId="ref5275" refString="Hancock EG. 2010. Richardiidae (Richardiid flies). In: Brown BV, editor. Manual of central American Diptera. Vol. 2. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada; p. 871 - 879." type="book chapter" year="2010">Hancock 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6662FFB4FF8A7CA5F9A6FBF0F975" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999790" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999790/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" startId="9.[144,211,1608,1630]" targetBox="[147,1103,724,1574]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB4FF8A7CA5F9A6FBF0F975" blockId="9.[144,1104,1608,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">
|
||
Figure 4. Detail of male section of the inflorescence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7EFCF9A7FCD0F9B0" authorityName="Schott" authorityYear="1858" box="[713,829,1608,1630]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Dieffenbachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="oerstedii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7EFCF9A7FCD0F9B0" box="[713,829,1608,1630]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">D. oerstedii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (A) flower bud open with eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7CD5F98BFEB5F997" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[224,344,1637,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7CD5F98BFEB5F997" box="[224,344,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Beebeomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exposed on the edge of the bract; (B–C) larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB4FF8A7F50F98BFC30F997" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[869,989,1637,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB4FF8A7F50F98BFC30F997" box="[869,989,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1886">Beebeomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on the male flowers and damage along the raquis. Arrows show eggs (A) and larvae (B, C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB7FF887CCBFE69FC11FEAD" blockId="10.[212,1172,168,447]" lastBlockId="11.[144,1104,168,639]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1888" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">
|
||
The oviposition behaviour of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897E61FE66FCB5FE4D" authorityName="Hernández-Ortiz & Aguirre" authorityYear="2015" box="[596,856,392,416]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuxtlaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897E61FE66FCB5FE4D" box="[596,856,392,416]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recorded in its natural environment. Adult females were observed on developing inflorescences, when they were still closed; conversely, we did not observe any adult male either on inflorescences or elsewhere on the host plant, indicating that mating may occur on other plants. After a female lands on the inflorescence, it moves from top to bottom for inspection, and then begins to deposit individual eggs. This is done repeatedly, with dozens of eggs hatching throughout the inner edge of bracts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFB6FF887F7BFEC6FC01FED2" box="[846,1004,296,320]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1450,1472]" captionTargetBox="[215,1169,168,1417]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[212,1172,168,1418]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. (A) general aspect of the host plant, D. oerstedii, showing flower buds open and closed; (B) distribution of the male (top) and female (bottom) flowers in the inflorescence; (C) flower bud with eggs located at the edge of the bract; (D–E) females of Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis ovipositing on the bud. Arrows show the eggs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999788/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1888">Figures 3A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6662FFB7FF897CE1F9C4FDF6F975" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999792" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999792/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" startId="10.[212,279,1578,1600]" targetBox="[216,1172,529,1542]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB7FF897CE1F9C4FDF6F975" blockId="10.[212,1173,1578,1688]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">
|
||
Figure 5. Detail of female section of the inflorescence of
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897F21F9C5FC63F9AD" box="[788,910,1579,1600]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897F21F9C5FC67F9AD" authorityName="Schott" authorityYear="1858" box="[788,906,1579,1600]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Dieffenbachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="oerstedii">D. oerstedii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) cross section showing the female flowers; (B–C) damage produced by larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB7FF897F23F9A6FC63F9B0" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[790,910,1608,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB7FF897F23F9A6FC63F9B0" box="[790,910,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1887">Beebeomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inside the female flowers; (D) some ovaries damaged by the larvae, and pupae arranged in groups inside the bract. Arrows show larvae and pupae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EAFFB6FF887C8FFEA6FEA7FD92" blockId="11.[144,1104,168,639]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1888">
|
||
Upon completion of the oviposition process, the female moves once again up and down the inflorescence, exposing her aculeus and dragging it along the entire length of the structure, which most likely indicates that a deterrent pheromone is left to prevent further oviposition by other conspecific females. The eggs were incubated at the inner edge of closed bracts and usually remained in the open bracts with numerous eggs along the border. The larvae and pupae were both found in the upper section of the male inflorescence, feeding on the rachis, causing its decay (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFB6FF887F96FDE9FBE2FDF2" box="[931,1039,519,543]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1608,1630]" captionTargetBox="[147,1103,724,1574]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[144,1104,720,1577]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Detail of male section of the inflorescence of D. oerstedii. (A) flower bud open with eggs of Beebeomyia exposed on the edge of the bract; (B–C) larvae of Beebeomyia feeding on the male flowers and damage along the raquis. Arrows show eggs (A) and larvae (B, C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999790/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1888">Figures 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C). Furthermore, larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D69FFB6FF887D92FDC9FDC0FDD2" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[423,557,551,575]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" genus="Beebeomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1888" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAF8FFB6FF887D92FDC9FDC0FDD2" box="[423,557,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1888">Beebeomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also found feeding at the bottom in the female section, and pupae were found arranged in small groups housed into the bract (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A6FFFB6FF887CADFD89FED7FD93" box="[152,314,615,639]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[212,279,1578,1600]" captionTargetBox="[216,1172,529,1542]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[212,1172,525,1547]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Detail of female section of the inflorescence of D. oerstedii. (A) cross section showing the female flowers; (B–C) damage produced by larvae of Beebeomyia inside the female flowers; (D) some ovaries damaged by the larvae, and pupae arranged in groups inside the bract. Arrows show larvae and pupae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999792/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1888">Figures 5A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |