treatments-xml/data/03/91/87/039187E1FF9FFFF1CADDFF5FFDC54732.xml

<document id="BE5A44C55859E0AC8E257B4014609ED0" ID-CLB-Dataset="4340" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3866.3.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e33543a3-9336-4e50-9bb1-40503ec8f724" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930473" ID-ZooBank="948CB744-768B-48AA-BF18-CB01D45A696E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623444231137" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Batista, Abel, Jaramillo, César A., Ponce, Marcos &amp; Crawford, Andrew J." docDate="2014" docId="039187E1FF9FFFF1CADDFF5FFDC54732" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03866p352.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3866 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Andinobates geminisae Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="344" masterDocId="FFA8FF99FF99FFFDCA4AFF82FFC84568" masterDocTitle="A new species of Andinobates (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) from west central Panama" masterLastPageNumber="352" masterPageNumber="333" pageNumber="339" updateTime="1699013258685" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="563BD94FCECFCA1045A18711DE6CD6BE">A new species of Andinobates (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) from west central Panama</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="063E4A3157BFDCB528CC177FD99A4652">Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt a. M., Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="124C0EBAB19C0F686500B185EF33F519">Jaramillo, César A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E58A4D0AAB1A794E5450CD2A208CDB0C">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843 - 03092, Panamá, Republic of Panama &amp; Círculo Herpetológico de Panamá, Apartado 0824 - 00122, Panamá, Republic of Panama &amp; Departamento de Histología y Neuroanatomía Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="68700A7082C8010A0CFF07F612A7D392">Ponce, Marcos</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF9FFFFBCADDFEC5FD1444A5" blockId="6.[151,1437,327,856]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">
<materialsCitation id="3B503CAAFF9FFFFBCADDFEC5FD1444A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3342332303" collectingDate="2011-02-21" collectionCode="AM" collectorName="Samuel Valdes &amp; De La Cruz, C." country="Panama" county="Circulo Herpetologico" elevation="89" latitude="8.8536" location="Norte" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-80.8214" municipality="Rio Cano" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" specimenCode="MVUP 2428" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cocle" typeStatus="holotype">
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.
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<specimenCode id="DB9E9E8CFF9FFFFBCB5BFECAFE694408" box="[273,417,327,352]" collectionCode="MVUP" country="Panama" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9kik-etef" name="Museo de Vertebrados de la Universidad de Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">MVUP 2428</specimenCode>
(CH 9386: original field number of 
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de 
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), an adult male (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9FFFFBCF25FEC5FF2A44ED" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-340@6.[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. A–B) Holotype in life (MVUP 2428); C) Individual of unknown sex photographed in the field carrying a tadpole (8.8567° N, 80.7752° W; 136 m elev.); D) Specimen from Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8825° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m elev.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930479/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Fig. 2 A–B</figureCitation>
) collected in the headwaters of the 
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, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF9FFFFBC8A8FEEEFCEB44ED" box="[738,803,364,389]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Coclé</collectingRegion>
del 
<location id="8EE7602CFF9FFFFBC918FEEEFC5D44EB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187E1FF9FFFF1CADDFF5FFDC54732:8EE7602CFF9FFFFBC918FEEEFC5D44EB" box="[850,917,364,387]" country="Panama" county="Circulo Herpetologico" latitude="8.8536" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-80.8214" municipality="Rio Cano" name="Norte" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" stateProvince="Cocle">Norte</location>
, 
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Distrito 
<collectorName id="26CD5321FF9FFFFBC9B1FEEEFBBE44EB" box="[1019,1142,364,389]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">de Donoso</collectorName>
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, 
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, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF9FFFFBCF76FEEEFA5044EB" box="[1340,1432,364,387]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Panama</collectingCountry>
, on 
<date id="FF861037FF9FFFFBCAF6FE0DFE4544C0" box="[188,397,399,424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2011-02-21">
<collectingDate id="EFC2E9DFFF9FFFFBCAF6FE0DFE4544C0" box="[188,397,399,424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2011-02-21">February 21, 2011</collectingDate>
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at 09:36 
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at GPS coordinates 
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, 
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and 
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<elevation id="0015D1C4FF9FFFFBCE2AFE0DFB5344CF" box="[1120,1179,399,424]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="89.0">89 m</elevation>
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elev. (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9FFFFBCEA3FE0DFAE344C0" box="[1257,1323,399,424]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1778,1800]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,961,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-482@2.[190,1396,951,1754]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distributional map of Andinobates geminisae and A. minutus at the Río Belén basin, Colón Province, Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930475/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) 
<collectorName id="26CD5321FF9FFFFBCF75FE0DFA5444C0" box="[1343,1436,399,424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Voucher</collectorName>
collected by 
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and 
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<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF9FFFFBCA8DFE55FAB94678" blockId="6.[151,1437,327,856]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">
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<typeStatus id="54838855FF9FFFFBCA8DFE55FE894498" box="[199,321,471,496]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
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specimens were collected between the 
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<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF9FFFFBC925FE55FC784498" box="[879,944,471,496]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Coclé</collectingRegion>
del 
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and the 
<location id="8EE7602CFF9FFFFBCEC4FE55FAC94498" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187E1FF9FFFF1CADDFF5FFDC54732:8EE7602CFF9FFFFBCEC4FE55FAC94498" box="[1166,1281,471,496]" country="Panama" county="Distrito de Donoso" latitude="8.8826" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-80.7714" municipality="Rio Chiquero" name="Rio Belen" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" stateProvince="Cocle">Río Belén</location>
basin (http:// www.hidromet.com.pa/cuencas.php; retrieved 
<date id="FF861037FF9FFFFBC8FBFE7EFCA1477D" box="[689,873,508,533]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2013-03-04">
<collectingDate id="EFC2E9DFFF9FFFFBC8FBFE7EFCA1477D" box="[689,873,508,533]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2013-03-04">March 4, 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
), 
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del 
<location id="8EE7602CFF9FFFFBCE4CFE7EFB81477B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187E1FF9FFFF1CADDFF5FFDC54732:8EE7602CFF9FFFFBCE4CFE7EFB81477B" box="[1030,1097,508,531]" country="Panama" county="Distrito de Donoso" latitude="8.8826" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-80.7714" municipality="Rio Chiquero" name="Norte" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" stateProvince="Cocle">Norte</location>
, 
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Distrito 
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</location>
, 
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<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF9FFFFBCF1DFE7EFF364750" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Colón Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF9FFFFBCB43FDA2FEAD475F" box="[265,357,544,567]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Panama</collectingCountry>
, and found in the leaf litter. 
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– 
<specimenCode id="DB9E9E8CFF9FFFFBC98CFD9DFB924750" box="[966,1114,543,568]" collectionCode="MHCH" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">MHCH 2076</specimenCode>
were collected by 
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at the 
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trail, headwaters of the 
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, 
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del 
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, 
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, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF9FFFFBCEC9FDC6FAFF4735" box="[1155,1335,580,605]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Colón Province</collectingRegion>
,
</materialsCitation>
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<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF9FFFFBCF09FDC6FA544733" box="[1347,1436,580,603]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
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, 
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; 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9FFFFBCBFFFDE5FE254717" box="[437,493,615,640]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="82.0">
<elevation id="0015D1C4FF9FFFFBCBFFFDE5FE254717" box="[437,493,615,640]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="82.0">82 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev.) 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9FFFFBC87DFDE5FD4C47E8" box="[567,644,615,640]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" unit="km" value="7.5">
<locationDeviation id="9A352FD5FF9FFFFBC87DFDE5FD4C47E8" box="[567,644,615,640]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" unit="km" value="7.5">7.5 km</locationDeviation>
</quantity>
east from the 
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outfall on 
<date id="FF861037FF9FFFFBCE40FDE5FB7747E8" box="[1034,1215,615,640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2010-03-16">
<collectingDate id="EFC2E9DFFF9FFFFBCE40FDE5FB7747E8" box="[1034,1215,615,640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2010-03-16">March 16, 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
. Specimens 
<specimenCode id="DB9E9E8CFF9FFFFBCF02FDE5FF0547CD" collectionCode="MHCH" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">MHCH 1570</specimenCode>
– 
<specimenCode id="DB9E9E8CFF9FFFFBCA91FD0EFEA747CD" box="[219,367,652,677]" collectionCode="MHCH" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">MHCH 1576</specimenCode>
were collected from 
<date id="FF861037FF9FFFFBC811FD0EFC8247CD" box="[603,842,652,677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2010-03-15" valueMax="2010-03-16" valueMin="2010-03-15">
<collectingDate id="EFC2E9DFFF9FFFFBC811FD0EFC8247CD" box="[603,842,652,677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2010-03-15" valueMax="2010-03-16" valueMin="2010-03-15">March 15 to 16, 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
by 
<collectorName id="26CD5321FF9FFFFBC939FD0EFC2D47CD" box="[883,997,652,677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">A. Batista</collectorName>
, at the headwaters of the 
<location id="8EE7602CFF9FFFFBCEB4FD0EFA5047CD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187E1FF9FFFF1CADDFF5FFDC54732:8EE7602CFF9FFFFBCEB4FD0EFA5047CD" box="[1278,1432,652,677]" country="Panama" county="Distrito de Donoso" latitude="8.8826" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-80.7714" municipality="Rio Chiquero" name="Rio Chiquero" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" stateProvince="Cocle">Río Chiquero</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF9FFFFBCADDFD2DFF1047A0" box="[151,216,687,712]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Coclé</collectingRegion>
del Norte,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B503CAAFF9FFFFBCB12FD2DFD604667" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3342332301" collectingDate="2009-07-07" collectingDateMax="2013-03-04" collectingDateMin="2009-07-07" collectionCode="MHCH" collectorName="M. Ponce &amp; A. Batista " country="Panama" county="Distrito de Donoso" elevation="118" latitude="8.8826" location="Distrito de Donoso" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-80.7714" municipality="Rio Chiquero" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" specimenCode="MHCH 2037" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colon Province" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="8EE7602CFF9FFFFBCB12FD2DFDF947AF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187E1FF9FFFF1CADDFF5FFDC54732:8EE7602CFF9FFFFBCB12FD2DFDF947AF" box="[344,561,687,712]" country="Panama" county="Distrito de Donoso" latitude="8.8826" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-80.7714" municipality="Rio Chiquero" name="Distrito de Donoso" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" stateProvince="Colon Province">Distrito de Donoso</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF9FFFFBC876FD2DFD2647A0" box="[572,750,687,712]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Colón Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF9FFFFBC8B0FD32FC9A47AF" box="[762,850,688,711]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF9FFFFBC928FD2DFC1247AF" box="[866,986,687,712]" degrees="8.8567" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" precision="5" value="8.8567">8.8567° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF9FFFFBC9ACFD2DFBB947AF" box="[998,1137,687,712]" degrees="80.7752" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" precision="5" value="-80.7752">80.7752° W</geoCoordinate>
; from 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9FFFFBCEF1FD2DFA9947AF" box="[1211,1361,687,712]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" metricValueMax="1.3599999999999999" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="118.0" valueMax="136.0" valueMin="100.0">
<elevation id="0015D1C4FF9FFFFBCEF1FD2DFA9947AF" box="[1211,1361,687,712]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" metricValueMax="1.3599999999999999" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="118.0" valueMax="136.0" valueMin="100.0">100 to 136 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev.). 
<specimenCode id="DB9E9E8CFF9FFFFBCADDFD56FEE34785" box="[151,299,724,749]" collectionCode="MHCH" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">MHCH 2037</specimenCode>
was collected 
<date id="FF861037FF9FFFFBCB9FFD56FDA04785" box="[469,616,724,749]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2009-07-07">
<collectingDate id="EFC2E9DFFF9FFFFBCB9FFD56FDA04785" box="[469,616,724,749]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" value="2009-07-07">07 July 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
by 
<collectorName id="26CD5321FF9FFFFBC8DFFD56FCCB4783" box="[661,771,724,747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">M. Ponce</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="26CD5321FF9FFFFBC971FD56FC674785" box="[827,943,724,749]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">A. Batista</collectorName>
, at 
<collectorName id="26CD5321FF9FFFFBC993FD56FBFE4785" box="[985,1078,724,749]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Palmilla</collectorName>
(
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9FFFFBCE0DFD56FB444785" box="[1095,1164,724,749]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1262,1284]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,474,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-509@8.[188,1398,431,1241]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitat (forest to the right) of Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. at Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8826° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m. elev.) Photo taken on July 07, 2009)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930481/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), headwaters or the 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3AC8DFF9FFFFBCF3EFD56FECA4678" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Río Chiquero</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF9FFFFBCB47FD75FE864678" box="[269,334,759,784]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Coclé</collectingRegion>
del 
<collectorName id="26CD5321FF9FFFFBCB34FD7AFE094667" box="[382,449,760,783]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Norte</collectorName>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62E64E7BFF9FFFFBCB86FD75FD6C4667" box="[460,676,759,784]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Distrito de Donoso</collectingCounty>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B503CAAFF9FFFFBC8FAFD75FAA44678" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3342332306" box="[688,1388,759,784]" collectingDate="2009-07-07" collectingDateMax="2013-03-04" collectingDateMin="2009-07-07" collectionCode="MHCH" country="Panama" county="Distrito de Donoso" elevation="118" latitude="8.8826" location="Distrito de Donoso" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-80.7714" municipality="Rio Chiquero" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" specimenCode="MHCH 2037" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colon Province" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF9FFFFBC8FAFD75FCAA4678" box="[688,866,759,784]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Colón Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF9FFFFBC926FD7AFC0D4667" box="[876,965,760,783]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF9FFFFBC99EFD75FB844667" box="[980,1100,759,784]" degrees="8.8826" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" precision="5" value="8.8826">8.8826° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF9FFFFBCE1DFD75FB294667" box="[1111,1249,759,784]" degrees="80.7714" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" precision="5" value="-80.7714">80.7714° W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9FFFFBCEA6FD75FAED4667" box="[1260,1317,759,784]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="50.0">
<elevation id="0015D1C4FF9FFFFBCEA6FD75FAED4667" box="[1260,1317,759,784]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev.)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322657CFF9FFFFBCA8DFC9EFB4E4630" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF9FFFFBCA8DFC9EFB4E4630" blockId="6.[151,1437,327,856]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9FFFFBCA8DFC9EFE86465D" bold="true" box="[199,334,796,821]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet of this beautiful new species is dedicated to Geminis 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF9FFFFBCEC3FC9EFB1F465C" box="[1161,1239,796,820]" country="Venezuela" name="Vargas" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Vargas</collectingRegion>
, the beloved wife of Marcos Ponce, for her unconditional support of his studies of Panamanian herpetology.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF47667FFF9FFFFBCADDF8C6FCB842F0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930479/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" startId="6.[151,250,1860,1882]" targetBox="[151,1436,909,1839]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF9FFFFBCADDF8C6FCB842F0" blockId="6.[151,1436,1860,1944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9FFFFBCADDF8C6FED34231" bold="true" box="[151,283,1860,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9FFFFBCB63F8C6FDD44232" authority="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford, 2014" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[297,540,1860,1882]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9FFFFBCB63F8C6FDD44232" box="[297,540,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Andinobates geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9FFFFBC866F8C7FD4D4232" bold="true" box="[556,645,1861,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27F579EFF9FFFFBC866F8C7FD4D4232" box="[556,645,1861,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A–B) Holotype in life (MVUP 2428); C) Individual of unknown sex photographed in the field carrying a tadpole (8.8567° N, 80.7752° W; 136 m elev.); D) Specimen from Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8825° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m elev.).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C322657CFF9EFFF5CA8DFF15FDD244E0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF9EFFFACA8DFF15FCE044C5" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACA8DFF15FE8945C7" box="[199,321,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACA8DFF15FEF245D8" bold="true" box="[199,314,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACB03FF15FD8645C7" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[329,590,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACB03FF15FD8645C7" box="[329,590,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Andinobates geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) Tiny size, adults SVL 11.63–13.63 (
<tableCitation id="C6BA034CFF9EFFFACBF4FF3EFDD045BD" box="[446,536,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,239,476,499]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements and morphological proportions for eleven adult specimens of Andinobates geminisae (see Methods for abbreviations)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47667FFF9EFFFACADDFE5EFE08477B" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" tableUuid="DF47667FFF9EFFFACADDFE5EFE08477B">Table 2</tableCitation>
); (2) Dorsal coloration conspicuous; (3) dorsum and venter uniformly orange, without stripes; (4) limbs and venter brightly colored, same as dorsum; (5) Dorsal skin smooth; (6) finger I reduced and shorter than finger II; (7) finger discs III–IV moderately expanded, disc of finger III 1.11–2.38 times wider than finger width; (8) thenar tubercle slightly elongate and low; (9) toe discs II–IV weakly expanded, disc on toe III 1.03–1.71 times wider than finger width; (10) no fringes or webbing on fingers or toes; (11) outer metatarsal tubercle small and slightly pointed, inner metatarsal tubercle rounded. (12), maxillary and premaxillary teeth absent; (13) tympanum oval, posterodorsal margin hidden.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47667FFF9EFFFACADDFE5EFE08477B" ID-Table-UUID="DF47667FFF9EFFFACADDFE5EFE08477B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47667FFF9EFFFACADDFE5EFE08477B" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" startId="7.[151,239,476,499]" targetBox="[159,1229,558,1366]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF9EFFFACADDFE5EFE08477B" blockId="7.[151,1436,475,531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACADDFE5EFEC5449B" bold="true" box="[151,269,476,499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Measurements and morphological proportions for eleven adult specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACE21FE59FAAF449B" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[1131,1383,475,499]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACE21FE59FAAF449B" box="[1131,1383,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Andinobates geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Methods for abbreviations).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF9EFFFACAD5FDACFDC2403E" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<table id="F938C457FF9E0002CAD5FDACFB05403E" box="[159,1229,558,1366]" gridcols="4" gridrows="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FDACFB05472C" box="[159,1229,558,580]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FDACFF1B472C" box="[159,211,558,580]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Trait</th>
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FDACFDF8472C" box="[283,560,558,580]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Measurements (mm)</th>
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FDACFCBA472C" box="[777,882,558,580]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Trait</th>
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FDACFB05472C" box="[990,1229,558,580]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Proportion (%)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FDDAFB054706" box="[159,1229,600,622]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FDDAFF1B4706" box="[159,211,600,622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">SVL</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FDDAFDF84706" box="[283,560,600,622]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">12.68 ± 0.87 (11.63–13.63)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FDDAFCBA4706" box="[777,882,600,622]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">IND/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FDDAFB054706" box="[990,1229,600,622]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.14 ± 0.01 (0.13–0.18)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FD03FB0547FF" box="[159,1229,641,663]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FD03FF1B47FF" box="[159,211,641,663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">HW</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FD03FDF847FF" box="[283,560,641,663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">4.31 ± 0.20 (4.05–4.64)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FD03FCBA47FF" box="[777,882,641,663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">TL/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FD03FB0547FF" box="[990,1229,641,663]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.45 ± 0.03 (0.41–0.52)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FD28FB0547A8" box="[159,1229,682,704]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FD28FF1B47A8" box="[159,211,682,704]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">HL</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FD28FDF847A8" box="[283,560,682,704]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">4.01 ± 0.18 (3.75–4.40)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FD28FCBA47A8" box="[777,882,682,704]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">HL/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FD28FB0547A8" box="[990,1229,682,704]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.32 ± 0.02 (0.29–0.35)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FD56FB054782" box="[159,1229,724,746]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FD56FF1B4782" box="[159,211,724,746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">IND</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FD56FDF84782" box="[283,560,724,746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">1.81 ± 0.21 (1.45–2.15)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FD56FCBA4782" box="[777,882,724,746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">HW/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FD56FB054782" box="[990,1229,724,746]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.34 ± 0.02 (0.31–0.38)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FD7FFB05467B" box="[159,1229,765,787]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FD7FFF1B467B" box="[159,211,765,787]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">IOD</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FD7FFDF8467B" box="[283,560,765,787]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">1.66 ± 0.12 (1.44–1.79)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FD7FFCBA467B" box="[777,882,765,787]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">HL/HW</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FD7FFB05467B" box="[990,1229,765,787]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.93 ± 0.04 (0.87–1.00)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FCA4FB054654" box="[159,1229,806,828]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FCA4FF1B4654" box="[159,211,806,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">ED</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FCA4FDF84654" box="[283,560,806,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">1.85 ± 0.15 (1.55–2.05)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FCA4FCBA4654" box="[777,882,806,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">ED/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FCA4FB054654" box="[990,1229,806,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.15 ± 0.01 (0.12–0.17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FCD2FB05460E" box="[159,1229,848,870]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FCD2FF1B460E" box="[159,211,848,870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">SL</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FCD2FDF8460E" box="[283,560,848,870]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">1.15 ± 0.23 (0.85–1.74)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FCD2FCBA460E" box="[777,882,848,870]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">TD/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FCD2FB05460E" box="[990,1229,848,870]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.05 ± 0.01 (0.04–0.07)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FCFBFB0546E7" box="[159,1229,889,911]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FCFBFF1B46E7" box="[159,211,889,911]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">TD</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FCFBFDF846E7" box="[283,560,889,911]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.68 ± 0.09 (0.51–0.88)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FCFBFCBA46E7" box="[777,882,889,911]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">SL/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FCFBFB0546E7" box="[990,1229,889,911]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.09 ± 0.01 (0.07–0.13)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FC20FB0546D0" box="[159,1229,930,952]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FC20FF1B46D0" box="[159,211,930,952]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">TL</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FC20FDF846D0" box="[283,560,930,952]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">5.73 ± 0.36 (4.73–6.09)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FC20FCBA46D0" box="[777,882,930,952]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">HaL/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FC20FB0546D0" box="[990,1229,930,952]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.21 ± 0.02 (0.16–0.26)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FC4EFB05468A" box="[159,1229,972,994]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FC4EFF1B468A" box="[159,211,972,994]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">FoL</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FC4EFDF8468A" box="[283,560,972,994]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">4.65 ± 0.41 (3.83–5.35)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FC4EFCBA468A" box="[777,882,972,994]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">FAL/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FC4EFB05468A" box="[990,1229,972,994]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.26 ± 0.02 (0.23–0.30)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FC77FB054163" box="[159,1229,1013,1035]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FC77FF1B4163" box="[159,211,1013,1035]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">FAL</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FC77FDF84163" box="[283,560,1013,1035]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">3.26 ± 0.22 (2.85–3.54)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FC77FCBA4163" box="[777,882,1013,1035]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">FoL/SVL</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FC77FB054163" box="[990,1229,1013,1035]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.37 ± 0.03 (0.34–0.46)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FB9CFB05415C" box="[159,1229,1054,1076]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FB9CFF1B415C" box="[159,211,1054,1076]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">HaL</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FB9CFDF8415C" box="[283,560,1054,1076]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">2.71 ± 0.24 (2.23–3.08)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FB9CFCBA415C" box="[777,882,1054,1076]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">4TD/4TW</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FB9CFB05415C" box="[990,1229,1054,1076]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">1.37 ± 0.23 (1.11–2.00)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FBCAFB054136" box="[159,1229,1096,1118]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FBCAFF1B4136" box="[159,211,1096,1118]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">3FW</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FBCAFDF84136" box="[283,560,1096,1118]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.31 ± 0.06 (0.21–0.38)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FBCAFCBA4136" box="[777,882,1096,1118]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">3TD/3TW</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FBCAFB054136" box="[990,1229,1096,1118]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">1.30 ± 0.21 (1.03–1.71)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FBF3FB0541EF" box="[159,1229,1137,1159]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FBF3FF1B41EF" box="[159,211,1137,1159]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">3FD</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FBF3FDF841EF" box="[283,560,1137,1159]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.47 ± 0.05 (0.39–0.55)</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C943FBF3FCBA41EF" box="[777,882,1137,1159]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">3FD/3FW</td>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002C994FBF3FB0541EF" box="[990,1229,1137,1159]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">1.57 ± 0.37 (1.11–2.38)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FB18FB0541D8" box="[159,1229,1178,1200]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FB18FF1B41D8" box="[159,211,1178,1200]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">3TW</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FB18FDF841D8" box="[283,560,1178,1200]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.31 ± 0.05 (0.22–0.39)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FB46FB0541B2" box="[159,1229,1220,1242]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FB46FF1B41B2" box="[159,211,1220,1242]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">3TD</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FB46FDF841B2" box="[283,560,1220,1242]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.40 ± 0.05 (0.34–0.48)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FB6FFB05406B" box="[159,1229,1261,1283]" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FB6FFF1B406B" box="[159,211,1261,1283]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">4TW</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FB6FFDF8406B" box="[283,560,1261,1283]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.35 ± 0.04 (0.28–0.40)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FA94FB054044" box="[159,1229,1302,1324]" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FA94FF1B4044" box="[159,211,1302,1324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">4TD</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FA94FDF84044" box="[283,560,1302,1324]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">0.48 ± 0.07 (0.38–0.60)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834B5FF9E0002CAD5FAC2FB05403E" box="[159,1229,1344,1366]" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CAD5FAC2FF1B403E" box="[159,211,1344,1366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">BW</th>
<td id="76D95DC9FF9E0002CB51FAC2FDF8403E" box="[283,560,1344,1366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">4.61 ± 0.47 (4.11–5.81)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF9EFFF5CA8DFA18FDD244E0" blockId="7.[151,1437,1434,2035]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACA8DFA18FE4B40DB" bold="true" box="[199,387,1434,1459]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" reason="1">Similar species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACBC6FA18FD5C40DA" authority="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford, 2014" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[396,660,1434,1459]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACBC6FA18FD5C40DA" box="[396,660,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Andinobates geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC8D7FA18FD3340DA" bold="true" box="[669,763,1434,1459]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27F579EFF9EFFFAC8D7FA18FD3340DA" box="[669,763,1434,1459]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be distinguished from other species of the genus (see table 3; 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9EFFFACAB8FA3CFEFB40BF" box="[242,307,1470,1495]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1859,1881]" captionTargetBox="[230,1356,476,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-234@10.[230,1356,476,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photographic example of the other three species of Andinobates found in Panama, with dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. A) A. claudiae (CH 5983 Isla Bastimento, Bocas del Toro Province, Panama); B) A. minutus (CH 6050 Cerro Brewster, Panamá Province, Panama); C) A. fulguritus (CH 6049 Cerro Brewster, Panamá Province, Panama)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930487/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) by its predominantly uniform orange coloration through its body, smooth dorsum, and a distinctive male advertisement call (see below: vocalization description). 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC905FA60FB9B4092" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[847,1107,1506,1531]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC905FA60FB9B4092" box="[847,1107,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Andinobates geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar in appearance to 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACFCEFA61FEE34377" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opisthomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACFCEFA61FEE34377" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. opisthomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACB26F985FDEB4377" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[364,547,1542,1567]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opisthomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACB26F985FDEB4377" box="[364,547,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. opisthomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has granular skin texture (smooth in 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC9A9F985FBBF4376" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[995,1143,1543,1566]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC9A9F985FC3C4376" box="[995,1012,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACE4CF985FBBF4376" box="[1030,1143,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), limbs, throat and belly blackish (uniform orange in 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACB92F9A9FDA1432A" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[472,617,1579,1602]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACB92F9A9FE21432A" box="[472,489,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACBBDF9A9FDA1432A" box="[503,617,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC8CBF9A8FBFD432B" authority="(Rivero 1971)" baseAuthorityName="Rivero" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[641,1077,1578,1603]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Minyobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steyermarki">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC8CBF9A8FC47432B" box="[641,911,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Minyobates steyermarki</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B06FF9EFFFAC9D4F9A8FBE5432B" author="Rivero, J. A." box="[926,1069,1578,1603]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref10690" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1971) Un nuevo e interesante Dendrobates (Amphibia, Salientia) de Cerro Yapacana de Venezuela. Kasmera, 3, 389 - 396." type="journal article" year="1971">Rivero 1971</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
also has reddish coloration, but has the first finger as long as the second or greater (
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC948F9CDFC5E430E" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[770,918,1615,1638]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC948F9CDFC5E430E" box="[770,918,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
finger I shorter than finger II). 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACF5AF9CCFF3843E2" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACF5AF9CCFF3843E2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Andinobates minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACB9EF9F1FDAC43E2" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[468,612,1651,1674]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACB9EF9F1FDAC43E2" box="[468,612,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9EFFFAC839F9F0FD7D43E3" box="[627,693,1650,1675]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1859,1881]" captionTargetBox="[230,1356,476,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-234@10.[230,1356,476,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photographic example of the other three species of Andinobates found in Panama, with dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. A) A. claudiae (CH 5983 Isla Bastimento, Bocas del Toro Province, Panama); B) A. minutus (CH 6050 Cerro Brewster, Panamá Province, Panama); C) A. fulguritus (CH 6049 Cerro Brewster, Panamá Province, Panama)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930487/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), which reaches the western limit of the distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACF54F9F1FA5D43E2" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[1310,1429,1651,1674]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACF54F9F1FA5D43E2" box="[1310,1429,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but despite their very close geographical distribution (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9EFFFAC8B3F914FCF543C7" box="[761,829,1686,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1778,1800]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,961,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-482@2.[190,1396,951,1754]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distributional map of Andinobates geminisae and A. minutus at the Río Belén basin, Colón Province, Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930475/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9EFFFAC901F914FC9343C7" box="[843,859,1686,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1186,1208]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,220,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-403@11.[152,1432,215,1137]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Map of the Republic of Panama showing the distribution of species of Andinobates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930491/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">6</figureCitation>
), the coloration of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACE7EF915FB0D43C6" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[1076,1221,1687,1710]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACE7EF915FB0D43C6" box="[1076,1221,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contrasts with that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACAF0F939FEFF43BA" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[186,311,1723,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACAF0F939FEFF43BA" box="[186,311,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9EFFFACB31F938FE0B43BB" box="[379,451,1722,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-340@6.[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. A–B) Holotype in life (MVUP 2428); C) Individual of unknown sex photographed in the field carrying a tadpole (8.8567° N, 80.7752° W; 136 m elev.); D) Specimen from Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8825° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m elev.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930479/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9EFFFACB9EF938FE3043BB" box="[468,504,1722,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1859,1881]" captionTargetBox="[230,1356,476,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-234@10.[230,1356,476,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photographic example of the other three species of Andinobates found in Panama, with dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. A) A. claudiae (CH 5983 Isla Bastimento, Bocas del Toro Province, Panama); B) A. minutus (CH 6050 Cerro Brewster, Panamá Province, Panama); C) A. fulguritus (CH 6049 Cerro Brewster, Panamá Province, Panama)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930487/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">5B</figureCitation>
). Furthermore, 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC8E5F938FC6843BA" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[687,928,1722,1747]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC8E5F938FC6843BA" box="[687,928,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Andinobates minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC9F9F939FBFF43BB" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Lotters &amp; Jorgens" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[947,1079,1722,1747]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="claudiae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC9F9F939FBFF43BB" box="[947,1079,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. claudiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACE3DF939FAC043BB" baseAuthorityName="Silverstone" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1143,1288,1722,1747]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulguritus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACE3DF939FAC043BB" box="[1143,1288,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. fulguritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have higher dominant frequency in their advertisement calls than 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC8A3F95DFCB1439E" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[745,889,1759,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC8A3F95DFCB1439E" box="[745,889,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9EFFFAC9CDF95CFC32439F" box="[903,1018,1758,1783]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4223999999999999" metricValueMax="1.6256" metricValueMin="1.2192" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="in" value="5.6" valueMax="6.4" valueMin="4.8">4.8–6.4 in</quantity>
the three first species, versus 4.4–4.5 kHz in 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACAA0F881FEB34272" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[234,379,1795,1818]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACAA0F881FEB34272" box="[234,379,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B06FF9EFFFACBFCF881FD4D4273" author="Brown, J. L. &amp; Twomey, E. &amp; Amezquita, A. &amp; Barbosa De Souza, M. &amp; Caldwell, J. P. &amp; Lotters, S. &amp; Von May, R. &amp; Melo-Sampaio, P. R. &amp; Vargas, D. &amp; Perez-Pena, P. &amp; Pepper, M. &amp; Poelman, E. H. &amp; Sanchez-Rodriguez, M. &amp; Summers, K." box="[438,645,1794,1819]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref8523" refString="Brown, J. L., Twomey, E., Amezquita, A., Barbosa De Souza, M., Caldwell, J. P., Lotters, S., Von May, R., Melo-Sampaio, P. R., Mejia- Vargas, D., Perez-Pena, P., Pepper, M., Poelman, E. H., Sanchez-Rodriguez, M. &amp; Summers, K. (2011) A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae). Zootaxa, 3083, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="2011">
Brown 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC840F881FD8B4273" box="[522,579,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9EFFFAC8DBF880FD1D4273" box="[657,725,1794,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,693,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-261@12.[151,1436,688,1759]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Spectrogram (above) and oscillogram (below) of the advertisement call of (A) Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. (note the clicks at the beginning and end of call) and (B) A. minutus (for comparison) recorded at the Manakin trail in the Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8546° N, 80.8061° W)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930495/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC8A6F880FBAE4273" box="[748,1126,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC8A6F880FC124272" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[748,986,1794,1819]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">Andinobates minutus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC9ACF881FBAE4273" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Lotters &amp; Jorgens" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[998,1126,1794,1819]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="claudiae">A. claudiae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACED4F881FAE34273" baseAuthorityName="Silverstone" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1182,1323,1794,1819]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulguritus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACED4F881FAE34273" box="[1182,1323,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. fulguritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have fewer pulses per note than 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACB8EF8A5FD9E4256" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[452,598,1831,1854]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACB8EF8A5FD9E4256" box="[452,598,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9EFFFAC82FF8A4FD014257" box="[613,713,1830,1855]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2573" metricValueMax="1.8034" metricValueMin="0.7112" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="in" value="49.5" valueMax="71.0" valueMin="28.0">28–71 in</quantity>
the three first species, versus 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9EFFFACE51F8A4FBB64257" box="[1051,1150,1830,1855]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2225" metricValueMax="2.2352" metricValueMin="2.2098" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="in" value="87.5" valueMax="88.0" valueMin="87.0">87–88 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACECFF8A5FADE4256" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[1157,1302,1831,1854]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACECFF8A5FB5E4256" box="[1157,1174,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACEEEF8A5FADE4256" box="[1188,1302,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B06FF9EFFFACF1AF8A5FEDC420B" author="Brown, J. L. &amp; Twomey, E. &amp; Amezquita, A. &amp; Barbosa De Souza, M. &amp; Caldwell, J. P. &amp; Lotters, S. &amp; Von May, R. &amp; Melo-Sampaio, P. R. &amp; Vargas, D. &amp; Perez-Pena, P. &amp; Pepper, M. &amp; Poelman, E. H. &amp; Sanchez-Rodriguez, M. &amp; Summers, K." pageId="7" pageNumber="340" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref8523" refString="Brown, J. L., Twomey, E., Amezquita, A., Barbosa De Souza, M., Caldwell, J. P., Lotters, S., Von May, R., Melo-Sampaio, P. R., Mejia- Vargas, D., Perez-Pena, P., Pepper, M., Poelman, E. H., Sanchez-Rodriguez, M. &amp; Summers, K. (2011) A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae). Zootaxa, 3083, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="2011">
Brown 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACADDF8C9FF18420B" box="[151,208,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACB6DF8C8FE25420B" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[295,493,1866,1891]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACB6DF8C8FE25420B" box="[295,493,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Oophaga pumilio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC86EF8C9FD56420A" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Weygoldt &amp; Juraske" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[548,670,1867,1890]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicentei">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC86EF8C9FD56420A" box="[548,670,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">O. vicentei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are larger than 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC918F8C9FC2C420A" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[850,996,1867,1890]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC918F8C9FC2C420A" box="[850,996,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9EFFFAC9B9F8C8FB7B420A" box="[1011,1203,1866,1891]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.263" metricValueMax="1.363" metricValueMin="1.163" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="12.63" valueMax="13.63" valueMin="11.63">11.63–13.63 mm</quantity>
SVL); 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACF43F8C9FA49420B" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1289,1409,1866,1891]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACF43F8C9FA49420B" box="[1289,1409,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">O. pumilio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually&gt; 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9EFFFACB4AF8ECFE8742EE" box="[256,335,1902,1927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
SVL (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B06FF9EFFFACBD1F8ECFD6942EF" author="Batista, A. &amp; Kohler, G." box="[411,673,1902,1927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref8262" refString="Batista, A. &amp; Kohler, G. (2008) Variation in Oophaga pumilio (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) in western Panama. Salamandra, 44, 225 - 234." type="journal article" year="2008">Batista &amp; Köhler 2008</bibRefCitation>
; Köhler 2011) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC930F8EDFC3B42EE" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Weygoldt &amp; Juraske" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[890,1011,1903,1926]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicentei">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC930F8EDFC3B42EE" box="[890,1011,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">O. vicentei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF9EFFFAC9B1F8ECFBBD42EE" box="[1019,1141,1902,1927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="19.0">19–21 mm</quantity>
SVL (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B06FF9EFFFACE8AF8ECFA5042EF" author="Jungfer, K. &amp; Weygoldt, P. &amp; Juraske, N." box="[1216,1432,1902,1927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" pagination="17 - 26" refId="ref9784" refString="Jungfer, K. H, Weygoldt, P. &amp; Juraske, N. (1996) Dendrobates vicentei, ein neuer Pfeilgiftfrosch aus Zentral-Panama. Herpetofauna, 18, 17 - 26." type="journal article" year="1996">Jungfer et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B06FF9EFFFACADDF811FEA142C3" author="Lotters, S. &amp; Jungfer, K. &amp; Henkel, F. W. &amp; Schmidt, W." box="[151,361,1938,1963]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" refId="ref10125" refString="Lotters, S., Jungfer, K., Henkel, F. W. &amp; Schmidt, W. (2007) Poison Frogs. Biology, Species &amp; Captive Husbandry. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 668 pp." type="book" year="2007">Lötters et al, 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The dorsal color pattern of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFAC8E5F811FCEF42C3" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[687,807,1938,1963]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFAC8E5F811FCEF42C3" box="[687,807,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">O. pumilio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually red with blue legs, however it present a great color variation, from green, yellow, blue or red, uniform or with dark blotches (8 C–D). Two populations of uniformly red 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF9EFFFACB77F859FE7F429B" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[317,439,2010,2035]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF9EFFFACB77F859FE7F429B" box="[317,439,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">O. pumilio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known in 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF9EFFFAC828F859FD76429A" box="[610,702,2011,2034]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Panama</collectingCountry>
, those from Cerro Tebata (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF9EFFFAC9BCF858FBBD429B" box="[1014,1141,2010,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1888,1910]" captionTargetBox="[173,1429,578,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-162@15.[173,1458,578,1854]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Other dendrobatid frogs, similar to Andinobates geminisae present in the Caribbean lowlands of Panama. A-B) Oophaga vicentei, from Donoso, Colón province, near type locality of A. geminisae (8.81823 °N, 80.69956° W); C-D) Oophaga pumilio, from Kusapín, Bocas del Toro province, Panama; E-F) O. pumilio from Las Delicias, Bocas del Toro province, Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930497/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 8 E–F</figureCitation>
) and from Solarte Island. However, these populations are larger (&gt; 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF91FFF5C8CEFF15FD1045C7" box="[644,728,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
SVL; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B06FF91FFF5C966FF15FBF345D8" author="Batista, A. &amp; Kohler, G." box="[812,1083,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref8262" refString="Batista, A. &amp; Kohler, G. (2008) Variation in Oophaga pumilio (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) in western Panama. Salamandra, 44, 225 - 234." type="journal article" year="2008">Batista &amp; Köhler 2008</bibRefCitation>
) than 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF91FFF5CEC1FF1AFAE945C7" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[1163,1313,152,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5CEC1FF1AFAE945C7" box="[1163,1313,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF91FFF5CF7EFF15FF2645BC" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Weygoldt &amp; Juraske" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicentei">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5CF7EFF15FF2645BC" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Oophaga vicentei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mainly a tree-dwelling species (
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF91FFF5C83CFF3EFCC045BC" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[630,776,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5C83CFF3EFCC045BC" box="[630,776,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is terrestrial). The dorsal color of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF91FFF5CEC0FF3EFACB45BC" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Weygoldt &amp; Juraske" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1162,1283,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicentei">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5CEC0FF3EFACB45BC" box="[1162,1283,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">O. vicentei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
near the 
<typeStatus id="54838855FF91FFF5CF26FF3EFA5445BC" box="[1388,1436,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF91FFF5CB5BFF62FE6B459F" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[273,419,224,247]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5CB5BFF62FE6B459F" box="[273,419,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
varies from brown, reddish, yellow or blue, all with dark blotches or a reticulated pattern, not uniform, and the venter is sky blue (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF91FFF5C81DFE86FD124475" box="[599,730,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1888,1910]" captionTargetBox="[173,1429,578,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-162@15.[173,1458,578,1854]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Other dendrobatid frogs, similar to Andinobates geminisae present in the Caribbean lowlands of Panama. A-B) Oophaga vicentei, from Donoso, Colón province, near type locality of A. geminisae (8.81823 °N, 80.69956° W); C-D) Oophaga pumilio, from Kusapín, Bocas del Toro province, Panama; E-F) O. pumilio from Las Delicias, Bocas del Toro province, Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930497/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Fig. 8 A–B</figureCitation>
). The call duration in 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF91FFF5C985FE86FB804475" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[975,1096,260,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5C985FE86FB804475" box="[975,1096,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">O. pumilio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 0.04– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF91FFF5CEE2FE86FB224473" box="[1192,1258,260,285]" degrees="0.07" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" precision="555" value="-0.07">0.07 s</geoCoordinate>
(Myers &amp; Daly 1976), and the call duration of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF91FFF5C844FEAAFD444457" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Weygoldt &amp; Juraske" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[526,652,296,319]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicentei">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5C844FEAAFD444457" box="[526,652,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">O. vicentei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 0.14– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF91FFF5C8BCFEA5FCF64457" box="[758,830,295,320]" degrees="0.20" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" precision="555" value="-0.2">0.20 s</geoCoordinate>
(MHCH 2983, a male recorded at Donoso, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF91FFF5CF1BFEA5FA504428" box="[1361,1432,295,320]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Colón</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF91FFF5CADDFECEFF3B440B" box="[151,243,332,355]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Panama</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF91FFF5CB48FECEFE43440B" box="[258,395,332,357]" degrees="8.82246" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" precision="1" value="8.82246">8.82246° N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF91FFF5CBE8FECEFDF7440B" box="[418,575,332,357]" degrees="80.70504" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" precision="1" value="-80.70504">80.70504° W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF91FFF5C805FECEFD52440B" box="[591,666,332,357]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.94" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="m" value="294.0">294 m</quantity>
elev., 
<date id="FF861037FF91FFF5C8A6FECEFC40440D" box="[748,904,332,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" value="2011-07-22">22 July 2011</date>
, 07:30, 23 °C), while the call duration of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF91FFF5CFCEFECEFEC144EF" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5CFCEFECEFEC144EF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much longer (
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF91FFF5CB8FFEEDFDC244E0" box="[453,522,367,392]" degrees="1.60" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" precision="555" value="-1.6">1.60 s</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF47667FFF91FFF5CADDFB6CFC6E404A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930481" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930481/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" startId="8.[151,250,1262,1284]" targetBox="[188,1398,474,1241]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF91FFF5CADDFB6CFC6E404A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1262,1314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5CADDFB6CFEDC406B" bold="true" box="[151,276,1262,1284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Habitat (forest to the right) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF91FFF5C813FB6CFC8E406C" authority="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford, 2014" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[601,838,1262,1284]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5C813FB6CFC8E406C" box="[601,838,1262,1284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Andinobates geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27F579EFF91FFF5C904FB6DFC57406C" box="[846,927,1263,1284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
at Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8826° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m. elev.) Photo taken on July 07, 2009).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C322657CFF91FFF7CA8DFAC8FC7844C1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF91FFF5CA8DFAC8FB52409B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1354,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5CA8DFAC8FD5A400B" bold="true" box="[199,658,1354,1379]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" reason="1">
Measurements of the 
<typeStatus id="54838855FF91FFF5CB87FAC8FDFC400B" box="[461,564,1354,1379]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in mm.
</emphasis>
(See 
<tableCitation id="C6BA034CFF91FFF5C89FFAC8FCE2400B" box="[725,810,1354,1379]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,239,476,499]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements and morphological proportions for eleven adult specimens of Andinobates geminisae (see Methods for abbreviations)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47667FFF9EFFFACADDFE5EFE08477B" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" tableUuid="DF47667FFF9EFFFACADDFE5EFE08477B">Table 2</tableCitation>
) SVL 13.63, HW 4.19, HL 4.21, IND 1.84, IOD 1.49, ED 1.80, EYE-NAR 1.03, TYMP 0.77, TL 5.86, FOOT 5.08, FAL 3.32, HaL 2.86, 3FW 0.38, 3FD 0.48, 3TW 0.38, 3TD 0.45, 4TW 0.38, 4TD 0.50, BW 4.40, LIIF 1.25 LIF 0.85, IND/SVL 0.13, TL/SVL 0.43, HL/SVL 0.31, HW/SVL 0.31, HL/HW 1.00, ED/SVL 0.13, TD/SVL 0.06, SL/SVL 0.08, HAL/SVL 0.21, FL/SVL 0.37, FAL/ SVL0.24, BW/SVL 0.32, 4TD/4TW 1.32, 3TD/3TW 1.18, 3FD/3FW 1.26, LIIF / LIF 1.47.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF91FFF4CA8DFA7CFCDF4428" blockId="8.[151,1436,1354,2027]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="342" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5CA8DFA7CFD73437F" box="[199,699,1534,1559]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF91FFF5CA8DFA7CFDD1437F" bold="true" box="[199,537,1534,1559]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">
Description of the 
<typeStatus id="54838855FF91FFF5CBF9FA7CFDD1437F" box="[435,537,1534,1559]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF91FFF5C864FA7CFD67437F" box="[558,687,1534,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-340@6.[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. A–B) Holotype in life (MVUP 2428); C) Individual of unknown sex photographed in the field carrying a tadpole (8.8567° N, 80.7752° W; 136 m elev.); D) Specimen from Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8825° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m elev.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930479/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Fig. 2A–B</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
An adult male with slender body; smooth dorsal skin, venter coarsely areolate; eye length longer than snout; ratio SL/ED 57%; tympanum of moderate size, ratio TD/ED 43%; tympanum distinguishable, annulus tympanicus oval and partially visible through skin, posterodorsal margin hidden, positioned closely behind orbit and upper jaw; head equally wide as long (ratio HL/HW: 1.00); head width 31% of SVL; snout nearly rounded from above and rounded in profile; nares situated near tip of snout and laterally directed, visible ventrally and in front view, barely visible dorsally; internares distance 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF91FFF5CEDAF930FB3143A2" box="[1168,1273,1714,1739]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.84" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="1.84">1.84 mm</quantity>
, 44% of head width; canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region flat; paired vocal slits present and each is located adjacent to body of the mandible between the tongue and the jaw articulation; tongue elongate, median lingual process absent; hands moderate in size, 21% of SVL; relative lengths of adpressed fingers I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III; finger IV slightly longer than II, finger II reaching the disk on finger IV when adpressed; finger III disk 1.26 times wider than distal end of adjacent phalanx; palmar tubercle rounded, slightly elevated, and slightly larger than thenar tubercle; thenar tubercle low and elongate; subarticular tubercles rounded and globular; no supernumerary tubercles; palmar and plantar accessory tubercles absent; no nuptial pads; no fringes on fingers; hind limbs of moderate lengths, TL 43% of SVL; relative lengths of adpressed toes I&lt;II&lt;III&lt;V&lt;IV; when adpressed, tip of toe I reaches to the proximal tubercle of toe II; disc of toe IV weakly expanded, 1.32 times wider than distal end of adjacent phalanx; no fringes on toes; one to three nonprotuberant subarticular tubercles present (one on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, three on toes IV, subarticular tubercles of toe IV weakly defined); inner metatarsal tubercle elongated; outer metatarsal tubercles small rounded and conical and smaller than inner; plantar tubercles small and rounded; tarsal ridge absent; toe disks weakly expanded; hands and feet without webbing.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47667FFF90FFF4CADDFB20FDF2405B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930485" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930485/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" startId="9.[151,250,1186,1208]" targetBox="[175,1411,376,1159]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF90FFF4CADDFB20FDF2405B" blockId="9.[151,1437,1186,1331]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4CADDFB20FEDE41DF" bold="true" box="[151,278,1186,1208]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood (ML) trees inferred independently for the 16S ribosomal (left) and COI protein-coding (right) mitochondrial genes. Scale bars indicate model-based patristic distances estimated from ML analysis (see text for details). Bootstrap support ≥ 90% is indicated by squares on the corresponding branch, with support ≥70% but &lt;90% indicated by circles. Not shown are outgroups 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF90FFF4C85EFB7CFD15407C" box="[532,733,1278,1300]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Phyllobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4C85EFB7CFD15407C" box="[532,733,1278,1300]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">Phyllobates bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF90FFF4C8A1FB7CFC95407C" box="[747,861,1278,1300]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY364580" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">AY364580</accessionNumber>
) for 16S and 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF90FFF4C9A7FB7CFB7C407C" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1005,1204,1278,1300]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivittata">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4C9A7FB7CFB7C407C" box="[1005,1204,1278,1300]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">Ameerega trivittata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF90FFF4CE88FB7CFAFE407C" box="[1218,1334,1278,1300]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/DQ502929" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">DQ502929</accessionNumber>
) for COI. Specimen details are provided in Table 1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF90FFF4CA8DFADDFDBA40A8" blockId="9.[151,1437,1375,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4CA8DFADDFEF74010" bold="true" box="[199,319,1375,1400]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" reason="1">Variation.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B503CAAFF90FFF4CB00FADDFDA640A8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3342332302" collectionCode="SVL" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-juvenile="2" typeStatus="holotype">
Eleven adult specimens collected including the 
<typeStatus id="54838855FF90FFF4C930FADDFC144010" box="[890,988,1375,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D3EFD7EFF90FFF4CE56FAE2FB664010" box="[1052,1198,1375,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" type="juvenile">one juvenile</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED29AE32FF90FFF4CEF4FADDFB3F4010" box="[1214,1271,1375,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">SVL</collectionCode>
: 12.68 ± 0.87 (11.63–13.63); males: 12.70 ± 0.74 (11.63–13.63; n: 8); females: 13.25 ± 0.05 (13.20–13.29; n: 3); 
<specimenCount id="9D3EFD7EFF90FFF4CF43FA06FA5140F4" box="[1289,1433,1411,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" type="juvenile">one juvenile</specimenCount>
: 10.80. Females slightly bigger than males
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF90FFF4CA8DFA49FECE43FE" blockId="9.[151,1437,1375,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4CA8DFA49FE72408C" bold="true" box="[199,442,1483,1508]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" reason="1">
Color in life (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF90FFF4CB2FFA49FE64408C" box="[357,428,1483,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-340@6.[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. A–B) Holotype in life (MVUP 2428); C) Individual of unknown sex photographed in the field carrying a tadpole (8.8567° N, 80.7752° W; 136 m elev.); D) Specimen from Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8825° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m elev.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930479/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Coloration of most specimens fit with the color description of the 
<typeStatus id="54838855FF90FFF4CEEDFA49FADF408C" box="[1191,1303,1483,1508]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
, as follows: dorsum uniform Chrome Orange (74), interorbital area slightly suffused with dark pigmentation; lower tympanum area, junctions of elbow and knee Fawn Color (258); fingers and toes Glaucous (272), suffused with Spectrum Orange (9); plantar and palmar areas Prout’s Brown (47); subarticular tubercles Pale Neutral Gray (296); junction between axila and body Fawn Color (258); throat and belly Spectrum Orange (9); lips of lower jaw Chestnut (30); iris black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF90FFF4CA8DF922FAF0424B" blockId="9.[151,1437,1375,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4CA8DF922FE0243D1" bold="true" box="[199,458,1696,1721]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" reason="1">Color in preservative.</emphasis>
Dorsum posterior to supraorbital region and anterior to the lumbar region Light Neutral Gray (298); front of head and limbs Russet (44); ventral surfaces Hazel (26) with the glandular spots Lavender (202). In preservative specimens MHCH 1991 and MHCH 1993 have little dark spots on throat and belly. Specimens MHCH 1991, MHCH 1571, MHCH 1573 and MHCH 1575 have dark pigmentation on throat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF90FFF4CA8DF8ACFCE44202" blockId="9.[151,1437,1375,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4CA8DF8ACFEE5422F" bold="true" box="[199,301,1838,1863]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" reason="1">Tadpole.</emphasis>
Known only from photo (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF90FFF4C81EF8ACFD64422F" box="[596,684,1838,1863]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-340@6.[151,1436,909,1839]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. A–B) Holotype in life (MVUP 2428); C) Individual of unknown sex photographed in the field carrying a tadpole (8.8567° N, 80.7752° W; 136 m elev.); D) Specimen from Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8825° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m elev.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930479/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
, not collected). One individual (undetermined sex) carried on back one dark tadpole, observed on 
<date id="FF861037FF90FFF4CBA5F8D3FD524202" box="[495,666,1873,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" value="2010-03-16">16 March 2010</date>
at 13:50 hrs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF90FFF7CA8DF8F7FC7844C1" blockId="9.[151,1437,1375,2005]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,425]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4CA8DF8F7FEA942E6" bold="true" box="[199,353,1909,1934]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" reason="1">Vocalization.</emphasis>
We recorded 
<specimenCount id="9D3EFD7EFF90FFF4C848F8F4FDA142E6" box="[514,617,1909,1934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
on 
<date id="FF861037FF90FFF4C8DDF8F7FC8F42E6" box="[663,839,1909,1934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" value="2010-03-15">
<collectingDate id="EFC2E9DFFF90FFF4C8DDF8F7FC8F42E6" box="[663,839,1909,1934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" value="2010-03-15">
15 March 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF90FFF4C945F8F7FC8F42E6" box="[783,839,1909,1934]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1053999999999995" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" unit="in" value="2010.0">2010</quantity>
</collectingDate>
</date>
in the 
<location id="8EE7602CFF90FFF4C9D3F8F7FBBD42E5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187E1FF9FFFF1CADDFF5FFDC54732:8EE7602CFF90FFF4C9D3F8F7FBBD42E5" box="[921,1141,1909,1934]" country="Panama" latitude="-59.4" longLatPrecision="5555" longitude="-80.8061" name="Distrito de Donoso" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" stateProvince="Colon">
Distrito 
<collectorName id="26CD5321FF90FFF4C9B2F8F7FBBD42E5" box="[1016,1141,1909,1934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">de Donoso</collectorName>
</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF90FFF4CEC8F8F7FAFE42E6" box="[1154,1334,1909,1934]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">Colón Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF90FFF4CF09F8F4FA5442E5" box="[1347,1436,1910,1933]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF90FFF4CAD5F81AFEDE42D8" box="[159,278,1944,1969]" degrees="8.8546" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" precision="5" value="8.8546">8.8546° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF90FFF4CB6BF81AFE6242D9" box="[289,426,1944,1969]" degrees="80.8061" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" precision="5" value="-80.8061">80.8061° W</geoCoordinate>
) at 11:35 hrs with air temperature of 25.9ºC. The calls consisted of a buzz-like call similar to other members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF90FFF4CBE1F83FFDEA42BC" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[427,546,1981,2004]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4CBE1F83FFDEA42BC" box="[427,546,1981,2004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">A. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B06FF90FFF4C899F83EFC6C42BD" author="Brown, J. L. &amp; Twomey, E. &amp; Amezquita, A. &amp; Barbosa De Souza, M. &amp; Caldwell, J. P. &amp; Lotters, S. &amp; Von May, R. &amp; Melo-Sampaio, P. R. &amp; Vargas, D. &amp; Perez-Pena, P. &amp; Pepper, M. &amp; Poelman, E. H. &amp; Sanchez-Rodriguez, M. &amp; Summers, K." box="[723,932,1980,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="342" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref8523" refString="Brown, J. L., Twomey, E., Amezquita, A., Barbosa De Souza, M., Caldwell, J. P., Lotters, S., Von May, R., Melo-Sampaio, P. R., Mejia- Vargas, D., Perez-Pena, P., Pepper, M., Poelman, E. H., Sanchez-Rodriguez, M. &amp; Summers, K. (2011) A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae). Zootaxa, 3083, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="2011">
Brown 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF90FFF4C962F83FFCA942BD" box="[808,865,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Two calls were recorded (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF90FFF4CE93F83EFAD642BD" box="[1241,1310,1980,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,693,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-261@12.[151,1436,688,1759]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Spectrogram (above) and oscillogram (below) of the advertisement call of (A) Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. (note the clicks at the beginning and end of call) and (B) A. minutus (for comparison) recorded at the Manakin trail in the Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8546° N, 80.8061° W)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="342">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
); details of the first call as follows (with information on the second call provided in parentheses): calls consisted of 87 (88) pulses, call duration of 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF93FFF7CBECFF39FE2445BB" box="[422,492,187,212]" degrees="1.60" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="343" precision="555" value="-1.6">1.60 s</geoCoordinate>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF93FFF7CBB7FF39FD8D45BC" box="[509,581,187,212]" degrees="1.52" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="343" precision="555" value="-1.52">1.52 s</geoCoordinate>
), with an interval between the two calls of 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF93FFF7CE74FF39FB4C45BB" box="[1086,1156,187,212]" degrees="59.4" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="343" precision="5555" value="-59.4">59.4 s</geoCoordinate>
, with a total call rate of approximately two calls per minute. The rise time was 5.64% (8.14%) of the total call duration. The peak frequency band ranged from 4.12 to 4.74 kHz (4.03–4.80 kHz), with the dominant frequency at 4.52 kHz (4.4 kHz). Each pulse length was 7.8 ms (7.7 ms), and the pulse interval on average was 10 ms (9.5 ms). The call began with one or two pulses spaced by a pause of 42.0 ms (52.0 ms) from subsequent pulses, after which the pulse intervals remained relatively constant at 8.40 ± 1.6 ms. Before the final pulse there was an interval of silence lasting 152.0 ms (88.0 ms) followed by a click that terminated the call.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF47667FFF93FFF7CADDF8C1FB3C42FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930487/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="343" startId="10.[151,250,1859,1881]" targetBox="[230,1356,476,1837]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF93FFF7CADDF8C1FB3C42FE" blockId="10.[151,1436,1859,1942]" pageId="10" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF93FFF7CADDF8C1FEDC4230" bold="true" box="[151,276,1859,1881]" pageId="10" pageNumber="343">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Photographic example of the other three species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF93FFF7C97BF8C1FC784231" authorityName="Twomey, Brown, Amezquita, &amp; Mejia-Vargas" authorityYear="2011" box="[817,944,1859,1881]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF93FFF7C97BF8C1FC784231" box="[817,944,1859,1881]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="343">Andinobates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
found in Panama, with dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. A) 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF93FFF7CB06F8E3FE09421F" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Lotters &amp; Jorgens" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[332,449,1889,1911]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="claudiae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF93FFF7CB06F8E3FE09421F" box="[332,449,1889,1911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="343">A. claudiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CH 5983 Isla Bastimento, Bocas del Toro Province, Panama); B) 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF93FFF7CE37F8E3FB23421F" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[1149,1259,1889,1911]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF93FFF7CE37F8E3FB23421F" box="[1149,1259,1889,1911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="343">A. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CH 6050 Cerro Brewster, Panamá Province, Panama); C) 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF93FFF7C80AF802FD7742FE" baseAuthorityName="Silverstone" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[576,703,1920,1942]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulguritus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF93FFF7C80AF802FD7742FE" box="[576,703,1920,1942]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="343">A. fulguritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CH 6049 Cerro Brewster, Panamá Province, Panama).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF47667FFF92FFF6CADDFB20FBA141D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930491" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930491" box="[151,1129,1186,1208]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930491/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" startId="11.[151,250,1186,1208]" targetBox="[158,1430,220,1126]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF92FFF6CADDFB20FBA141D0" blockId="11.[151,1129,1186,1208]" box="[151,1129,1186,1208]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CADDFB20FEDA41DF" bold="true" box="[151,274,1186,1208]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Map of the Republic of Panama showing the distribution of species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C9AEFB20FBAA41D0" authorityName="Twomey, Brown, Amezquita, &amp; Mejia-Vargas" authorityYear="2011" box="[996,1122,1186,1208]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C9AEFB20FBAA41D0" box="[996,1122,1186,1208]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Andinobates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C322657CFF92FFF1CA8DFB66FDC54732" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF92FFF6CA8DFB66FC4B43C0" blockId="11.[151,1436,1252,2024]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CA8DFB66FCC14195" bold="true" box="[199,777,1252,1277]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" reason="1">
Distribution and natural history (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF92FFF6C812FB66FD604195" box="[600,680,1252,1277]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1778,1800]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,961,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-482@2.[190,1396,951,1754]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distributional map of Andinobates geminisae and A. minutus at the Río Belén basin, Colón Province, Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930475/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF92FFF6C8FCFB66FD0C4195" box="[694,708,1252,1277]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1262,1284]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,474,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-509@8.[188,1398,431,1241]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitat (forest to the right) of Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. at Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8826° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m. elev.) Photo taken on July 07, 2009)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930481/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">3</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF92FFF6C8A1FB66FD324195" box="[747,762,1252,1277]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1186,1208]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,220,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-403@11.[152,1432,215,1137]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Map of the Republic of Panama showing the distribution of species of Andinobates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930491/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">6</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C95AFB66FBDE4194" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[784,1046,1252,1277]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C95AFB66FBDE4194" box="[784,1046,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Andinobates geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from the Río 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF92FFF6CF11FB66FA544195" box="[1371,1436,1252,1277]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Belén</collectingRegion>
basin (http://www.hidromet.com.pa/cuencas.php; retrieved 
<date id="FF861037FF92FFF6C979FA85FC154048" box="[819,989,1287,1312]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" value="2013-03-04">March 4, 2013</date>
; 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF92FFF6C9A3FA85FBE34048" box="[1001,1067,1287,1312]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1778,1800]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,961,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-482@2.[190,1396,951,1754]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distributional map of Andinobates geminisae and A. minutus at the Río Belén basin, Colón Province, Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930475/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF92FFF6CE2EFA85FBBC4048" box="[1124,1140,1287,1312]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1186,1208]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,220,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-403@11.[152,1432,215,1137]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Map of the Republic of Panama showing the distribution of species of Andinobates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930491/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">6</figureCitation>
). Most 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6CE86FA8AFA964077" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[1228,1374,1288,1311]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CE86FA8AFA964077" box="[1228,1374,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in nearly pristine forest with occasional perturbations by people looking to establish settlements (
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF92FFF6CF55FAA9FAAB402C" box="[1311,1379,1323,1348]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1262,1284]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,474,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-509@8.[188,1398,431,1241]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitat (forest to the right) of Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. at Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8826° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m. elev.) Photo taken on July 07, 2009)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930481/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). All individuals were found on ridges of small hills, suggesting that 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C925FACDFBCA400F" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[879,1026,1359,1383]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C925FACDFBCA400F" box="[879,1026,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
prefers upland drier areas over flat, moister low-lying areas. Most frogs were found exposed on top of the leaf litter, nearby tree roots or near the entrance of cavities under rocks or logs. The bright coloration of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C9C4FA14FBEA40C5" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[910,1058,1430,1453]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C9C4FA14FBEA40C5" box="[910,1058,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contrasts sharply with the forest floor, allowing the investigator to see the frogs easily. In an area of 
<quantity id="4CC09B12FF92FFF6C9CBFA3EFC7040BB" box="[897,952,1468,1493]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
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(
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF92FFF6C985FA3EFB8E40BB" box="[975,1094,1468,1493]" degrees="8.8567" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" precision="5" value="8.8567">8.8567° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C5030FF92FFF6CE1AFA3EFB1240BB" box="[1104,1242,1468,1493]" degrees="80.7752" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" precision="5" value="-80.7752">80.7752° W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<specimenCount id="9D3EFD7EFF92FFF6CEAFFA3EFAFA40BB" box="[1253,1330,1468,1493]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="generic">
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.
</specimenCount>
elev.) we observed approximately 15 individuals in 45 minutes. Calling males of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C99CFA62FBA2409F" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[982,1130,1504,1527]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C99CFA62FBA2409F" box="[982,1130,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were heard from 08:00 to 14:00, suggesting that this species calls actively throughout the day during the breeding season. Potential areas for reproduction used by this species may include phytotelmata found at the 
<typeStatus id="54838855FF92FFF6CE4FF9A5FBFD4357" box="[1029,1077,1575,1599]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">type</typeStatus>
locality, e.g., water-filled tree hollows plant axial water (e.g. in 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C852F9CBFD08430A" box="[536,704,1609,1634]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C852F9CBFD4E430A" box="[536,646,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Heliconia</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
), and dry leaves filled with rain water, though no tadpoles were found. Dendrobatid species sympatric with 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C8EFF9ECFCF643ED" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[677,830,1646,1669]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C8EFF9ECFCF643ED" box="[677,830,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C9F1F9EFFB4343ED" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[955,1163,1645,1670]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pratti">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C9F1F9EFFB4343ED" box="[955,1163,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Colostethus pratti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6CEEBF9EFFA5C43ED" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[1185,1428,1645,1670]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auratus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CEEBF9EFFA5C43ED" box="[1185,1428,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Dendrobates auratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6CADDF912FE9543C0" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Weygoldt &amp; Juraske" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[151,349,1680,1705]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Oophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicentei">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CADDF912FE9543C0" box="[151,349,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Oophaga vicentei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CB21F912FD9243C1" box="[363,602,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6CB21F912FD9E43C1" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[363,598,1680,1705]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Phyllobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lugubris">Phyllobates lugubris</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C8DBF912FCB443C1" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[657,892,1680,1705]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C8DBF912FCB443C1" box="[657,892,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Silverstoneia flotator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF92FFF6CA8DF936FC214215" blockId="11.[151,1436,1252,2024]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CA8DF936FE7443A5" bold="true" box="[199,444,1716,1741]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" reason="1">Conservation status.</emphasis>
Despite the fact that most of the terrestrial habitat in the Donoso region is comprised of primary forest, during recent decades the area has been impacted by deforestation for pasture and agriculture land by non-indigenous colonists (see 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF92FFF6C851F979FDA8427C" box="[539,608,1787,1812]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1262,1284]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,474,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-509@8.[188,1398,431,1241]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitat (forest to the right) of Andinobates geminisae sp. nov. at Palmilla, Distrito de Donoso, Colón Province, Panama (8.8826° N, 80.7714° W; 50 m. elev.) Photo taken on July 07, 2009)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930481/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), as well as migration of indigenous peoples from the Comarca 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF92FFF6CF1BF979FF12425F" country="Panama" name="Ngobe-Bugle" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Ngöbe Buglé</collectingRegion>
to establish new settlements. More recently, multinational mining companies have begun surveying the region with intentions to build a copper mine. Therefore, the development and implementation of conservation action plans should be a high priority to assure the survival of 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C91BF8E4FC294215" authorityName="Batista &amp; Jaramillo &amp; Ponce &amp; Crawford" authorityYear="2014" box="[849,993,1894,1917]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C91BF8E4FC294215" box="[849,993,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736F7FF92FFF1CA8DF80BFDC54732" blockId="11.[151,1436,1252,2024]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,602]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CA8DF80BFD2942CA" box="[199,737,1929,1954]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CA8DF80BFE3542CA" bold="true" box="[199,509,1929,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Genetic distance results (</emphasis>
Tables 4–5, 
<figureCitation id="13032A72FF92FFF6C8C6F80BFD1C42CA" box="[652,724,1929,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1186,1208]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,376,1159]" captionTargetId="figure-456@9.[175,1412,373,1165]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maximum likelihood (ML) trees inferred independently for the 16S ribosomal (left) and COI protein-coding (right) mitochondrial genes. Scale bars indicate model-based patristic distances estimated from ML analysis (see text for details). Bootstrap support ≥ 90% is indicated by squares on the corresponding branch, with support ≥70% but &lt;90% indicated by circles. Not shown are outgroups Phyllobates bicolor (AY364580) for 16S and Ameerega trivittata (DQ502929) for COI. Specimen details are provided in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930485/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Assuming HKY distances at the COI marker, 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6CF4DF80BFEF642AD" authority="(MVUP 2428)" baseAuthorityName="MVUP" baseAuthorityYear="2428" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CF4DF80BFA5442C9" box="[1287,1436,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">A. geminisae</emphasis>
(MVUP 2428)
</taxonomicName>
showed 5.6% divergence (Table 4) from 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6C964F82FFC6342AC" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[814,939,1965,1988]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6C964F82FFC6342AC" box="[814,939,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">A. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF92FFF6C9F4F82EFBF742AD" box="[958,1087,1964,1989]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/DQ502870" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">DQ502870</accessionNumber>
, KRL 0790, Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF92FFF6C87DF852FD47428F" box="[567,655,2000,2023]" country="Panama" name="Herrera" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Herrera</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF92FFF6C8D4F84DFC994280" box="[670,849,1999,2024]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Coclé Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF92FFF6C915F84DFC744280" box="[863,956,1999,2024]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Panama</collectingCountry>
), 8.5% from a second 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF92FFF6CE8DF852FA89428F" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[1223,1345,2000,2023]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF92FFF6CE8DF852FA89428F" box="[1223,1345,2000,2023]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">A. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sample (
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CAD4FF15FED845D8" box="[158,272,151,176]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/FJ766811" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">FJ766811</accessionNumber>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1CB57FF15FE8C45D8" box="[285,324,151,176]" name="Switzerland" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">CH</collectingCountry>
9887, Cerro Brewster, Distrito de 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1C89BFF15FCE545D8" box="[721,813,151,176]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Panamá</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF95FFF1C973FF1AFBC945D8" box="[825,1025,151,176]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Panama Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1CE44FF15FBA345D8" box="[1038,1131,151,176]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Panama</collectingCountry>
), 8.6% divergence from 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1CFCEFF1AFF3045BC" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Lotters &amp; Jorgens" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="claudiae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CFCEFF1AFF3045BC" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. claudiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CB47FF39FE4645BC" box="[269,398,187,212]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/DQ502747" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">DQ502747</accessionNumber>
, USNM-FS 59979, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1C8C8FF39FD6345BC" box="[642,683,187,212]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Isla</collectingCountry>
Popa, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF95FFF1C94CFF3EFBF945BC" box="[774,1073,187,212]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Bocas del Toro Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1CE09FF39FB5645BC" box="[1091,1182,187,212]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Panama</collectingCountry>
) and 18.7% from 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1CFCEFF3EFECC459F" baseAuthorityName="Silverstone" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulguritus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CFCEFF3EFECC459F" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. fulguritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CB58FF5CFE5B459F" box="[274,403,222,247]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/DQ502817" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">DQ502817</accessionNumber>
, MHNUC 340, Bahía Solano, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF95FFF1C8A3FF5CFCFD459F" box="[745,821,222,247]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Chocó</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1C90AFF5CFC7C459F" box="[832,948,222,247]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Colombia</collectingCountry>
). (Adding a G-rate heterogeneity parameter with values estimated by ML, these distances would be 8.4%, 15.5%, 15.9% and 73.5%, respectively.) For the 16S data, 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1CA93FEA4FDEC4456" authority="(MVUP 2428)" baseAuthorityName="MVUP" baseAuthorityYear="2428" box="[217,548,293,318]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CA93FEA4FEB84456" box="[217,368,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. geminisae</emphasis>
(MVUP 2428)
</taxonomicName>
was most similar to 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1C963FEA4FC8A4455" box="[809,834,294,317]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A.</emphasis>
sp. (
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1C9C8FEA7FBCB4456" box="[898,1027,293,318]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/HQ290989" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">HQ290989</accessionNumber>
, TNHC FS 4943, Quibdó, Chocó, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1CADDFECBFECF440A" box="[151,263,329,354]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Colombia</collectingCountry>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1CB02FECBFE094409" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[328,449,329,353]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CB02FECBFE094409" box="[328,449,329,353]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CB9BFECBFD9A440A" box="[465,594,329,354]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/DQ502168" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">DQ502168</accessionNumber>
, KRL 0790, Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF95FFF1CF0AFEC8FA504409" box="[1344,1432,330,353]" country="Panama" name="Herrera" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Herrera</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF95FFF1CADDFEEEFE8F44ED" box="[151,327,364,389]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Coclé Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1CB1EFEEEFE6744ED" box="[340,431,364,389]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Panama</collectingCountry>
) with 2.5% HKY distances from either sample. Relative to other Colombian congeners, the new species showed 2.7% divergence from the two genetically identical 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1CE4FFE12FB7244C1" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1029,1210,400,425]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opisthomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CE4FFE12FB7244C1" box="[1029,1210,400,425]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. opisthomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CE81FE12FA8944C1" box="[1227,1345,400,425]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JQ936633" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">JQ936633</accessionNumber>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1CFCEFE12FED144A4" baseAuthorityName="Ruiz-Carranza &amp; Ramirez-Pinilla" baseAuthorityYear="1992" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virolinensis">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CFCEFE12FED144A4" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. virolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
samples (
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CBC2FE31FDC044A4" box="[392,520,435,460]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU342667" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">EU342667</accessionNumber>
), and 3.1% divergence to 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1C963FE36FC7A44A4" baseAuthorityName="Myers &amp; Daly" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[809,946,435,460]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombetes">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1C963FE36FC7A44A4" box="[809,946,435,460]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. bombetes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1C98AFE31FB8844A4" box="[960,1088,435,460]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU342669" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">EU342669</accessionNumber>
). At 16S, 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1CEE5FE36FA8844A3" baseAuthorityName="MVUP" baseAuthorityYear="2428" box="[1199,1344,436,459]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminisae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CEE5FE36FA8844A3" box="[1199,1344,436,459]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. geminisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed 3.4% divergence from 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1CBDDFE55FDDF4498" baseAuthorityName="Jungfer, Lotters &amp; Jorgens" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[407,535,471,496]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="claudiae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CBDDFE55FDDF4498" box="[407,535,471,496]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. claudiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1C86CFE55FD6C4498" box="[550,676,471,496]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/DQ283042" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">DQ283042</accessionNumber>
and 
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1C891FE55FC944498" box="[731,860,471,496]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/DQ502027" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">DQ502027</accessionNumber>
), and 3.6% divergence from Colombian samples 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1CFCEFE55FEF1477B" authorityName="Amezquita, Marquez, Medina, Mejia, Kahn, Suarez &amp; Mazariegos" authorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassidyhornae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CFCEFE55FEF1477B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. cassidyhornae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CB06FE78FE0B477B" box="[332,451,506,531]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JQ936638" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">JQ936638</accessionNumber>
, GECOH 1534S, 
<collectingRegion id="49FCF815FF95FFF1C8D0FE78FCC5477B" box="[666,781,506,531]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1C957FE78FC46477B" box="[797,910,506,531]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Colombia</collectingCountry>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1C99FFE79FB4C477A" baseAuthorityName="Shreve" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[981,1156,506,531]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1C99FFE79FC25477A" box="[981,1005,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A.</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1CE61FE79FB4C477A" box="[1067,1156,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CEDDFE78FADC477B" box="[1175,1300,506,531]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU342670" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">EU342670</accessionNumber>
, TNHC FS 4943, Quibdó, Chocó, 
<collectingCountry id="F32F7667FF95FFF1CBFEFD9FFDE0475E" box="[436,552,541,566]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Colombia</collectingCountry>
). Finally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C384D74FF95FFF1C8E2FD9CFCF6475E" baseAuthorityName="Silverstone" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[680,830,541,566]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Andinobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulguritus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAE5FF95FFF1C8E2FD9CFCF6475E" box="[680,830,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">A. fulguritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed 4.9% (
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CE42FD9FFB4B475E" box="[1032,1155,541,566]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AF124116" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">AF124116</accessionNumber>
) to 5.5% (
<accessionNumber id="946BAB14FF95FFF1CF5EFD9FFA5D475E" box="[1300,1429,541,566]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/DQ502106" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">DQ502106</accessionNumber>
) divergence from the new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>