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<document id="782CBC9C5E50C7FDF8F424DA8EA1A412" ID-CLB-Dataset="2502" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5092.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dde4d25b-55ce-4bae-a486-e6c24ac90528" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5869434" ID-ZooBank="3CAF2F90-A654-40B7-BABA-A0035A1A6DE8" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1642495604371" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rédei, Dávid &amp; Tsai, Jing-Fu" docDate="2022" docId="03F287DA8117AF3FFF45B56DFAF2FD80" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5092.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5092 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Scutellera nepalensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFCBFFA28113AF35FFD2B73FFFC7FFE1" masterDocTitle="A revision of Scutellera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1699302709737" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F2597C2695C26C42CEB7C49E9510908C">
<mods:title id="CE3419699361895C88B99C67F06DE127">A revision of Scutellera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8C3DDA75B7D50B87B186ACF38EE6C2E0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A585E60A65662E789A463D84D6878A0C">Rédei, Dávid</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="00F6E721D764FF25C43A7E198B6F38F0" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1550-2110</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="88B720E863815AC203F8E7C1844400FA">Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan. david. redei @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1550 - 2110</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F80F712B3FB9652ED329834D209ECA15" type="email">david.redei@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="0BFA6BC5521A80601139C23BE680FC92">Tsai, Jing-Fu</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1449C79ED9ED6F3306DC98B9E86F3B08" type="ORCID">0000-0003-3076-3976</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="AFB3D1F48E2C29ED819B76BB2D593FA5">Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chian Rd., Taichung 40453, Taiwan. jingfu. tsai @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3076 - 3976</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BCE2ADB7A0F08B48DE8D91AB29D5EB87" type="email">jingfu.tsai@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="40F30A07A749463C09A6BB62581925B0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5EE68CA716B5D7B64532D4B805668931">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F287DA8117AF3FFF45B56DFAF2FD80" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5879771" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192443471" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5879771" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287DA8117AF3FFF45B56DFAF2FD80" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F287DA8117AF3FFF45B56DFAF2FD80" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="C34165478117AF31FF45B56DFDBAFD8D" box="[151,637,594,621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8117AF31FF45B56DFDBAFD8D" blockId="4.[151,903,594,657]" box="[151,637,594,621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D0AC81A08117AF31FF45B56DFDBAFD8D" bold="true" box="[151,637,594,621]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FF45B56DFDBAFD8D" authority="(Westwood, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[151,637,594,621]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FF45B56DFDBAFD8D" bold="true" box="[151,637,594,621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FF45B56DFE5FFD8C" bold="true" box="[151,408,594,621]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scutellera nepalensis</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1837)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34165478117AF31FF45B549FC40FD70" box="[151,903,630,657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8117AF31FF45B549FC40FD70" blockId="4.[151,903,594,657]" box="[151,903,630,657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
(
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FF4DB549FECCFD70" box="[159,267,630,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,318,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-56@6.[151,1436,309,1793]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–10. Lectotypes of Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837, Callidea spilogastra Walker, 1867, and Scutellera brevirostris Breddin, 1909, with their labels. Figs. 1, T. nepalensis, dorsal view; Fig. 2, same, lateral view; Fig. 3, same, ventral view; Fig. 4, same, labels; Fig. 5, C. spilogastra, dorsal view; Fig. 6, same, ventral view; Fig. 7, same, labels; Fig. 8, S. brevirostris, dorsal view; Fig. 9, same, ventral view; Fig. 10, same, labels. Scales in mm. © OXUM (Figs. 1–4), © BMNH (Figs. 5–7), © SDEI (Figs. 8–10)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869436/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FEC5B548FE75FD71" box="[279,434,630,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1423,192,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1436,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11–17. Lectotypes of Calliphara amethystina Germar, 1839 and Scutellera lanius Stål, 1854 and their labels. Fig. 11, C. amethystina, dorsal view; Fig. 12, same, lateral view; Fig. 13, same, ventral view; Fig. 14, same, labels; Fig. 15, S. lanius, dorsal view; Fig. 16, same, ventral view; Fig. 17, labels. Scales in mm. © ZMHB (Figs. 11–14), © NHRS, courtesy of G. Lindberg (Figs. 15–17)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869442/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11–13, 15, 16</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FE6CB548FDC1FD70" box="[446,518,630,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,182,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[151,1436,181,1067]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 24–29. Scutellera spp., terminalia of males. Figs. 24, 25, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 26, 27, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 28, 29, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Lateral (Figs. 24, 26, 28) and ventral (Figs. 25, 27, 29) views. Abbreviations: fw = fore wing; gc = genital capsule; sc = scutellum. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869446/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">24, 25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FDC0B548FD9CFD70" box="[530,603,631,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,669,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-230@10.[151,1436,669,1747]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Scutellera spp., external male genitalia. Figs. 30–33, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 34–37, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 38–41, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Genital capsule, dorsal view (Figs. 30, 34, 38); right paramere, three different aspects (Figs. 31–33, 35–37, 39–41). Abbreviations: dsp = dorsal setal patch; mp = median projection of cuplike sclerite; vsp = ventral setal patch. Scales in mm. Figs. 30–33 from Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869452/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">30–33</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FDB4B548FD69FD70" box="[614,686,631,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–47" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1749,1773]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,223,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,219,1664]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 42–47. Scutellera spp., phallus (in repose). Figs. 42, 43, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 44, 45, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 46, 47, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Left lateral view (Figs. 42, 44, 46); posteroventral view (Figs. 43, 45, 47).Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus s. str.; cp-II 1, cp-II 2 = lobes of second conjunctival process; cp-III = third conjunctival process. Arrows in Figs. 42, 44 and 46 show aspects of Figs. 43, 45 and 47, respectively. Scales in mm. Figs. 42–43 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869454/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">42, 43</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FD68B548FD1FFD70" box="[698,728,631,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–52" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1069]" captionTargetId="figure-18@12.[151,1436,205,1075]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 48–52. Scutellera spp., phallus. Figs. 4, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837), distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 49, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837), inflated, lateral view; Fig. 50, same, posteroventral view; Fig. 51, same, distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 52, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867), distal portion, ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figs. 42 and 43. Arrow in Figs. 49 shows aspect of Fig. 50. Scales in mm. Fig. 48 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869462/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FD36B549FCEBFD70" box="[740,812,630,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–64" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1578,1602]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,185,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-18@16.[151,1436,181,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 53–64. Scutellera spp., female terminalia and ovipositor. Figs. 53–56, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 57–60, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 61–64, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Terminalia, posterior view (Figs. 53, 57, 61); same, posterodorsal view (Figs. 54, 58, 62); same, ventral view (Figs. 55, 59, 63); ovipositor and sternum X, posterior view. Abbreviations: ga = gonangulum; lt8, lt9 = laterotergites VIII, IX; = laterotergite IX; s10 = sternum X; t8 = tergite VIII; va8, va9 = valvulae VIII, IX; vf8, vf9 = valvifers VIII, IX. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869466/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">53–56</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FCEAB549FCB8FD70" box="[824,895,630,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–70" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1576,1600]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-118@20.[151,1436,417,1553]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 65–70. Scutellera spp., ectodermal genital tract of female. Figs. 65, 66, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 67," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869468/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">65, 66</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34165478117AF31FF45B584FDBCFD32" box="[151,635,699,723]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8117AF31FF45B584FDBCFD32" blockId="4.[151,635,699,723]" box="[151,635,699,723]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FF45B584FED4FD32" bold="true" box="[151,275,699,723]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">References.</emphasis>
See under the included subspecies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34165478117AF31FF45B43EFD1BFBDD" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8117AF31FF45B43EFD1BFBDD" blockId="4.[151,1437,769,2020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FF45B43EFED5FCFA" bold="true" box="[151,274,769,795]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Highly similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FE09B43DFD90FCFA" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[475,599,769,796]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FE09B43DFD90FCFA" box="[475,599,769,796]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. perplexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the morphology of the exoskeleton is virtually identical in the two species. In
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FF67B419FE81FCDE" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[181,326,805,832]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FF67B419FE81FCDE" box="[181,326,805,832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the dorsal markings of the scutellum are invariably extensive, the oblique transverse fasciae always join the median vitta (
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FE43B476FE39FC82" box="[401,510,841,867]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,318,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-56@6.[151,1436,309,1793]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–10. Lectotypes of Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837, Callidea spilogastra Walker, 1867, and Scutellera brevirostris Breddin, 1909, with their labels. Figs. 1, T. nepalensis, dorsal view; Fig. 2, same, lateral view; Fig. 3, same, ventral view; Fig. 4, same, labels; Fig. 5, C. spilogastra, dorsal view; Fig. 6, same, ventral view; Fig. 7, same, labels; Fig. 8, S. brevirostris, dorsal view; Fig. 9, same, ventral view; Fig. 10, same, labels. Scales in mm. © OXUM (Figs. 1–4), © BMNH (Figs. 5–7), © SDEI (Figs. 8–10)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869436/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 1, 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FDD8B476FDB9FC85" box="[522,638,841,868]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1423,192,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1436,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11–17. Lectotypes of Calliphara amethystina Germar, 1839 and Scutellera lanius Stål, 1854 and their labels. Fig. 11, C. amethystina, dorsal view; Fig. 12, same, lateral view; Fig. 13, same, ventral view; Fig. 14, same, labels; Fig. 15, S. lanius, dorsal view; Fig. 16, same, ventral view; Fig. 17, labels. Scales in mm. © ZMHB (Figs. 11–14), © NHRS, courtesy of G. Lindberg (Figs. 15–17)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869442/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11, 12, 15</figureCitation>
); in
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FD63B475FCF7FC82" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[689,816,841,868]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FD63B475FCF7FC82" box="[689,816,841,868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. perplexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the markings are highly variable (
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FB64B476FAAFFC82" box="[1206,1384,841,867]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1901,1925]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,190,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[151,1436,181,1877]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Scutellera perplexa (Westwood, 1837). Figs. 18, 19, a female from Thailand: Nong Hoi (RMNH); Figs. 20, 21, a male from India: Himachal Pradesh, Sadhupul, near Simla (SEHU); Figs. 22, 23, a female from Sri Lanka: Uppuveli (RMNH). Dorsal (Figs. 18, 20, 22) and vental (Figs. 19, 21, 23) views. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869444/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 18, 20, 22</figureCitation>
) but even in extreme cases the paired spots anteriad and posteriad of the middle of scutellum do not join the median vita (
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FF72B4AEFF33FC4A" box="[160,244,913,939]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1901,1925]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,190,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[151,1436,181,1877]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Scutellera perplexa (Westwood, 1837). Figs. 18, 19, a female from Thailand: Nong Hoi (RMNH); Figs. 20, 21, a male from India: Himachal Pradesh, Sadhupul, near Simla (SEHU); Figs. 22, 23, a female from Sri Lanka: Uppuveli (RMNH). Dorsal (Figs. 18, 20, 22) and vental (Figs. 19, 21, 23) views. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869444/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). The two species are most reliably separated by some characters of the terminalia of both sexes which can easily be observed even without dissection: in males of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FCC9B489FC68FC2E" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[795,943,949,976]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FCC9B489FC68FC2E" box="[795,943,949,976]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lateral margin of the genital capsule is deeply emarginate (
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FEA1B4E6FE3DFC15" box="[371,506,985,1012]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,182,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[151,1436,181,1067]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 24–29. Scutellera spp., terminalia of males. Figs. 24, 25, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 26, 27, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 28, 29, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Lateral (Figs. 24, 26, 28) and ventral (Figs. 25, 27, 29) views. Abbreviations: fw = fore wing; gc = genital capsule; sc = scutellum. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869446/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 24, 25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FDD7B4E6FDE2FC12" box="[517,549,985,1011]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,669,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-230@10.[151,1436,669,1747]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Scutellera spp., external male genitalia. Figs. 30–33, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 34–37, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 38–41, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Genital capsule, dorsal view (Figs. 30, 34, 38); right paramere, three different aspects (Figs. 31–33, 35–37, 39–41). Abbreviations: dsp = dorsal setal patch; mp = median projection of cuplike sclerite; vsp = ventral setal patch. Scales in mm. Figs. 30–33 from Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869452/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">30</figureCitation>
: arrow), but simple in
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FCF2B4E5FC59FC12" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[800,926,985,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FCF2B4E5FC59FC12" box="[800,926,985,1012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. perplexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FC7FB4E6FBF4FC12" box="[941,1075,985,1011]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,182,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[151,1436,181,1067]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 24–29. Scutellera spp., terminalia of males. Figs. 24, 25, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 26, 27, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 28, 29, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Lateral (Figs. 24, 26, 28) and ventral (Figs. 25, 27, 29) views. Abbreviations: fw = fore wing; gc = genital capsule; sc = scutellum. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869446/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 26, 27</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FBEDB4E6FB98FC12" box="[1087,1119,985,1011]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,669,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-230@10.[151,1436,669,1747]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Scutellera spp., external male genitalia. Figs. 30–33, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 34–37, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 38–41, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Genital capsule, dorsal view (Figs. 30, 34, 38); right paramere, three different aspects (Figs. 31–33, 35–37, 39–41). Abbreviations: dsp = dorsal setal patch; mp = median projection of cuplike sclerite; vsp = ventral setal patch. Scales in mm. Figs. 30–33 from Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869452/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">34</figureCitation>
); in females of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FAD8B4E5FA5BFC12" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1290,1436,985,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FAD8B4E5FA5BFC12" box="[1290,1436,985,1012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the laterotergites VIII are strongly enlarged, lobe-shaped and protruding (
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FC1DB4C2FB9FFBF9" box="[975,1112,1021,1048]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–64" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1578,1602]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,185,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-18@16.[151,1436,181,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 53–64. Scutellera spp., female terminalia and ovipositor. Figs. 53–56, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 57–60, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 61–64, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Terminalia, posterior view (Figs. 53, 57, 61); same, posterodorsal view (Figs. 54, 58, 62); same, ventral view (Figs. 55, 59, 63); ovipositor and sternum X, posterior view. Abbreviations: ga = gonangulum; lt8, lt9 = laterotergites VIII, IX; = laterotergite IX; s10 = sternum X; t8 = tergite VIII; va8, va9 = valvulae VIII, IX; vf8, vf9 = valvifers VIII, IX. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869466/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 53–55</figureCitation>
: arrow) whilst in
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FACCB4C1FA5BFBF6" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1310,1436,1021,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FACCB4C1FA5BFBF6" box="[1310,1436,1021,1048]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. perplexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are much smaller, posteriorly flat (
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FD83B31EFD16FBDD" box="[593,721,1057,1084]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–64" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1578,1602]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,185,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-18@16.[151,1436,181,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 53–64. Scutellera spp., female terminalia and ovipositor. Figs. 53–56, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 57–60, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 61–64, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Terminalia, posterior view (Figs. 53, 57, 61); same, posterodorsal view (Figs. 54, 58, 62); same, ventral view (Figs. 55, 59, 63); ovipositor and sternum X, posterior view. Abbreviations: ga = gonangulum; lt8, lt9 = laterotergites VIII, IX; = laterotergite IX; s10 = sternum X; t8 = tergite VIII; va8, va9 = valvulae VIII, IX; vf8, vf9 = valvifers VIII, IX. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869466/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 57–59</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34165478117AF30FF15B37AFEDAF978" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8117AF31FF15B37AFDC2F8EA" blockId="4.[151,1437,769,2020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FF15B37AFEB2FBBE" bold="true" box="[199,373,1093,1119]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Redescription.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FEAFB37AFE16FBBE" box="[381,465,1093,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colour.</emphasis>
Dorsum deep metallic blue-green (
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FCB6B379FBB1FBBE" authority="nepalensis" authorityName="nepalensis (Westwood" authorityYear="1837" box="[868,1142,1093,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nepalensis" subSpecies="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FCB6B379FBB1FBBE" box="[868,1142,1093,1120]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. nepalensis nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FB43B37AFB39FBBE" box="[1169,1278,1093,1119]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,318,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-56@6.[151,1436,309,1793]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–10. Lectotypes of Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837, Callidea spilogastra Walker, 1867, and Scutellera brevirostris Breddin, 1909, with their labels. Figs. 1, T. nepalensis, dorsal view; Fig. 2, same, lateral view; Fig. 3, same, ventral view; Fig. 4, same, labels; Fig. 5, C. spilogastra, dorsal view; Fig. 6, same, ventral view; Fig. 7, same, labels; Fig. 8, S. brevirostris, dorsal view; Fig. 9, same, ventral view; Fig. 10, same, labels. Scales in mm. © OXUM (Figs. 1–4), © BMNH (Figs. 5–7), © SDEI (Figs. 8–10)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869436/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 1, 2</figureCitation>
) or purple (
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8117AF31FA55B379FE5CFB62" authorityName="Rédei &amp; Tsai" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nepalensis" subSpecies="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FA55B379FE5CFB62" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. nepalensis amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FE61B356FD4CFB65" box="[435,651,1129,1156]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1423,192,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1436,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11–17. Lectotypes of Calliphara amethystina Germar, 1839 and Scutellera lanius Stål, 1854 and their labels. Fig. 11, C. amethystina, dorsal view; Fig. 12, same, lateral view; Fig. 13, same, ventral view; Fig. 14, same, labels; Fig. 15, S. lanius, dorsal view; Fig. 16, same, ventral view; Fig. 17, labels. Scales in mm. © ZMHB (Figs. 11–14), © NHRS, courtesy of G. Lindberg (Figs. 15–17)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869442/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 11–13, 15, 16</figureCitation>
), with complex and extensive black pattern; a median vitta completely occupying clypeus and extending to base of head and a pair of broad, short sublateral vittae on vertex black; mandibular plates bright orange or at least with considerable reddish or orange iridescence; antenna black, scape brownish or red at least basally; labium orange to reddish, apex of segment II darkened, segments III–IV black; pronotum broadly margined with orange or red laterally, a broad median vitta, a pair of large transverse spots on calli, a pair of large sublateral spots and a pair of small humeral spots on posterior lobe of pronotum black; scutellum with a median vitta from its base to about its middle, gradually tapering posteriad, with a pair of rounded spots at posterior part of basal tumescence, a pair of obliquely transverse fasciae anteriad to middle joining median vitta, a pair of small marginal spots at middle, a pair of broad, obliquely transverse fasciae posteriad to middle approaching or joining posterior extremity of median vitta, and a large apical spot black; exposed portion of fore wing black, its base marginally orange; venter of head and thorax metallic green usually with considerable purplish lustre, base of head posteriad to eyes, lateral margin of propleuron, anterior margin of proepisternum, greatest part of pre-, mes- and metepimeroids together with most of pro-, meso- and metathoracic supracoxal lobes orange or reddish, peritreme of metathoracic scent gland ostiole bright red; coxae, trochanters and most of femora red, an apical annulus on each femora as well as tibiae and tarsi bright metallic green; abdominal venter bright orange, ventrite II greatly black except laterally, small patches surrounding spiracles III–VII black, a pair of broad black fasciae at anterior margins of each of ventrites III–VII (medially confluent on ventrite VII) black with extensive metallic blue-green or coppery areas posteriad of them on segments III–VI; genital capsule and female terminalia greatly red, genital capsule often with a large black spot ventrally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8117AF31FF15B02AFF00F87D" blockId="4.[151,1437,769,2020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FF15B02AFEC6F8CE" box="[199,257,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Body</emphasis>
elongate, 2.3–2.4 times as long as greatest width.
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FCE3B02AFB9EF8CE" box="[817,1113,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Body surface and vestiture</emphasis>
as in the redescription of the genus.
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FF35B005FE91F8B2" box="[231,342,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pronotum</emphasis>
relatively long, 1.6–1.7 times as broad as its median length, anterior margin broad, lateral margin nearly straight.
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FE95B062FE72F896" box="[327,437,1885,1911]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scutellum</emphasis>
1.6–1.7 times as long as broad. Membrane slightly exposed beyond apex of scutellum at rest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8117AF30FF15B09AFAD1FE31" blockId="4.[151,1437,769,2020]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FF15B09AFE10F85E" box="[199,471,1957,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">External male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FE3BB09AFDBFF821" box="[489,632,1957,1984]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,182,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[151,1436,181,1067]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 24–29. Scutellera spp., terminalia of males. Figs. 24, 25, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 26, 27, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 28, 29, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Lateral (Figs. 24, 26, 28) and ventral (Figs. 25, 27, 29) views. Abbreviations: fw = fore wing; gc = genital capsule; sc = scutellum. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869446/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 24, 25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FD55B09AFD17F85E" box="[647,720,1957,1983]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,669,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-230@10.[151,1436,669,1747]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Scutellera spp., external male genitalia. Figs. 30–33, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 34–37, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 38–41, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Genital capsule, dorsal view (Figs. 30, 34, 38); right paramere, three different aspects (Figs. 31–33, 35–37, 39–41). Abbreviations: dsp = dorsal setal patch; mp = median projection of cuplike sclerite; vsp = ventral setal patch. Scales in mm. Figs. 30–33 from Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869452/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">30–33</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FD0DB09AFCEDF85E" box="[735,810,1957,1983]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–47" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1749,1773]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,223,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,219,1664]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 42–47. Scutellera spp., phallus (in repose). Figs. 42, 43, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 44, 45, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 46, 47, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Left lateral view (Figs. 42, 44, 46); posteroventral view (Figs. 43, 45, 47).Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus s. str.; cp-II 1, cp-II 2 = lobes of second conjunctival process; cp-III = third conjunctival process. Arrows in Figs. 42, 44 and 46 show aspects of Figs. 43, 45 and 47, respectively. Scales in mm. Figs. 42–43 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869454/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">42, 43</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FCE8B09AFC90F85E" box="[826,855,1957,1983]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–52" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1069]" captionTargetId="figure-18@12.[151,1436,205,1075]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 48–52. Scutellera spp., phallus. Figs. 4, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837), distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 49, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837), inflated, lateral view; Fig. 50, same, posteroventral view; Fig. 51, same, distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 52, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867), distal portion, ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figs. 42 and 43. Arrow in Figs. 49 shows aspect of Fig. 50. Scales in mm. Fig. 48 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869462/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">48</figureCitation>
) (described in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8117AF31FBAAB09AFAF5F85E" author="Tsai, J. F. &amp; Redei, D. &amp; Yeh, G. F. &amp; Yang, M. M." box="[1144,1330,1957,1983]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref41023" refString="Tsai, J. F., Redei, D., Yeh, G. F. &amp; Yang, M. M. (2011) Jewel bugs of Taiwan (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 309 pp." type="book" year="2011">
Tsai
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FB62B099FB2BF85E" box="[1200,1260,1957,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8117AF31FA9AB09AFF2AF802" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Genital capsule</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FF29B0F6FE46F805" box="[251,385,1993,2020]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,182,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[151,1436,181,1067]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 24–29. Scutellera spp., terminalia of males. Figs. 24, 25, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 26, 27, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 28, 29, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Lateral (Figs. 24, 26, 28) and ventral (Figs. 25, 27, 29) views. Abbreviations: fw = fore wing; gc = genital capsule; sc = scutellum. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869446/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 24, 25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498117AF31FE5EB0F6FE6EF802" box="[396,425,1993,2019]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,669,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-230@10.[151,1436,669,1747]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Scutellera spp., external male genitalia. Figs. 30–33, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 34–37, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 38–41, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Genital capsule, dorsal view (Figs. 30, 34, 38); right paramere, three different aspects (Figs. 31–33, 35–37, 39–41). Abbreviations: dsp = dorsal setal patch; mp = median projection of cuplike sclerite; vsp = ventral setal patch. Scales in mm. Figs. 30–33 from Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869452/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">30</figureCitation>
) subrectangular, boadly transversely truncate posteriorly in dorsal view, minute submedian denticles on posterior margin broadly separated, lateral margin (ventral rim) distinctly emarginate (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FB34B7A8FAAAFF50" box="[1254,1389,150,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,182,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[151,1436,181,1067]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 24–29. Scutellera spp., terminalia of males. Figs. 24, 25, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 26, 27, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 28, 29, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Lateral (Figs. 24, 26, 28) and ventral (Figs. 25, 27, 29) views. Abbreviations: fw = fore wing; gc = genital capsule; sc = scutellum. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869446/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 24, 25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FAAAB7A8FA5FFF50" box="[1400,1432,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,669,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-230@10.[151,1436,669,1747]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Scutellera spp., external male genitalia. Figs. 30–33, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 34–37, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 38–41, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Genital capsule, dorsal view (Figs. 30, 34, 38); right paramere, three different aspects (Figs. 31–33, 35–37, 39–41). Abbreviations: dsp = dorsal setal patch; mp = median projection of cuplike sclerite; vsp = ventral setal patch. Scales in mm. Figs. 30–33 from Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869452/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">30</figureCitation>
: arrow), with a pair of blunt tubercles immediately anteriad of concavity; infolding of ventral rim weakly protruding laterally, with a longitudinal ridge along meson adjacent to a pair of submedian depressions; dorsal setal patches situated along dorsal rim, ventral setal patches aside median projection of cuplike sclerite.
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FB5DB63CFB39FEFD" box="[1167,1278,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paramere</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FADCB63CFA53FEFC" box="[1294,1428,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,669,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-230@10.[151,1436,669,1747]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Scutellera spp., external male genitalia. Figs. 30–33, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 34–37, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 38–41, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Genital capsule, dorsal view (Figs. 30, 34, 38); right paramere, three different aspects (Figs. 31–33, 35–37, 39–41). Abbreviations: dsp = dorsal setal patch; mp = median projection of cuplike sclerite; vsp = ventral setal patch. Scales in mm. Figs. 30–33 from Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869452/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 31–33</figureCitation>
) with a relatively elongate and weakly curved crown with distal portion enclosing an acute angle with axis of stem.
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FF45B674FF2AFE84" box="[151,237,331,357]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Phallales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FF45B674FF2AFE84" box="[151,237,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Phallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FF2DB674FE4BFE84" box="[255,396,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–47" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1749,1773]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,223,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,219,1664]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 42–47. Scutellera spp., phallus (in repose). Figs. 42, 43, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 44, 45, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 46, 47, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Left lateral view (Figs. 42, 44, 46); posteroventral view (Figs. 43, 45, 47).Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus s. str.; cp-II 1, cp-II 2 = lobes of second conjunctival process; cp-III = third conjunctival process. Arrows in Figs. 42, 44 and 46 show aspects of Figs. 43, 45 and 47, respectively. Scales in mm. Figs. 42–43 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869454/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 42, 43</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FE49B674FE7CFE84" box="[411,443,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–52" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1069]" captionTargetId="figure-18@12.[151,1436,205,1075]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 48–52. Scutellera spp., phallus. Figs. 4, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837), distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 49, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837), inflated, lateral view; Fig. 50, same, posteroventral view; Fig. 51, same, distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 52, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867), distal portion, ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figs. 42 and 43. Arrow in Figs. 49 shows aspect of Fig. 50. Scales in mm. Fig. 48 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869462/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">48</figureCitation>
): second conjunctival processes with a small, externally partly sclerotized lateral lobe (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FF4DB650FEE2FE68" box="[159,293,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–47" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1749,1773]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,223,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,219,1664]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 42–47. Scutellera spp., phallus (in repose). Figs. 42, 43, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 44, 45, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 46, 47, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Left lateral view (Figs. 42, 44, 46); posteroventral view (Figs. 43, 45, 47).Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus s. str.; cp-II 1, cp-II 2 = lobes of second conjunctival process; cp-III = third conjunctival process. Arrows in Figs. 42, 44 and 46 show aspects of Figs. 43, 45 and 47, respectively. Scales in mm. Figs. 42–43 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869454/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 42, 43</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FEE3B650FE96FE68" box="[305,337,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–52" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1069]" captionTargetId="figure-18@12.[151,1436,205,1075]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 48–52. Scutellera spp., phallus. Figs. 4, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837), distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 49, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837), inflated, lateral view; Fig. 50, same, posteroventral view; Fig. 51, same, distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 52, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867), distal portion, ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figs. 42 and 43. Arrow in Figs. 49 shows aspect of Fig. 50. Scales in mm. Fig. 48 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869462/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">48</figureCitation>
: cp-II
<subScript id="17DF34898116AF30FE43B6BEFE5EFE6E" attach="left" box="[401,409,385,399]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1</subScript>
) and a large mesal lobe (cp-II
<subScript id="17DF34898116AF30FD34B6BEFD29FE6E" attach="left" box="[742,750,385,399]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</subScript>
) (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FCD4B650FC4BFE68" box="[774,908,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–47" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1749,1773]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,223,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,219,1664]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 42–47. Scutellera spp., phallus (in repose). Figs. 42, 43, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 44, 45, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 46, 47, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Left lateral view (Figs. 42, 44, 46); posteroventral view (Figs. 43, 45, 47).Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus s. str.; cp-II 1, cp-II 2 = lobes of second conjunctival process; cp-III = third conjunctival process. Arrows in Figs. 42, 44 and 46 show aspects of Figs. 43, 45 and 47, respectively. Scales in mm. Figs. 42–43 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869454/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 42, 43</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FC4AB650FC7FFE68" box="[920,952,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–52" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1069]" captionTargetId="figure-18@12.[151,1436,205,1075]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 48–52. Scutellera spp., phallus. Figs. 4, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837), distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 49, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837), inflated, lateral view; Fig. 50, same, posteroventral view; Fig. 51, same, distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 52, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867), distal portion, ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figs. 42 and 43. Arrow in Figs. 49 shows aspect of Fig. 50. Scales in mm. Fig. 48 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869462/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">48</figureCitation>
: cp-II
<subScript id="17DF34898116AF30FC2AB6BEFBC7FE6E" attach="left" box="[1016,1024,385,399]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</subScript>
) terminating in a small, denticle-like sclerotized process; third conjunctival processes (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FD1FB6ACFC9EFE4C" box="[717,857,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–47" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1749,1773]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,223,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,219,1664]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 42–47. Scutellera spp., phallus (in repose). Figs. 42, 43, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 44, 45, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 46, 47, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Left lateral view (Figs. 42, 44, 46); posteroventral view (Figs. 43, 45, 47).Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus s. str.; cp-II 1, cp-II 2 = lobes of second conjunctival process; cp-III = third conjunctival process. Arrows in Figs. 42, 44 and 46 show aspects of Figs. 43, 45 and 47, respectively. Scales in mm. Figs. 42–43 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869454/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 42, 43</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FCB5B6ACFC40FE4C" box="[871,903,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–52" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1069]" captionTargetId="figure-18@12.[151,1436,205,1075]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 48–52. Scutellera spp., phallus. Figs. 4, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837), distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 49, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837), inflated, lateral view; Fig. 50, same, posteroventral view; Fig. 51, same, distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 52, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867), distal portion, ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figs. 42 and 43. Arrow in Figs. 49 shows aspect of Fig. 50. Scales in mm. Fig. 48 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869462/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">48</figureCitation>
: cp-III) short, irregularly rod-like, apex with a sharp longitudinal edge; distal portion of aedeagus
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FD06B688FCC8FE31" box="[724,783,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">s. str.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FCCCB688FC62FE30" box="[798,933,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–47" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1749,1773]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,223,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,219,1664]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 42–47. Scutellera spp., phallus (in repose). Figs. 42, 43, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 44, 45, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 46, 47, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Left lateral view (Figs. 42, 44, 46); posteroventral view (Figs. 43, 45, 47).Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus s. str.; cp-II 1, cp-II 2 = lobes of second conjunctival process; cp-III = third conjunctival process. Arrows in Figs. 42, 44 and 46 show aspects of Figs. 43, 45 and 47, respectively. Scales in mm. Figs. 42–43 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869454/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 42, 43</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FC63B688FC16FE30" box="[945,977,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–52" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1069]" captionTargetId="figure-18@12.[151,1436,205,1075]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 48–52. Scutellera spp., phallus. Figs. 4, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837), distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 49, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837), inflated, lateral view; Fig. 50, same, posteroventral view; Fig. 51, same, distal portion, ventral view; Fig. 52, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867), distal portion, ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figs. 42 and 43. Arrow in Figs. 49 shows aspect of Fig. 50. Scales in mm. Fig. 48 after Tsai et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869462/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">48</figureCitation>
: aed) and phallotreme broad.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF30FF15B6E4FDD6FD2F" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FF15B6E4FE2BFE14" box="[199,492,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">External female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FE2DB6E4FD4DFE14" box="[511,650,474,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–64" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1578,1602]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,185,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-18@16.[151,1436,181,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 53–64. Scutellera spp., female terminalia and ovipositor. Figs. 53–56, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 57–60, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 61–64, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Terminalia, posterior view (Figs. 53, 57, 61); same, posterodorsal view (Figs. 54, 58, 62); same, ventral view (Figs. 55, 59, 63); ovipositor and sternum X, posterior view. Abbreviations: ga = gonangulum; lt8, lt9 = laterotergites VIII, IX; = laterotergite IX; s10 = sternum X; t8 = tergite VIII; va8, va9 = valvulae VIII, IX; vf8, vf9 = valvifers VIII, IX. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869466/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 53–56</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FD48B6E5FD23FE17" box="[666,740,474,502]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–70" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1576,1600]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-118@20.[151,1436,417,1553]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 65–70. Scutellera spp., ectodermal genital tract of female. Figs. 65, 66, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 67," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869468/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">65, 66</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FD2DB6E4FCBCFE14" box="[767,891,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ovipositor.</emphasis>
Laterotergites VIII (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FBBCB6E4FB3CFE14" box="[1134,1275,474,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–64" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1578,1602]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,185,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-18@16.[151,1436,181,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 53–64. Scutellera spp., female terminalia and ovipositor. Figs. 53–56, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 57–60, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 61–64, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Terminalia, posterior view (Figs. 53, 57, 61); same, posterodorsal view (Figs. 54, 58, 62); same, ventral view (Figs. 55, 59, 63); ovipositor and sternum X, posterior view. Abbreviations: ga = gonangulum; lt8, lt9 = laterotergites VIII, IX; = laterotergite IX; s10 = sternum X; t8 = tergite VIII; va8, va9 = valvulae VIII, IX; vf8, vf9 = valvifers VIII, IX. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869466/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 53–55</figureCitation>
: lt
<subScript id="17DF34898116AF30FACBB6D2FAE6FE1A" attach="left" box="[1305,1313,493,507]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">8</subScript>
) enlarged, forming a pair of strongly protruding, rounded, lobe-like projections (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FC7CB6C0FBFFFDF8" box="[942,1080,510,537]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–64" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1578,1602]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,185,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-18@16.[151,1436,181,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 53–64. Scutellera spp., female terminalia and ovipositor. Figs. 53–56, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 57–60, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 61–64, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Terminalia, posterior view (Figs. 53, 57, 61); same, posterodorsal view (Figs. 54, 58, 62); same, ventral view (Figs. 55, 59, 63); ovipositor and sternum X, posterior view. Abbreviations: ga = gonangulum; lt8, lt9 = laterotergites VIII, IX; = laterotergite IX; s10 = sternum X; t8 = tergite VIII; va8, va9 = valvulae VIII, IX; vf8, vf9 = valvifers VIII, IX. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869466/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 53–55</figureCitation>
: arrow) laterad of laterotergites IX; laterotergites IX (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FE5CB51CFDDDFDDC" box="[398,538,546,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–64" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1578,1602]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,185,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-18@16.[151,1436,181,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 53–64. Scutellera spp., female terminalia and ovipositor. Figs. 53–56, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 57–60, S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 61–64, S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Terminalia, posterior view (Figs. 53, 57, 61); same, posterodorsal view (Figs. 54, 58, 62); same, ventral view (Figs. 55, 59, 63); ovipositor and sternum X, posterior view. Abbreviations: ga = gonangulum; lt8, lt9 = laterotergites VIII, IX; = laterotergite IX; s10 = sternum X; t8 = tergite VIII; va8, va9 = valvulae VIII, IX; vf8, vf9 = valvifers VIII, IX. Scales in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869466/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 53, 54</figureCitation>
: lt
<subScript id="17DF34898116AF30FDE4B50AFDF9FDA2" attach="left" box="[566,574,565,579]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">9</subScript>
) obliquely directed, leaving sclerotized sternite X and median part of fused valvifers IX broadly exposed.
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FDD0B578FDBCFD80" box="[514,635,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gynatrium</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FD43B578FD2CFD80" box="[657,747,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–70" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1576,1600]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-118@20.[151,1436,417,1553]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 65–70. Scutellera spp., ectodermal genital tract of female. Figs. 65, 66, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 67," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869468/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
: gy) with ring sclerites (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FBC5B578FBB6FD80" box="[1047,1137,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–70" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1576,1600]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-118@20.[151,1436,417,1553]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 65–70. Scutellera spp., ectodermal genital tract of female. Figs. 65, 66, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 67," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869468/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
: rs) approaching apex of anterolateral pouch; small, paired sclerites posteriad of spermathecal opening fused along midline.
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FAD0B554FA53FD64" box="[1282,1428,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Spermatheca</emphasis>
: proximal duct (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FE97B5B0FE5DFD48" box="[325,410,654,681]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–70" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1576,1600]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-118@20.[151,1436,417,1553]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 65–70. Scutellera spp., ectodermal genital tract of female. Figs. 65, 66, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 67," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869468/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
: pd) much longer than distal duct (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FCF4B5B0FCBBFD48" box="[806,892,654,681]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–70" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1576,1600]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-118@20.[151,1436,417,1553]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 65–70. Scutellera spp., ectodermal genital tract of female. Figs. 65, 66, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 67," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869468/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
: dd) and conspicuously longer than longitudinal diameter of dilation (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FE51B58CFE1FFD2C" box="[387,472,690,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–70" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1576,1600]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-118@20.[151,1436,417,1553]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 65–70. Scutellera spp., ectodermal genital tract of female. Figs. 65, 66, S. nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); Figs. 67," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869468/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
: dil).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF30FF15B5E8FC10FCBC" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FF15B5E8FEAEFD11" box="[199,361,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Measurements</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length to apex of scutellum 15.5–22.0; length of head 3.50–4.00, width across eyes 3.75–4.40, interocular distance 2.70–3.35; lengths of scape 0.95–1.05: basipedicellite 0.65–0.75: distipedicellite 1.45–1.90: basiflagellum 2.25–2.60: distiflagellum 2.20–2.40; median length of pronotum 4.00–5.50, humeral width 6.80–8.70; length of scutellum 10.0–13.7, greatest width 6.10–8.20.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF30FF15B459FBFDFC0C" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FF15B459FE2DFC61" bold="true" box="[199,490,870,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Intraspecific variability.</emphasis>
The ground colour of the dorsum is strongly different between the populations in Indo-China (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FEFBB4B4FE49FC44" box="[297,398,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,318,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-56@6.[151,1436,309,1793]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–10. Lectotypes of Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837, Callidea spilogastra Walker, 1867, and Scutellera brevirostris Breddin, 1909, with their labels. Figs. 1, T. nepalensis, dorsal view; Fig. 2, same, lateral view; Fig. 3, same, ventral view; Fig. 4, same, labels; Fig. 5, C. spilogastra, dorsal view; Fig. 6, same, ventral view; Fig. 7, same, labels; Fig. 8, S. brevirostris, dorsal view; Fig. 9, same, ventral view; Fig. 10, same, labels. Scales in mm. © OXUM (Figs. 1–4), © BMNH (Figs. 5–7), © SDEI (Figs. 8–10)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869436/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1, 2</figureCitation>
) and the Malay Archipelago (
<figureCitation id="13602A498116AF30FD39B4B4FC5EFC44" box="[747,921,906,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1423,192,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1436,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11–17. Lectotypes of Calliphara amethystina Germar, 1839 and Scutellera lanius Stål, 1854 and their labels. Fig. 11, C. amethystina, dorsal view; Fig. 12, same, lateral view; Fig. 13, same, ventral view; Fig. 14, same, labels; Fig. 15, S. lanius, dorsal view; Fig. 16, same, ventral view; Fig. 17, labels. Scales in mm. © ZMHB (Figs. 11–14), © NHRS, courtesy of G. Lindberg (Figs. 15–17)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869442/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 11, 12, 15</figureCitation>
), but it is invariable within each population. Accordingly, two geographic subspecies,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FDBBB490FCBFFC28" authority="nepalensis" authorityName="nepalensis (Westwood" authorityYear="1837" box="[617,888,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nepalensis" subSpecies="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FDBBB490FCBFFC28" box="[617,888,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. nepalensis nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FC7CB490FB09FC28" authorityName="Rédei &amp; Tsai" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[942,1230,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nepalensis" subSpecies="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FC7CB490FB09FC28" box="[942,1230,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. nepalensis amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are recognized in the present work. The variability of the black markings of the body is insignificant.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF30FF15B4C9FD03FBD4" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FF15B4C9FE6AFBF0" bold="true" box="[199,429,1014,1041]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Preimaginal stages.</emphasis>
Photos of egg batches and/or different larval instars were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FB6AB4C8FF24FBD4" author="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref34547" refString="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S. (2011) A preliminary study of the habits and distribution of a newly found shield-backed bug (Scutellera amethystina?) in the Amami Islands. Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, 30, 51 - 58. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2011">Kanai &amp; Sameshima (2011)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FF3DB324FE05FBD4" author="Sameshima, S." box="[239,450,1051,1077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref38709" refString="Sameshima, S. (2013) Notes on Scutellera amethystina in Kagoshima Prefecture. Gekkan-Mushi, 513, 23 - 25 [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2013">Sameshima (2013)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FE25B324FD07FBD4" author="Yiu, V. &amp; Yip, C. H." box="[503,704,1051,1077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref42201" refString="Yiu, V. &amp; Yip, C. H. (2012) A photographic guide to Hong Kong True Bugs. Hong Kong Entomological Society, Hong Kong, 263 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="2012">Yiu &amp; Yip (2012)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF30FF15B301FC56FA7F" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FF15B301FD08FBB9" bold="true" box="[199,719,1086,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Habitat, bionomics, economic importance.</emphasis>
This species was recorded from oil-seed camellia,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FAE4B300FE71FB9F" authority="Abel" authorityName="Abel" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleifera">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FAE4B300FF29FB9C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Camellia oleifera</emphasis>
Abel (Theaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FE1AB35CFD8DFB9C" author="Jiang, Z. L." box="[456,586,1122,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="54 - 67" refId="ref34405" refString="Jiang, Z. L. (1985) [The Hemiptera of Yunnan - a list of the family Pentatomidae.] Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology, 1985 (2), 54 - 67. [in Chinese]" type="journal article" year="1985">Jiang 1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FD8BB35CFCECFB9C" author="Zhang, S. M. &amp; Lin, Y. J. &amp; Jiang, Z. L." box="[601,811,1123,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="113 - 148" refId="ref42651" refString="Zhang, S. M., Lin, Y. J. &amp; Jiang, Z. L. (1987) Pentatomidae. In: Huang, F. S. (Ed.), Forest insects of Yunnan. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, pp. 113 - 148. [in Chinese]" type="book chapter" year="1987">
Zhang
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FD79B35CFD20FB9C" box="[683,743,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
1987
</bibRefCitation>
) and persimmon,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FBD3B35CFA5AFB9F" authority="Thunb." authorityName="Thunb." box="[1025,1437,1123,1150]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" genus="Diospyros" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaki">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FBD3B35CFB6AFB9C" box="[1025,1197,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diospyros kaki</emphasis>
Thunb. (Ebenaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FF4DB3B8FEEEFB40" author="Xiong, J." box="[159,297,1158,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="21 - 22" refId="ref41875" refString="Xiong, J. (1995) Scutellera perplexa (Westwood). In: Zhang, S. M. (Ed.), Hemiptera (2). (Economic insect fauna of China. Vol. 50.) Science Press, Beijing, pp. 21 - 22, pl. X. [in Chinese]" type="book chapter" year="1995">Xiong 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FEE7B3B8FE1BFB40" author="Lin, Y. J. &amp; Zhang, S. M. &amp; Lin, Z." box="[309,476,1159,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="111 - 112" refId="ref36216" refString="Lin, Y. J., Zhang, S. M. &amp; Lin, Z. (1999) Scutelleridae. In: Huang, B. K. (Ed.), Fauna of insects, Fujian Province of China. Vol. 2. Fujian Science and Technology Press, Fuzhou, pp. 41 - 48 + 111 - 112. [in Chinese, English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1999">
Lin
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FEB1B3B8FE5BFB40" box="[355,412,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
) in
<collectingCountry id="F34C765C8116AF30FDD8B3B8FD96FB40" box="[522,593,1159,1185]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">China</collectingCountry>
. In
<collectingCountry id="F34C765C8116AF30FDABB3B8FD0CFB40" box="[633,715,1159,1185]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
it frequently occurs on bishop wood,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FBAAB3B8FE94FB27" authority="Blume" authorityName="Blume" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Bischofia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="javanica">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FBAAB3B8FA8DFB41" box="[1144,1354,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bischofia javanica</emphasis>
Blume (Phyllanthaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FEB6B394FDD8FB24" author="Miyamoto, S." box="[356,543,1194,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="227 - 238" refId="ref37056" refString="Miyamoto, S. (1965) Heteropterous insects of Formosa collected by Dr. Shirozu and others, 1961. Special Bulletin of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan, 1, 227 - 238." type="journal article" year="1965">Miyamoto 1965</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FDFEB394FCC5FB24" author="Liu, J. - Y. &amp; Tseng, Y. - H." box="[556,770,1194,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref36290" refString="Liu, J. - Y. &amp; Tseng, Y. - H. (2005) [Wildlife in Fengyuan]. Fengyuan City Office &amp; Endemic Species Research Institute, Fengyuan and Jiji, 215 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="2005">Liu &amp; Tseng 2005</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FCDCB394FC02FB24" author="Tsai, J. F. &amp; Redei, D. &amp; Yeh, G. F. &amp; Yang, M. M." box="[782,965,1195,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref41023" refString="Tsai, J. F., Redei, D., Yeh, G. F. &amp; Yang, M. M. (2011) Jewel bugs of Taiwan (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 309 pp." type="book" year="2011">
Tsai
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FC94B394FC46FB24" box="[838,897,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
); an invasive population occurring in the Ryūkyū Archipelago was observed on the same host plant (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FCE5B3F0FC78FB08" author="Kanai, K." box="[823,959,1231,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref34447" refString="Kanai, K. (2010) [Scutellera amethystina (tentative name) invading Kagoshima Prefecture]. (Kagoshima-no Shizen Dayori [Nature News of Kagoshima]. 55). Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, Kagoshima, 1 p. [in Japanese]" type="book" year="2010">Kanai 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FC19B3F0FBC1FB08" author="Kanai, K." box="[971,1030,1231,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref34493" refString="Kanai, K. (2013) Collaborative investigation on Kikaijima in 2012 with junior and senior high school students about non-native insects (Cryptotympana facialis, Quadrastichus erythrinae, Scutellera amethystina and Suastus gremius). Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, 32, 1 - 5. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FBC0B3F0FA87FB08" author="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S." box="[1042,1344,1231,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref34547" refString="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S. (2011) A preliminary study of the habits and distribution of a newly found shield-backed bug (Scutellera amethystina?) in the Amami Islands. Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, 30, 51 - 58. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2011">Kanai &amp; Sameshima 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Adults and larvae mainly feed on the generative parts of the host plant and frequently aggregate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FBA0B3CCFA5FFAEC" author="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S." box="[1138,1432,1267,1293]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref34547" refString="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S. (2011) A preliminary study of the habits and distribution of a newly found shield-backed bug (Scutellera amethystina?) in the Amami Islands. Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, 30, 51 - 58. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2011">Kanai &amp; Sameshima 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FF45B228FE98FAD0" author="Sameshima, S." box="[151,351,1303,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref38709" refString="Sameshima, S. (2013) Notes on Scutellera amethystina in Kagoshima Prefecture. Gekkan-Mushi, 513, 23 - 25 [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2013">Sameshima 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Host plant records presented by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FD38B228FBF1FAD0" author="Ahmad, I. &amp; Moizuddin, M." box="[746,1078,1303,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="95 - 102" refId="ref28849" refString="Ahmad, I. &amp; Moizuddin, M. (1978) Eggs and larval systematics of two species of shield bugs (Pentatomoidea: Scutelleridae) of Pakistan, with reference to phylogeny. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 10 (1), 95 - 102." type="journal article" year="1978">Ahmad &amp; Moizuddin (1978)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FBA2B228FA9BFAD0" author="Ahmad, I. &amp; Moizuddin, M. &amp; Khan, A. A." box="[1136,1372,1303,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref28948" refString="Ahmad, I., Moizuddin, M. &amp; Khan, A. A. (1979) Generic and supergeneric keys with reference to a check list of lower pentatomoid fauna of Pakistan (Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) with notes on their distribution and food plants. Supplement of the Entomological Society of Karachi, 4 (4), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1979">
Ahmad
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FB1FB228FACFFAD0" box="[1229,1288,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
(1979)
</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="F34C765C8116AF30FF45B204FF31FAB4" box="[151,246,1339,1365]" name="Pakistan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
are based on misidentification and pertain to
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FD21B204FCB7FAB4" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[755,880,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FD21B204FCB7FAB4" box="[755,880,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. perplexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. No published data are available on its bionomics in the Malay Archipelago, but a specimen from Java examined during the present study was collected on fruits of Malay gooseberry,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FEBCB2BCFD83FA7C" box="[366,580,1411,1437]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acidus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FEBCB2BCFD83FA7C" box="[366,580,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Phyllanthus acidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Skeels (
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FD07B2BCFC41FA7F" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[725,902,1411,1438]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Phyllanthaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF30FF15B298FAB6F9B0" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The life cycle of the species was described based on observations in the Ryūkyū Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FB6BB298FF16FA04" author="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref34547" refString="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S. (2011) A preliminary study of the habits and distribution of a newly found shield-backed bug (Scutellera amethystina?) in the Amami Islands. Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, 30, 51 - 58. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2011">Kanai&amp; Sameshima 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FF09B2F4FE58FA04" author="Sameshima, S." box="[219,415,1483,1509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref38709" refString="Sameshima, S. (2013) Notes on Scutellera amethystina in Kagoshima Prefecture. Gekkan-Mushi, 513, 23 - 25 [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2013">Sameshima 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Egg batches are laid on the leaves of the bishop wood, usually on the lower side, composed of 60–70 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FEDEB2D0FDFDF9E8" author="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S." box="[268,570,1519,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref34547" refString="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S. (2011) A preliminary study of the habits and distribution of a newly found shield-backed bug (Scutellera amethystina?) in the Amami Islands. Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, 30, 51 - 58. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2011">Kanai &amp; Sameshima 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FD94B2D0FCCEF9E8" author="Sameshima, S." box="[582,777,1519,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref38709" refString="Sameshima, S. (2013) Notes on Scutellera amethystina in Kagoshima Prefecture. Gekkan-Mushi, 513, 23 - 25 [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2013">Sameshima 2013</bibRefCitation>
) or up to 78 (our observation) eggs arranged in two rows. Eggs hatch 12–13 days after oviposition. First instar larvae aggregate around the empty egg shells without feeding. The postembryonic development is completed in about 28 days (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FCB9B108FB51F9B0" author="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S." box="[875,1174,1591,1617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref34547" refString="Kanai, K. &amp; Sameshima, S. (2011) A preliminary study of the habits and distribution of a newly found shield-backed bug (Scutellera amethystina?) in the Amami Islands. Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, 30, 51 - 58. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2011">Kanai &amp; Sameshima 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FB72B108FAA2F9B0" author="Sameshima, S." box="[1184,1381,1591,1617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref38709" refString="Sameshima, S. (2013) Notes on Scutellera amethystina in Kagoshima Prefecture. Gekkan-Mushi, 513, 23 - 25 [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2013">Sameshima 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF30FF15B164FEDAF978" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Although it was recorded as a pest of persimmon in
<collectingCountry id="F34C765C8116AF30FCD2B164FC84F994" box="[768,835,1627,1653]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FC82B164FC1FF994" author="Xiong, J." box="[848,984,1626,1653]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="21 - 22" refId="ref41875" refString="Xiong, J. (1995) Scutellera perplexa (Westwood). In: Zhang, S. M. (Ed.), Hemiptera (2). (Economic insect fauna of China. Vol. 50.) Science Press, Beijing, pp. 21 - 22, pl. X. [in Chinese]" type="book chapter" year="1995">Xiong 1995</bibRefCitation>
), it is probably of insignificant economic importance.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34165478116AF3FFF15B19CFC08FDFB" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF30FF15B19CFB06F95C" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[199,1217,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FF15B19CFEFCF95C" bold="true" box="[199,315,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species has a long and confused nomenclatural history, summarized below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF30FF15B1F8FC66F8E4" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
(1) Its oldest name,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FE6EB1F8FC46F900" authority="Lichtenstein, 1796" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1796" box="[444,897,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FE6EB1F8FD67F900" box="[444,672,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cimex amethystinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FD7EB1F8FC46F900" author="Lichtenstein, A. A. H." box="[684,897,1735,1761]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref36141" refString="Lichtenstein, A. A. H. (1796) Catalogus musei zoologici ditissimi Hamburgi, d. III. Februar 1796. Auctionis lege distrahendi. Sectio Tertia, continens insecta. Verzeichniss von hochstseltenen, aus allen Welttheilen mit vieler Muhe und Kosten zusammen gebrachten, auch aus unterschiedlichen Cabinettern, Sammlungen und Auctionen ausgehobenen Naturalien […]. Dritter Abschnitt. Schniebes, Hamburg, xiii + 222 pp." type="book" year="1796">Lichtenstein, 1796</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is unavailable, as it was published in a work suppressed for nomenclatural purposes (Opinion 1820) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FCDCB1D4FC52F8E4" author="ICZN" box="[782,917,1770,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="283 - 285" refId="ref34031" refString="ICZN (1995) Opinion 1820. A. A. H. Lichtenstein's (1796, 1797) Catalogus musei zoologici … Sectio Tertia. Continens Insecta and D. H. Schneider's (1800) Verzeichniss einer Parthei Insekten …: suppressed, with conservation of some Lichtenstein (1796) names (Insecta and Arachnida). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 52 (3), 283 - 285." type="journal article" year="1995">ICZN 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8116AF33FF15B030FE96FF18" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
(2)
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FF25B030FD86F8C8" authority="Panzer, 1798" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1798" box="[247,577,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FF25B030FE6DF8C8" box="[247,426,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cimex fasciatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FE62B030FD86F8C8" author="Panzer, G. W. F." box="[432,577,1807,1833]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref37786" refString="Panzer, G. W. F. (1798) Johann Euseb Voets Beschreibungen und Abbildungen hartschaalichter Insekten Coleoptera Linn. Aus dem Original getreu ubersetzt mit der in selbigem fehlenden Synonymie und bestandigem Commentar versehen. Vierter Theil. Palm, Erlangen, 12 + 112 pp., pls. XXV - XLVIII." type="book" year="1798">Panzer, 1798</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior secondary homonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FC1DB030FA8EF8C8" authority="Fabricius, 1787" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[975,1353,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Acanthia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FC1DB030FB53F8C8" box="[975,1172,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Acanthia fasciata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FB49B030FA8EF8C8" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[1179,1353,1807,1833]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref32377" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis, observationibus, descriptionibus, emendationibus. Tom. II. Proft, Hafniae [Copenhagen], 382 pp." type="book" year="1787">Fabricius, 1787</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FEFBB00CFEB6F8AC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[297,369,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FEFBB00CFEB6F8AC" box="[297,369,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cimex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FE6CB00CFDFEF8AC" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1814" box="[446,569,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Anthocoridae" genus="Anthocoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FE6CB00CFDFEF8AC" box="[446,569,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anthocoris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FD9EB00CFD71F8AD" box="[588,694,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">nemorum</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1761,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FCACB00CFBDFF8AF" box="[894,1048,1843,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Anthocoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthocoridae</taxonomicName>
) subsequently combined with the generic name
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FEE7B068FDF6F890" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[309,561,1878,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FEE7B068FEBAF890" box="[309,381,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cimex</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FD8EB068FCF5F890" author="Villers, C. J. de" box="[604,818,1879,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref41234" refString="Villers, C. J. de (1789) Caroli Linnaei entomologia, faunae suecicae descriptionibus aucta; DD. Scopoli, Geoffroy, de Geer, Fabricii, Schrank, &amp; c. speciebus vel in systemate non enumeratis, vel nuperrime detectis, vel speciebus Galliae Australis locupletata, generum specierumque rariorum iconibus ornata. Tomus quartus. Piestre et Delamolliere, Lugduni [Lyon], ccxiii + 556 pp., 1 table, 1 pl." type="book" year="1789">Villers (1789: 398)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FCBBB068FB90F890" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[873,1111,1878,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1517 - 2224" refId="ref32780" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1790) Caroli a Linne Systema Naturae [ed. 13]. Tom. I. pars 4. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig], pp. 1517 - 2224." type="book chapter" year="1790">Gmelin (1790: 2125)</bibRefCitation>
(cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FB5EB068FA48F890" author="Dolling, W. R. &amp; Rider, D. A. &amp; Rolston, L. H." box="[1164,1423,1879,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref32139" refString="Dolling, W. R., Rider, D. A. &amp; Rolston, L. H. (1999) Catalog of the names of Cimex Linnaeus, with comments on early works concerning the Heteroptera. (Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs.) Entomological Society of America, Lanham, 154 pp." type="book" year="1999">
Dolling
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FB3BB068FAE6F890" box="[1257,1313,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
1999: 33
</bibRefCitation>
). In spite of this homonymy this scutellerid species has commonly been referred to in the literature in the combination
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FF45B0A0FEAAF858" authorityName=": Zhang" authorityYear="1985" box="[151,365,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FF45B0A0FEAAF858" box="[151,365,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scutellera fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The relevant taxa have not been considered congeneric since about 1814.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FB31B0A0FA5BF858" author="Kirkaldy, G. W." box="[1251,1436,1951,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref34842" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera), with biological and anatomical references, lists of foodplants and parasites, etc. Prefaced by a discussion on nomenclature, and an analytical table of families. Vol. I. Cimicidae. F. L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp." type="book" year="1909">Kirkaldy (1909)</bibRefCitation>
explicitly treated
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FE8DB0FCFD46F83C" authority="Panzer, 1798" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1798" box="[351,641,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FE8DB0FCFE21F83C" box="[351,486,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. fasciatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FE3CB0FCFD46F83C" author="Panzer, G. W. F." box="[494,641,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref37786" refString="Panzer, G. W. F. (1798) Johann Euseb Voets Beschreibungen und Abbildungen hartschaalichter Insekten Coleoptera Linn. Aus dem Original getreu ubersetzt mit der in selbigem fehlenden Synonymie und bestandigem Commentar versehen. Vierter Theil. Palm, Erlangen, 12 + 112 pp., pls. XXV - XLVIII." type="book" year="1798">Panzer, 1798</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as preoccupied and treated
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8116AF30FC10B0FCFABBF83C" authority="(Germar, 1839)" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[962,1404,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8116AF30FC10B0FCFB03F83C" box="[962,1220,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scutellera amethystina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8116AF30FB07B0FCFAB3F83C" author="Germar, E. F." box="[1237,1396,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref32650" refString="Germar, E. F. (1839) Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Schildwanzen. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie, 1, 1 - 146, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1839">Germar, 1839</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as the valid name of this species. This act is an explicit replacement (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8115AF33FC48B7A8FBE5FF50" author="ICZN" box="[922,1058,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref34105" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
, Art. 60) of the junior secondary homonym with an available and potentially valid synonym, therefore
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8115AF33FC4EB784FB8AFF34" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1798" box="[924,1101,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8115AF33FC4EB784FB8AFF34" box="[924,1101,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cimex fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is permanently invalid (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8115AF33FA8BB784FF15FF18" author="ICZN" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref34105" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
, Art. 59.3).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2466448115AF33FF45B027FE6AF821" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869436" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5869436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869436/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[151,264,1816,1840]" targetBox="[161,1435,318,1782]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8115AF33FF45B027FE6AF821" blockId="6.[151,1437,1816,1987]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8115AF33FF45B027FDBDF8B5" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
FIGURES 1–10. Lectotypes of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8115AF33FE3BB027FC46F8D1" authority="Westwood, 1837" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1837" box="[489,897,1816,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8115AF33FE3BB027FD0EF8D1" bold="true" box="[489,713,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tectocoris nepalensis</emphasis>
Westwood, 1837
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8115AF33FC5CB027FB31F8D1" authority="Walker, 1867" authorityName=": Walker" authorityYear="1867" box="[910,1270,1816,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Callidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spilogastra">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8115AF33FC5CB027FB98F8D1" bold="true" box="[910,1119,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Callidea spilogastra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8115AF33FBB4B027FB31F8D1" author="Walker, F." box="[1126,1270,1816,1840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref41356" refString="Walker, F. (1867) Catalogue of the specimens of Heteropterous-Hemiptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Scutata. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 240 pp." type="book" year="1867">Walker, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8115AF33FAE1B027FE75F8B5" authority="Breddin, 1909" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8115AF33FAE1B027FECAF8B5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scutellera brevirostris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8115AF33FEC5B003FE75F8B5" author="Breddin, G." box="[279,434,1852,1876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="250 - 309" refId="ref30158" refString="Breddin, G. (1909) Rhynchoten von Ceylon, gesammelt von Dr. Walter Horn. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 53, 250 - 309." type="journal article" year="1909">Breddin, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with their labels.
</emphasis>
Figs. 1,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8115AF33FD09B002FCA5F8B5" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1837" box="[731,866,1852,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8115AF33FD09B002FCA5F8B5" box="[731,866,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; Fig. 2, same, lateral view; Fig. 3, same, ventral view; Fig. 4, same, labels; Fig. 5,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8115AF33FDEEB05EFD0BF899" authorityName=": Walker" authorityYear="1867" box="[572,716,1888,1912]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Callidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spilogastra">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8115AF33FDEEB05EFD0BF899" box="[572,716,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C. spilogastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; Fig. 6, same, ventral view; Fig. 7, same, labels; Fig. 8,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8115AF33FA5BB05EFECCF87D" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8115AF33FA5BB05EFECCF87D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; Fig. 9, same, ventral view; Fig. 10, same, labels. Scales in mm. © OXUM (Figs. 1–4), © BMNH (Figs. 5–7), © SDEI (Figs. 8–10).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2466448114AF32FF45B024FE6FF841" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869442" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5869442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869442/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[151,264,1819,1843]" targetBox="[161,1423,192,1781]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8114AF32FF45B024FE6FF841" blockId="7.[151,1437,1819,1952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8114AF32FF45B024FA5BF8D5" bold="true" box="[151,1436,1819,1846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
FIGURES 11–17. Lectotypes of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8114AF32FE26B024FC4EF8D5" authority="Germar, 1839" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1839" box="[500,905,1819,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Calliphara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8114AF32FE26B024FD2BF8D2" bold="true" box="[500,748,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calliphara amethystina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8114AF32FD21B024FC4EF8D5" author="Germar, E. F." box="[755,905,1819,1844]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref32650" refString="Germar, E. F. (1839) Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Schildwanzen. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie, 1, 1 - 146, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1839">Germar, 1839</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8114AF32FC12B024FB22F8D5" authority="Stal, 1854" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1854" box="[960,1253,1819,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanius">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8114AF32FC12B024FBB4F8D2" bold="true" box="[960,1139,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Scutellera lanius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8114AF32FBA8B022FB22F8D5" author="Stal, C." box="[1146,1253,1820,1846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="231 - 255" refId="ref39922" refString="Stal, C. (1854) Nya Hemiptera. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 11 (8), 231 - 255." type="journal article" year="1854">Stål, 1854</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and their labels.
</emphasis>
Fig. 11,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8114AF32FF3EB07FFE43F8B9" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1839" box="[236,388,1856,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Calliphara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8114AF32FF3EB07FFE43F8B9" box="[236,388,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; Fig. 12, same, lateral view; Fig. 13, same, ventral view; Fig. 14, same, labels; Fig. 15,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8114AF32FA5BB07FFF12F89D" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanius">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8114AF32FA5BB07FFF12F89D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. lanius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; Fig. 16, same, ventral view; Fig. 17, labels. Scales in mm. © ZMHB (Figs. 11–14), © NHRS, courtesy of G. Lindberg (Figs. 15–17).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF246644811BAF3DFF45B052FC3CF82C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869444" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5869444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869444/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[151,264,1901,1925]" targetBox="[162,1420,190,1863]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC811BAF3DFF45B052FC3CF82C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1901,1997]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811BAF3DFF45B052FD3DF864" bold="true" box="[151,762,1901,1925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
FIGURES 18–23.
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811BAF3DFE8CB052FD32F864" authority="(Westwood, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[350,757,1901,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811BAF3DFE8CB052FDEDF864" bold="true" box="[350,554,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Scutellera perplexa</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1837)
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Figs. 18, 19, a female from Thailand: Nong Hoi (RMNH); Figs. 20, 21, a male from India: Himachal Pradesh, Sadhupul, near Simla (SEHU); Figs. 22, 23, a female from Sri Lanka: Uppuveli (RMNH). Dorsal (Figs. 18, 20, 22) and vental (Figs. 19, 21, 23) views. Scales in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF246644811AAF3CFF45B37DFC18FB43" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869446" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5869446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869446/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[151,264,1090,1114]" targetBox="[152,1436,182,1059]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC811AAF3CFF45B37DFC18FB43" blockId="9.[151,1437,1090,1187]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFF45B37DFD13FBBA" bold="true" box="[151,724,1090,1115]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
FIGURES 24–29.
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFE8AB37DFE32FBBA" box="[344,501,1090,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFE8AB37DFE05FBBB" bold="true" box="[344,450,1090,1114]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Scutellera</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, terminalia of males.
</emphasis>
Figs. 24, 25,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFC89B37CFB66FBBA" authority="(Westwood, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[859,1185,1091,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFC89B37CFC19FBBA" box="[859,990,1091,1115]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. nepalensis</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1837)
</taxonomicName>
; Figs. 26, 27,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFAF9B37CFE91FB9E" authority="(Westwood, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFAF9B37CFA5AFBBA" box="[1323,1437,1091,1115]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. perplexa</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1837)
</taxonomicName>
; Figs. 28, 29,
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFE3AB358FCD0FB9E" authority="(Walker, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[488,791,1127,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Callidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spilogastra">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFE3AB358FDB3FB9E" box="[488,628,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. spilogastra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFD50B358FCD7FB9E" author="Walker, F." box="[642,784,1127,1151]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref41356" refString="Walker, F. (1867) Catalogue of the specimens of Heteropterous-Hemiptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Scutata. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 240 pp." type="book" year="1867">Walker, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Lateral (Figs. 24, 26, 28) and ventral (Figs. 25, 27, 29) views. Abbreviations: fw = fore wing; gc = genital capsule; sc = scutellum. Scales in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC811AAF3CFF15B3EEFCA9FAEE" blockId="9.[151,1437,1233,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
(3)
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFF25B3EDFD64FB0A" authority="Westwood, 1837" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1837" box="[247,675,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFF25B3EDFE21FB0A" box="[247,486,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tectocoris nepalensis</emphasis>
Westwood, 1837
</taxonomicName>
was synonymized with
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFC7BB3EEFBDBFB0A" authorityName=": Zhang" authorityYear="1985" box="[937,1052,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFC7BB3EEFBDBFB0A" box="[937,1052,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFB93B3EEFB1FFB0D" author="Dallas, W. S." box="[1089,1240,1233,1260]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref31542" refString="Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 368 pp., XI pls." type="book" year="1851">Dallas (1851)</bibRefCitation>
and subsequently it has never been cited as valid except of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFDB6B3CAFCADFAEE" author="Dolling, W. R. &amp; Rider, D. A. &amp; Rolston, L. H." box="[612,874,1269,1295]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref32139" refString="Dolling, W. R., Rider, D. A. &amp; Rolston, L. H. (1999) Catalog of the names of Cimex Linnaeus, with comments on early works concerning the Heteroptera. (Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs.) Entomological Society of America, Lanham, 154 pp." type="book" year="1999">
Dolling
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFD13B3C9FD3EFAEE" box="[705,761,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
(1999: 7)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC811AAF3CFF15B226FF10FA22" blockId="9.[151,1437,1233,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
(4)
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFF25B226FD60FAD2" authority="Germar, 1839" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1839" box="[247,679,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Calliphara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFF25B226FDC5FAD2" box="[247,514,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Calliphara amethystina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFDD9B226FD60FAD2" author="Germar, E. F." box="[523,679,1305,1331]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref32650" refString="Germar, E. F. (1839) Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Schildwanzen. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie, 1, 1 - 146, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1839">Germar, 1839</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior secondary homonym and subjective junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFF45B202FD93FAB6" authority="Lichtenstein, 1796" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1796" box="[151,596,1341,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFF45B202FEBFFAB6" box="[151,376,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cimex amethystinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFE52B202FD93FAB6" author="Lichtenstein, A. A. H." box="[384,596,1341,1367]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref36141" refString="Lichtenstein, A. A. H. (1796) Catalogus musei zoologici ditissimi Hamburgi, d. III. Februar 1796. Auctionis lege distrahendi. Sectio Tertia, continens insecta. Verzeichniss von hochstseltenen, aus allen Welttheilen mit vieler Muhe und Kosten zusammen gebrachten, auch aus unterschiedlichen Cabinettern, Sammlungen und Auctionen ausgehobenen Naturalien […]. Dritter Abschnitt. Schniebes, Hamburg, xiii + 222 pp." type="book" year="1796">Lichtenstein, 1796</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but as the latter is unavailable, it does not take precedence over the junior name. The name was used by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFE3CB25EFD63FA9A" author="Kirkaldy, G. W." box="[494,676,1377,1403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref34842" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera), with biological and anatomical references, lists of foodplants and parasites, etc. Prefaced by a discussion on nomenclature, and an analytical table of families. Vol. I. Cimicidae. F. L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp." type="book" year="1909">Kirkaldy (1909)</bibRefCitation>
and several subsequent authors as the valid name of the biological species in concern, but this practice is erroneous, as this name is pre-dated by
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFBF1B2B9FF15FA22" authority="Westwood, 1837" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFBF1B2B9FAD0FA7E" box="[1059,1303,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tectocoris nepalensis</emphasis>
Westwood, 1837
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC811AAF3CFF15B2F2FEABF902" blockId="9.[151,1437,1233,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFF15B2F2FE99FA09" author="Dallas, W. S." box="[199,350,1485,1512]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref31542" refString="Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 368 pp., XI pls." type="book" year="1851">Dallas (1851)</bibRefCitation>
recognized all the above species as conspecific; all subsequent authors followed this interpretation. Based on the re-examination of the available types and dissection of several specimens from southeastern Asia (
<collectingCountry id="F34C765C811AAF3CFF4DB12AFF21F9CE" box="[159,230,1557,1583]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34C765C811AAF3CFF20B12AFE80F9CE" box="[242,327,1557,1583]" name="Taiwan" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F34C765C811AAF3CFE51B12AFE33F9CE" box="[387,500,1557,1583]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="499FF82E811AAF3CFE2DB12AFDF5F9CE" box="[511,562,1557,1583]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Java</collectingRegion>
) we concur with
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFD2AB12AFC56F9D1" author="Dallas, W. S." box="[760,913,1557,1584]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref31542" refString="Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 368 pp., XI pls." type="book" year="1851">Dallas (1851)</bibRefCitation>
in recognizing them as conspecific. However, as the population in continental Asia and in the Malay Archipelago sharply and constantly differ in colour, and no transitional specimens were seen, we recognize them as two geographic subspecies. The
<typeStatus id="54E0886E811AAF3CFB4AB162FB38F996" box="[1176,1279,1629,1655]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFAFBB161FECAF97A" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFAFBB161FECAF97A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tectocoris nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pertains to the former one, that of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFD48B1BEFC63F97A" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1839" box="[666,932,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Calliphara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFD48B1BEFC63F97A" box="[666,932,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Calliphara amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the latter. As
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFBB2B1BDFB35F97A" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1837" box="[1120,1266,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFBB2B1BDFB35F97A" box="[1120,1266,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an available name, following
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFE80B19AFDF5F95E" author="Dolling, W. R. &amp; Rider, D. A. &amp; Rolston, L. H." box="[338,562,1701,1727]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref32139" refString="Dolling, W. R., Rider, D. A. &amp; Rolston, L. H. (1999) Catalog of the names of Cimex Linnaeus, with comments on early works concerning the Heteroptera. (Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs.) Entomological Society of America, Lanham, 154 pp." type="book" year="1999">
Dolling
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFE7FB199FE24F95E" box="[429,483,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
we recognize it as the valid name of the species, and downgrade
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFB24B19AFA5BF95E" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1839" box="[1270,1436,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Calliphara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFB24B19AFA5BF95E" box="[1270,1436,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to subspecies rank.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC811AAF3CFF15B1D2FDB7F892" blockId="9.[151,1437,1233,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Most of the previous authors used
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFDE9B1D2FCFFF8E6" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[571,824,1773,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFDE9B1D2FCFFF8E6" box="[571,824,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Scutellera amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the valid name of this species, without differentiating subspecies. Previous literature records of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFDBCB02EFCD5F8CA" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[622,786,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFDBCB02EFCD5F8CA" box="[622,786,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
therefore might pertain either to
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFB59B02EFA5BF8CA" authority="nepalensis" box="[1163,1436,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nepalensis" subSpecies="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFB59B02EFA5BF8CA" box="[1163,1436,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. nepalensis nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFF6AB00AFE19F8AE" box="[184,478,1845,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nepalensis" subSpecies="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFF6AB00AFE19F8AE" box="[184,478,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. nepalensis amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or frequently to both of them. Such references are listed under the nominotypical subspecies in the literature reviews below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC811AAF3FFF15B041FB43FEA0" blockId="9.[151,1437,1233,2015]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,609]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFF15B041FE71F876" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1837" box="[199,438,1917,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFF15B041FE71F876" box="[199,438,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tectocoris nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described based on an unspecified number of specimens (
<typeStatus id="54E0886E811AAF3CFB8CB042FB04F876" box="[1118,1219,1917,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
) (Westwood 1837). The single
<typeStatus id="54E0886E811AAF3CFEC6B09EFEACF85A" box="[276,363,1953,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
deposited in OXUM (
<figureCitation id="13602A49811AAF3CFDB5B09EFD16F85A" box="[615,721,1953,1979]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,318,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-56@6.[151,1436,309,1793]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–10. Lectotypes of Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837, Callidea spilogastra Walker, 1867, and Scutellera brevirostris Breddin, 1909, with their labels. Figs. 1, T. nepalensis, dorsal view; Fig. 2, same, lateral view; Fig. 3, same, ventral view; Fig. 4, same, labels; Fig. 5, C. spilogastra, dorsal view; Fig. 6, same, ventral view; Fig. 7, same, labels; Fig. 8, S. brevirostris, dorsal view; Fig. 9, same, ventral view; Fig. 10, same, labels. Scales in mm. © OXUM (Figs. 1–4), © BMNH (Figs. 5–7), © SDEI (Figs. 8–10)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869436/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 1–4</figureCitation>
) was erroneously listed as the
<typeStatus id="54E0886E811AAF3CFBF9B09EFB4AF85A" box="[1067,1165,1953,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of the unrelated species
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F811AAF3CFF45B0FAFD07F83E" authority="(Herrich-Schaffer, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[151,704,1989,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Poecilocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE811AAF3CFF45B0FAFE64F83E" box="[151,419,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Poecilocoris nepalensis</emphasis>
(Herrich-Schäffer, 1837)
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D811AAF3CFD38B0FAFB86F83E" author="Ahmad, I. &amp; Kamaluddin, S." box="[746,1089,1989,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="259 - 295" refId="ref28802" refString="Ahmad, I. &amp; Kamaluddin, S. (1982) A revision of the genus Poecilocoris Dallas (Pentatomoidea: Scutelleridae) from Indo- Pakistan Subcontinent with descriptions of three new species. Oriental Insects, 16 (3), 259 - 295." type="journal article" year="1982">Ahmad &amp; Kamaluddin (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, thus effectively designating it as the
<typeStatus id="54E0886E8119AF3FFF0DB7A8FE81FF50" box="[223,326,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of the latter (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFE0EB7A8FDA6FF50" author="ICZN" box="[476,609,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref34105" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
, Art. 74.6), however, invalidly, because the specimen in concern certainly cannot be considered as a
<typeStatus id="54E0886E8119AF3FFE6FB784FDD3FF34" box="[445,532,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of that species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFD18B784FC88FF34" author="ICZN" box="[714,847,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref34105" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
, Art. 74.2). The same specimen is hereby designated as the
<typeStatus id="54E0886E8119AF3FFF31B7E0FE8DFF18" box="[227,330,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFEA1B7E0FCE8FF18" authority="Westwood, 1837" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1837" box="[371,815,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFEA1B7E0FDA1FF18" box="[371,614,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tectocoris nepalensis</emphasis>
Westwood, 1837
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFCEEB7E0FB98FF1B" author="Gollner-Scheiding, U." box="[828,1119,223,250]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref32859" refString="Gollner-Scheiding, U. (2006) Family Scutelleridae Leach, 1815 - shield bugs. In: Aukema, B. &amp; Rieger, Chr. (eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Volume 5. Pentatomomorpha II. Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, pp. 190 - 227." type="book" year="2006">Göllner-Scheiding (2006)</bibRefCitation>
claimed that the
<typeStatus id="54E0886E8119AF3FFAFAB7E0FA43FF18" box="[1320,1412,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(s) of
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFF65B63CFE07FEFC" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1839" box="[183,448,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Calliphara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFF65B63CFE07FEFC" box="[183,448,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calliphara amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were lost; however,
<specimenCount id="9D5DFD458119AF3FFD7CB63CFC9DFEFC" box="[686,858,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
deposited in the ZMHB were examined during the present study which likely represent
<typeStatus id="54E0886E8119AF3FFDE1B618FD5FFEA0" box="[563,664,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
, and one of them is designated as
<typeStatus id="54E0886E8119AF3FFBC4B618FB47FEA0" box="[1046,1152,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8119AF3FFF15B674FAF8FE30" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The specimen figured by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFE3CB674FD14FE84" author="Lin, Y. J. &amp; Zhang, S. M. &amp; Lin, Z." box="[494,723,331,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="111 - 112" refId="ref36216" refString="Lin, Y. J., Zhang, S. M. &amp; Lin, Z. (1999) Scutelleridae. In: Huang, B. K. (Ed.), Fauna of insects, Fujian Province of China. Vol. 2. Fujian Science and Technology Press, Fuzhou, pp. 41 - 48 + 111 - 112. [in Chinese, English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1999">
Lin
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFDCDB674FD9EFE84" box="[543,601,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(1999: 47
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 15-85) identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFC2BB674FBB6FE84" authorityName=": Zhang" authorityYear="1985" box="[1017,1137,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFC2BB674FBB6FE84" box="[1017,1137,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is apparently
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFAC7B674FA52FE84" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1301,1429,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFAC7B674FA52FE84" box="[1301,1429,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. perplexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The specimen in the photograph of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFDEFB650FD36FE68" author="Ho, J. Z." box="[573,753,366,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref33576" refString="Ho, J. Z. (2003) [Illustrated handbook of true bugs of Taiwan.] (Kiss Nature Series, vol. 2.) Chin-Chin Publications, Taipei, 210 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="2003">Ho (2003: 195)</bibRefCitation>
identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFC47B650FBFBFE68" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1839" box="[917,1084,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Calliphara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFC47B650FBFBFE68" box="[917,1084,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the painting of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFAE3B650FEDDFE4C" author="Cai, W. Z. &amp; Li, H." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref30306" refString="Cai, W. Z. &amp; Li, H. (2015) [Illustrated insects of China.] Shanxi Science and Technology Press, Taiyuan, [12] + 307 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="2015">Cai &amp; Li (2015: 157)</bibRefCitation>
purportedly showing
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFDDDB6ACFD43FE4C" authorityName=": Zhang" authorityYear="1985" box="[527,644,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFDDDB6ACFD43FE4C" box="[527,644,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both represent
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFCFDB6ACFB31FE4F" authority="(Walker, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[815,1270,403,430]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Brachyaulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyaneovitta">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFCFDB6ACFB81FE4D" box="[815,1094,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brachyaulax cyaneovitta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFB86B6ACFB29FE4F" author="Walker, F." box="[1108,1262,403,430]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref41356" refString="Walker, F. (1867) Catalogue of the specimens of Heteropterous-Hemiptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Scutata. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 240 pp." type="book" year="1867">Walker, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The specimen photographed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFE89B688FD5BFE30" author="Parveen, S. &amp; Gaur, A." box="[347,668,438,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref37843" refString="Parveen, S. &amp; Gaur, A. (2015) Illustrated key to the Indian genera of Scutelleridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Indian Journal of Entomology, 77 (2), 169 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.5958 / 0974 - 8172.2015.00034.6" type="journal article" year="2015">Parveen &amp; Gaur (2015: 181)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFD13B688FCF1FE30" authorityName=": Zhang" authorityYear="1985" box="[705,822,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFD13B688FCF1FE30" box="[705,822,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFC67B688FAFDFE30" authority="Dallas, 1851" authorityName="Dallas" authorityYear="1851" box="[949,1338,438,465]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tetrarthria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFC67B688FB65FE31" box="[949,1186,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tetrarthria variegata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFB78B688FAFDFE30" author="Dallas, W. S." box="[1194,1338,438,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref31542" refString="Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 368 pp., XI pls." type="book" year="1851">Dallas, 1851</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8119AF3FFF15B6E4FC08FDFB" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
A partial 16S rRNA gene sequence for
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFD56B6E4FC52FE14" authority="nepalensis" box="[644,917,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Tectocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nepalensis" subSpecies="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFD56B6E4FC52FE14" box="[644,917,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. nepalensis nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFC14B6E4FBADFE14" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1839" box="[966,1130,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Calliphara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amethystina">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFC14B6E4FBADFE14" box="[966,1130,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. amethystina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B3D8119AF3FFAEDB6E4FEC1FDF8" author="Hsieh, C. - H. &amp; Huang, C. - G. &amp; Wu, W. - J. &amp; Wang, H. - Y." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1222 - 1227" refId="ref33845" refString="Hsieh, C. - H., Huang, C. - G., Wu, W. - J. &amp; Wang, H. - Y. (2019) A rapid insect species identification system using mini-barcode pyrosequencing. Pest Management Science, 76 (4), 1222 - 1227. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ps. 5674" type="journal article" year="2019">
Hsieh
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFA5AB6E4FF73FDF8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
and it is available from GenBank (accession no. HG810206.1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34165478119AF3FFF15B51DFAF2FD80" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE436CC8119AF3FFF15B51DFAF2FD80" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFF15B51DFEA6FDDD" bold="true" box="[199,353,546,572]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D4F8119AF3FFEB5B51CFD91FDDC" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[359,598,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Scutellera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B92FEADE8119AF3FFEB5B51CFD91FDDC" box="[359,598,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Scutellera nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed in the Sub-Himalayan belt, South
<collectingCountry id="F34C765C8119AF3FFB17B51CFACCFDDC" box="[1221,1291,547,573]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry>
, Indo-China,
<collectingCountry id="F34C765C8119AF3FFF45B578FF2BFD80" box="[151,236,583,609]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, the Ryūkyū Archipelago, and the Malay Archipelago (
<figureCitation id="13602A498119AF3FFC87B578FC6EFD80" box="[853,937,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURES 71–72" captionStartId="27.[151,263,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,460,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-140@27.[158,1430,453,1947]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 71–72. Geographical distribution of Scutellera spp. Fig. 71: S. perplexa (Westwood, 1837). Fig. 72: Circles = S. nepalensis nepalensis (Westwood, 1837); squares = S. nepalensis amethystina (Germar, 1839); triangles = S. spilogastra (Walker, 1867). Solid markers represent specimens examined during the present study, empty markers unverified literature data." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5869472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5869472/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 72</figureCitation>
); see also under its two subspecies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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