treatments-xml/data/03/CD/87/03CD8785971F9C31FC7A6B86FAB2F796.xml

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<mods:title>Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Manchester, Steven R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Collinson, Margaret E.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[915,1409,1715,1740]" box="[915,1409,1715,1740]" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">
<heading box="[915,1409,1715,1740]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="315" reason="2">
<taxonomicName authority="E. REID et M. CHANDLER, 1933" authorityName="E. REID et M. CHANDLER" authorityYear="1933" box="[915,1409,1715,1740]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="5" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parva">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[915,1080,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">Mastixia parva</emphasis>
E.REID et M.CHANDLER, 1933
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<figureCitation box="[1091,1234,1749,1773]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="5.[147,228,1165,1186]" captionTargetBox="[158,1461,152,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-378@5.[110,1499,121,1173]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2mm in (i)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167917/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">Text-fig. 3a–i</figureCitation>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[843,1482,1797,1854]" box="[881,1482,1797,1821]" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">H o l o t y p e. V.22972 (Natural History Museum,</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[843,1482,1797,1854]" box="[843,942,1830,1854]" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">London).</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[843,1482,1878,2100]" lastBlockId="6.[820,1460,1671,2092]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">
R e m a r k s. This is one of the oldest occurrences of the extant genus, 
<taxonomicName box="[1054,1147,1911,1934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="5" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1054,1147,1911,1934]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">Mastixia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The 
<typeStatus box="[1225,1318,1911,1935]" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">holotype</typeStatus>
has degraded from pyrite decay since it was initially imaged by Reid and Chandler (cf. 
<figureCitation box="[1046,1205,1977,2001]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="5.[147,228,1165,1186]" captionTargetBox="[158,1461,152,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-378@5.[110,1499,121,1173]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2mm in (i)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167917/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">Text-fig. 3a, b</figureCitation>
), but micro-CT scanning still reveals the internal structure (
<figureCitation box="[1250,1413,2010,2034]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="5.[147,228,1165,1186]" captionTargetBox="[158,1461,152,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-378@5.[110,1499,121,1173]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2mm in (i)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167917/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="315">Text-fig. 3c–g</figureCitation>
). The unilocular, single-seeded fruits have endocarps 
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long, with a relatively smooth surface, and a few shallow longitudinal furrows. 
<bibRefCitation author="Reid, E. M. &amp; Chandler, M. E. J." box="[346,637,1671,1695]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" refId="ref13811" refString="Reid, E. M., Chandler, M. E. J. (1933): The London Clay flora. - the British Museum (Natural History), London, 561 pp., pls I - XXXIII. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 110147" type="book" year="1933">Reid and Chandler (1933)</bibRefCitation>
observed a circular scar at the apex marking the limit of an accrescent calyx. They described the mesocarp as 
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thick, formed of polygonal or rounded cells, typically ca 30 µm in diameter. The endocarp opens at germination by a large longitudinal dorsal valve with a median longitudinal groove on its external surface (
<figureCitation box="[446,575,1869,1893]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="5.[147,228,1165,1186]" captionTargetBox="[158,1461,152,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-378@5.[110,1499,121,1173]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2mm in (i)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167917/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Text-fig. 3h</figureCitation>
) corresponding with a deep longitudinal dorsal infold projecting into the locule as a rounded ridge, forming a c-shaped locule as viewed in transverse section (
<figureCitation box="[438,622,1969,1993]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="5.[147,228,1165,1186]" captionTargetBox="[158,1461,152,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-378@5.[110,1499,121,1173]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2mm in (i)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167917/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Text-fig. 3d–g, i</figureCitation>
). The wall is about 
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thick, formed of a layer of transversely aligned elongate cells and parenchyma. The locule lining is composed of transversely aligned fibres. As in extant 
<taxonomicName box="[820,913,1671,1694]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[820,913,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Mastixia</emphasis>
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, the separation zones of the germination valve run tangential to the limbs of the locule.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[125,233,1432,1453]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Text-fig. 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="(R. A. SCOTT) TIFFNEY et HAGGARD" authorityName="TIFFNEY et HAGGARD" baseAuthorityName="R. A. SCOTT" box="[238,815,1432,1453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oregonensis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[238,815,1432,1453]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[238,325,1432,1453]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Mastixia</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[360,479,1432,1453]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">oregonensis</emphasis>
(R.A.SCOTT) TIFFNEY et HAGGARD
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the London Clay, originally included within the concept of 
<taxonomicName box="[149,280,1461,1482]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cantiensis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[149,280,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">M. cantiensis</emphasis>
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. a–c: V. 22960(1). a: Transverse fracture, showing c-shaped locule, dorsal infold, and sculptured endocarp, reflected light. b: Transverse digital section from micro-CT scan data. c: Surface view of ribbed endocarp extracted from micro-CT data. d: Transverse fracture, reflected light, V. 22955 (originally illustrated in pl. 25, fig. 4 of 
<bibRefCitation author="Reid, E. M. &amp; Chandler, M. E. J." box="[1013,1265,1520,1541]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" refId="ref13811" refString="Reid, E. M., Chandler, M. E. J. (1933): The London Clay flora. - the British Museum (Natural History), London, 561 pp., pls I - XXXIII. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 110147" type="book" year="1933">Reid and Chandler 1933</bibRefCitation>
). e, f: Transverse physical section, V. 22963(2) showing U-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. g–i reflected light. g: Detail from left of (d). h, i: Detail from right of (f). Scale bars 5 mm in (a–f), 1 mm in (g–i).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[820,1460,1671,2092]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">
Additional examples that appear likely to represent the same or a very similar species were called simply “ 
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<emphasis box="[1289,1380,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Mastixia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
” by 
<bibRefCitation author="Manchester, S. R." box="[820,1017,1803,1827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref13077" refString="Manchester, S. R. (1994): Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. - Palaeontographica Americana, 58: 1 - 205." type="journal article" year="1994">
<collectingRegion box="[820,941,1803,1827]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Manchester</collectingRegion>
(1994)
</bibRefCitation>
from the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds locality of 
<collectingRegion box="[933,1015,1836,1860]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Oregon</collectingRegion>
. Those specimens clearly show the pair of ovular bundle canals running parallel to the germination valve margins (
<bibRefCitation author="Manchester, S. R." box="[920,1109,1902,1927]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref13077" refString="Manchester, S. R. (1994): Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. - Palaeontographica Americana, 58: 1 - 205." type="journal article" year="1994">
<collectingRegion box="[920,1044,1902,1926]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Manchester</collectingRegion>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 10, fig. 2) – a characteristic feature of this extant genus. Other species of 
<taxonomicName box="[1281,1372,1936,1959]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1281,1372,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Mastixia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
came to prominence later in the European Tertiary, including 
<taxonomicName authority="MARTINETTO" authorityName="MARTINETTO" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rattazzii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">Mastixia rattazzii</emphasis>
MARTINETTO
</taxonomicName>
in the Oligocene and 
<taxonomicName authority="(SCHLOTH.) KIRCHH." authorityName="KIRCHH." baseAuthorityName="SCHLOTH." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amygdaliformis">
<emphasis box="[1261,1459,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">M. amygdaliformis</emphasis>
(SCHLOTH.) KIRCHH.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hably, L. &amp; Erdei, B." box="[1034,1269,2035,2059]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" pagination="218 - 225" refId="ref12366" refString="Hably, L., Erdei, B. (2013): A refugium of Mastixia in the late Miocene of eastern Central Europe. - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 197: 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2013.06.003" type="journal article" year="2013">Hably and Erdei 2013</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName authority="MAI" authorityName="MAI" box="[1286,1452,2035,2059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lusatica">
<emphasis box="[1286,1404,2035,2059]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">M. lusatica</emphasis>
MAI
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authority="MAI" authorityName="MAI" box="[864,1051,2068,2092]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
<emphasis box="[864,1002,2068,2092]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="316">M. thomsonii</emphasis>
MAI
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Mai, D. H." box="[1064,1168,2068,2092]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" pagination="441 - 503" refId="ref12921" refString="Mai, D. H. (1970): Subtropische Elemente im europaischen Tertiar I. - Palaontologische Abhandlungen Abt. B, 3 (3 - 4): 441 - 503." type="journal article" year="1970">
<date box="[1064,1168,2068,2092]" pageId="6" pageNumber="316" value="1970-05">Mai 1970</date>
</bibRefCitation>
) in the Miocene.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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