treatments-xml/data/03/91/5F/03915F525F52A02AFF23469EFAACFBA6.xml

<document id="0C869621FBC3CFB9263CCC9BB33C5B6E" ID-CLB-Dataset="42267" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3914.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c64a640d-d11e-41bf-b377-660842b7041e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="241054" ID-ZooBank="C83CDA14-8528-4E15-B5A5-ECE88621196B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460958928493" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo, Ahumada-Carrillo, Ivan, Burkhardt, Timothy R. &amp; Devitt, Thomas J." docDate="2015" docId="03915F525F52A02AFF23469EFAACFBA6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03914p317.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3914 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Eleutherodactylus wixarika Reyes-Velasco, Ahumada-Carrillo, Burkhardt &amp; Devitt, 2015, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="315" masterDocId="FFA8272A5F5AA024FFB44729FFCBFFF1" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (subgenus Syrrhophus) from western Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="317" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="309" updateTime="1698586612258" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="459AE6C1E56AC51EA7170DB99FBB0170">Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (subgenus Syrrhophus) from western Mexico</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B94C32565F52A02CFF23469EFE20FE20" bold="true" box="[151,491,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F52A02CFF23469EFE2EFE20" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[151,485,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika" status="sp. nov.">Eleutherodactylus wixarika</taxonomicName>
,
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<typeStatus id="548350E65F52A02CFF2346D7FECFFDE6" box="[151,260,510,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED2976815F52A02CFEA646D6FE96FDE7" box="[274,349,511,534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">MZFZ</collectionCode>
27477. Adult male collected by Ivan Ahumada-Carrillo on 
<date id="FF86C8845F52A02CFC4A46D7FB41FDE6" box="[1022,1162,510,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" value="2011-07-06">July 6, 2011</date>
, at Bajío de los Amoles, Municipality of Mezquitic, Jalisco, 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F52A02CFD93450BFDB6FDCA" box="[551,637,546,571]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(22.059429, -103.933983, 
<quantity id="4CC043A15F52A02CFC1A450BFBC6FDCB" box="[942,1037,546,571]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4669999999999996" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" unit="m" value="2467.0">2,467 m</quantity>
; datum = WGS84; 
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F52A02CFB51450BFAFFFDCB" box="[1253,1332,546,571]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1779,1801]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,804,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,804,1757]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Holotype of Eleutherodactylus wixarika, sp. nov. in life, MZFC 27477. Field number JRV 159." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241061/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F52A02CFA8B450BFA87FDCA" box="[1343,1356,546,571]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[184,1405,155,1079]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1406,155,1079]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotypes in preservative. A) Dorsal photo of Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi sp. nov., MZFC 27472, (B) Ventral photo of Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi sp. nov., MZFC 27472, (C) Dorsal photo of Eleutherodactylus wixarika sp. nov., MZFC 27477, (D) Ventral photo of Eleutherodactylus wixarika sp. nov., MZFC 27477." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241059/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">5</figureCitation>
C–D).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94C32565F52A02CFF73456FFEF4FDAE" bold="true" box="[199,319,582,607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED2976815F52A02CFEFB456EFE50FDAE" box="[335,411,583,607]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fg24-x4zf" name="Museo de Zoologia Alfonso L. Herrera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">MZFC</collectionCode>
27478-27479, adult males, collected on the same day and place as the 
<typeStatus id="548350E65F52A02CFB6D456FFAF0FDAE" box="[1241,1339,582,607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
by Ivan Ahumada-Carrillo (
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F52A02CFEC04543FE73FD72" box="[372,440,618,643]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,660,682]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,638]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,193,639]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Paratypes of Eleutherodactylus wixarika, sp. nov. in life. A) MZFC 27478, Field number JRV 160. B) MZFC 227478, Field number, JRV 161." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241062/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87EE445F52A02CFF2341DAFB14F8F8" blockId="8.[151,1247,1779,1801]" box="[151,1247,1779,1801]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F52A02CFF2341DAFEC6F8F9" bold="true" box="[151,269,1779,1801]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
. Holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F52A02CFE2D41DAFD64F8F8" box="[409,687,1779,1801]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F52A02CFE2D41DAFD64F8F8" box="[409,687,1779,1801]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Eleutherodactylus wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27F8F2D5F52A02CFD0841DAFCC7F8F9" box="[700,780,1779,1800]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F52A02CFD0841DAFCC7F8F9" bold="true" box="[700,780,1779,1800]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
in life, MZFC 27477. Field number JRV 159.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87EE445F53A02DFF2345BDFE2AFD38" blockId="9.[151,1436,660,713]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFF2345BDFEC4FD58" bold="true" box="[151,271,660,682]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. Paratypes of 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFE1345BDFD0DFD5B" box="[423,710,660,682]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F53A02DFE1345BDFD09FD5B" box="[423,706,660,682]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika" status="sp. nov.">Eleutherodactylus wixarika</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27F8F2D5F53A02DFD7B45BCFCE9FD5B" box="[719,802,661,682]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFD7B45BCFCE9FD5B" bold="true" box="[719,802,661,682]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
in life. A) MZFC 27478, Field number JRV 160. B) MZFC 227478, Field number, JRV 161.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF47BECC5F53A02DFF2341E8FA44F907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" targetBox="[152,1434,763,1707]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F53A02DFF2341E8FA44F907" blockId="9.[151,1435,1729,1782]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFF2341E8FEC6F927" bold="true" box="[151,269,1729,1751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
. Species of 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFE3C41E8FD8DF926" box="[392,582,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F53A02DFE3C41E8FD89F926" box="[392,578,1729,1751]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eleutherodactylus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F53A02DFD0541E8FCEEF926" box="[689,805,1729,1751]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFD0541E8FCEEF926" box="[689,805,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northwestern México. A) 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFBDD41EBFB20F926" box="[1129,1259,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F53A02DFBDD41EBFB2CF926" box="[1129,1255,1729,1751]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttilatus">E. guttilatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
subadult from El Rodeo, Durango. B) 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFEDE41C8FE14F907" box="[362,479,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F53A02DFEDE41C8FE11F907" box="[362,474,1760,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">E. pallidus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
San Blas, Nayarit. C) 
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<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFD7741C8FC8BF907" box="[707,832,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">E. teretistes,</emphasis>
Mascota
</taxonomicName>
, Jalisco. D) 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F53A02DFBAF41C8FAEFF907" authority="Revolcaderos" authorityName="Revolcaderos" box="[1051,1316,1760,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFBAF41C8FB40F907" box="[1051,1163,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">E. saxatilis</emphasis>
, Revolcaderos
</taxonomicName>
, Durango.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C322BDCF5F53A02EFF73400BFC32FA31" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="311" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F53A02EFF73400BFEA2FE94" blockId="9.[151,1437,1826,2031]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="311" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFF73400BFEF1F8CA" bold="true" box="[199,314,1826,1851]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F53A02DFEFF400BFD49F8CA" box="[331,642,1826,1851]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFEFF400BFD49F8CA" box="[331,642,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Eleutherodactylus wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Huichol pronunciation: /wiˈraɾika/) is a member of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F53A02DFAAF400DFA57F8CA" box="[1307,1436,1826,1851]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFAAF400DFA57F8CA" box="[1307,1436,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">E. longipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species series of the subgenus 
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<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFE5B406FFDBBF8AE" box="[495,624,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F53A02DFCA2406FFBCBF8AE" box="[790,1024,1862,1887]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. &amp; Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article">
Hedges 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F53A02DFCC6406EFC60F8AE" box="[882,939,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
. It is a medium sized frog compared to other members of the species series, with adult males measuring 
<quantity id="4CC043A15F53A02DFC044043FB9CF873" box="[944,1111,1898,1923]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.285" metricValueMax="2.45" metricValueMin="2.12" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="22.85" valueMax="24.5" valueMin="21.2">21.2–24.5 mm</quantity>
in SVL; snout truncate and angular, not rounded from above (as defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F53A02DFD0F40A6FCA7F857" author="Savage" box="[699,876,1935,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica: a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 934 pp." type="book" year="2002" yearSuffix="p">Savage, 2002 p</bibRefCitation>
. 171), but rounded in profile; head slightly wider than long, forming a flattened snout; tympanum visible, rounded, and small, with a diameter of tympanum/ diameter of eye ratio of 0.3–0.4; vocal slits absent in males; digital tips expanded conspicuously, but less than twice the width of narrowest part of digit on fingers three and four; digital discs slightly rounded to slightly truncate at tips (
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F50A02EFF7B4795FED9FF25" box="[207,274,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1097,1119]" captionTargetBox="[207,1378,376,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[204,1384,373,1076]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Underside of the right hands of the holotypes of (A) Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi sp. nov., MZFC 27472, and (B) E. wixarika sp. nov., MZFC 27477. Hands are not drawn to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241057/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B); body about as wide as head; dorsal coloration consisting of reddish orange or red ground color with white or pale gray on lateral portions and upper lip, totally covered in dark military green, brown to almost black blotches, which range from spots to reticulations; tuberculate dorsum; ventral coloration generally gray with some white spots and a bit of darker mottling; ventral skin areolate; no dark or pale interorbital bar present; no bars on thighs; iris orange.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F50A02EFF734646FE52FDE6" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
This new species is distinguished from other members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFC104658FBEDFE79" box="[932,1062,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFC104658FBEDFE79" box="[932,1062,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. longipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species series by the following combination of characters: (1) absence of compact lumbar glands; (2) digital pads of third and fourth finger expanded, but less than twice width of narrowest part of finger; (3) medium size, adult males 
<quantity id="4CC043A15F50A02EFB58469EFAA7FE3E" box="[1260,1388,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="21.0">21–25 mm</quantity>
; (4) tympanum visible; (5) red, reddish or rusty orange ground color covered by dark green, dark gray, or black reticulations and spots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F50A02EFF73450DFC32FA31" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
While 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFEA0450DFD83FDCC" box="[276,584,548,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFEA0450DFD83FDCC" box="[276,584,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Eleutherodactylus wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been collected in sympatry with any other species of the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFF23456EFED3FD91" box="[151,280,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFF23456EFED3FD91" box="[151,280,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we believe that further collecting will find 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFCB74560FC47FD91" box="[771,908,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttilatus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFCB74560FC47FD91" box="[771,908,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. guttilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFC2E4560FBD9FD91" box="[922,1042,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFC2E4560FBD9FD91" box="[922,1042,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFB944560FB68FD91" box="[1056,1187,585,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFB944560FB68FD91" box="[1056,1187,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFB6D4560FA9EFD91" box="[1241,1365,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFB6D4560FA9EFD91" box="[1241,1365,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
either in near proximity or in sympatry with this species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFD674545FC35FD74" box="[723,1022,620,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFD674545FC35FD74" box="[723,1022,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Eleutherodactylus pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFB814544FB73FD75" box="[1077,1208,621,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFB814544FB73FD75" box="[1077,1208,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known from the lowlands and barrancas of Nayarit and west-central Jalisco, and there are faunal corridors entering deep into the southern portions of the Sierra Madre Occidental to the Sierra Huichola (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F50A02EFBB7459DFB75FD3D" author="Cox" box="[1027,1214,692,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" refString="Cox, C. L., Streicher, J. W., Sheehy III, C. M., Campbell, J. A. &amp; Chippindale, P. T. (2012) Patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of Smilisca fodiens. Herpetologica, 68, 226 - 235." type="journal article" year="2012">
Cox 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFB8D459CFBB8FD3C" box="[1081,1139,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFB65459DFECAFD01" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttilatus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFB65459DFECAFD01" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Eleutherodactylus guttilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from central Durango, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFD1945F0FCE1FD01" box="[685,810,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFD1945F0FCE1FD01" box="[685,810,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in southwestern Durango, and both may follow the eastern and western flanks respectively of the Sierra Madre to the Sierra Huichola. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFBDC45D5FA57FCE4" box="[1128,1436,764,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFBDC45D5FA57FCE4" box="[1128,1436,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Eleutherodactylus wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFE694408FDA7FCC9" box="[477,620,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttilatus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFE694408FDA7FCC9" box="[477,620,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. guttilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its smaller size, tuberculate dorsum, smaller and more concealed tympanum, and reddish ground color with dark green or gray reticulations (
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F50A02EFC5A446DFBF8FCAD" box="[1006,1075,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,763,1707]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[152,1435,763,1708]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 9. Species of Eleutherodactylus, subgenus Syrrhophus from northwestern México. A) E. guttilatus, subadult from El Rodeo, Durango. B) E. pallidus, San Blas, Nayarit. C) E. teretistes, Mascota, Jalisco. D) E. saxatilis, Revolcaderos, Durango." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241063/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A). It can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFF234440FEDBFC71" box="[151,272,871,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFF234440FEDBFC71" box="[151,272,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
primarily by size and color pattern, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFD704440FCF5FC71" box="[708,830,871,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFD704440FCF5FC71" box="[708,830,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a smaller frog, rarely over 
<quantity id="4CC043A15F50A02EFB334441FB12FC8E" box="[1159,1241,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
; the color pattern of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFF0144A4FEE5FC54" box="[181,302,908,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFF0144A4FEE5FC54" box="[181,302,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of plain brown ground color, as opposed to reddish in the new species; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFB5644A4FA90FC54" box="[1250,1371,908,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFB5644A4FA90FC54" box="[1250,1371,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks all traces of dark markings and reticulations on the dorsum. Also, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFC784498FB81FC39" box="[972,1098,943,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFC784498FB81FC39" box="[972,1098,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the tympanum is concealed, whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFE9644FCFE62FC1C" box="[290,425,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFE9644FCFE62FC1C" box="[290,425,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is discernable (
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F50A02EFD3C44FDFD1AFC1D" box="[648,721,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,763,1707]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[152,1435,763,1708]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 9. Species of Eleutherodactylus, subgenus Syrrhophus from northwestern México. A) E. guttilatus, subadult from El Rodeo, Durango. B) E. pallidus, San Blas, Nayarit. C) E. teretistes, Mascota, Jalisco. D) E. saxatilis, Revolcaderos, Durango." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241063/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
B). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFCB444FDFBFEFC1C" box="[768,1077,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFCB444FDFBFEFC1C" box="[768,1077,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Eleutherodactylus saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFA3044FCFF32FBE1" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFA3044FCFF32FBE1" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following characteristics: larger body size, which is usually over 
<quantity id="4CC043A15F50A02EFB8244DEFB4CFBFE" box="[1078,1159,1015,1040]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="26.0">26 mm</quantity>
and up to 
<quantity id="4CC043A15F50A02EFAB744D1FA9DFBFE" box="[1283,1366,1016,1040]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 mm</quantity>
; outer digits more widely expanded, usually twice or more the width of the narrowest part of the finger on the third and fourth fingers; venter immaculate white as opposed to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFCB14368FC43FBA9" box="[773,904,1087,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFCB14368FC43FBA9" box="[773,904,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has a gray venter with both darker and lighter markings; presence of a distinguishable lumbar gland in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFCDC434CFC2EFB8C" box="[872,997,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFCDC434CFC2EFB8C" box="[872,997,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F50A02EFC42434DFBF1FB8D" box="[1014,1082,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,763,1707]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[152,1435,763,1708]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 9. Species of Eleutherodactylus, subgenus Syrrhophus from northwestern México. A) E. guttilatus, subadult from El Rodeo, Durango. B) E. pallidus, San Blas, Nayarit. C) E. teretistes, Mascota, Jalisco. D) E. saxatilis, Revolcaderos, Durango." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241063/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
D). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFBD1434DFA57FB8D" box="[1125,1436,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFBD1434DFA57FB8D" box="[1125,1436,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Eleutherodactylus teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smooth dorsal skin, while 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFE4543A0FDB8FB51" box="[497,627,1159,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFE4543A0FDB8FB51" box="[497,627,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a tuberculate dorsum; 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFC1343A0FBE7FB51" box="[935,1068,1161,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFC1343A0FBE7FB51" box="[935,1068,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a light brown or tan ground color vermiculated with dark brown, as opposed to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFD674384FC9FFB34" box="[723,852,1196,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFD674384FC9FFB34" box="[723,852,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which has a red or reddish orange ground color, and dark green or gray reticulations which may be broken up into spots. Furthermore, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFB9343F8FB62FB19" box="[1063,1193,1233,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFB9343F8FB62FB19" box="[1063,1193,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a diagnostic light colored line, starting on the snout, following the outline of the head above the nostrils, above the eyes, onto the shoulders and then fading towards the back. This light line is present on all specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFB104230FAE1FAC1" box="[1188,1322,1305,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFB104230FAE1FAC1" box="[1188,1322,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were observed in the field, including individuals from Sinaloa, Nayarit and Jalisco. This line is not present on any of the three specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFEC74248FE3DFA89" box="[371,502,1375,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFEC74248FE3DFA89" box="[371,502,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This new species can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFC494248FB4EFA89" box="[1021,1157,1375,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFC494248FB4EFA89" box="[1021,1157,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. modestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its larger size (males 
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SVL, vs &lt;
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in 
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<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFDB942ACFD5EFA6C" box="[525,661,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. modestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); also 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFD5042ACFCA6FA6C" box="[740,877,1412,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFD5042ACFCA6FA6C" box="[740,877,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. modestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a uniform white or cream ventral coloration, whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F50A02EFEA24280FE5CFA31" box="[278,407,1447,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFEA24280FE5CFA31" box="[278,407,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is darker gray with white spots and darker mottling.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322BDCF5F50A02FFF7342E5FC1DFF09" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="312" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F50A02EFF7342E5FC66F849" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFF7342E5FDC0FA14" bold="true" box="[199,523,1484,1509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
Description of the 
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</emphasis>
. Relatively small size (
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SVL); head slightly wider than long, 
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in length, 
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width, about as wide as body; snout truncate, angular, non-rounded from a dorsal view but rounded from a lateral profile; tympanum distinct and rounded, no distinct supratympanic fold, greatest diameter of tympanum 
<quantity id="4CC043A15F50A02EFEA14111FE92F9BE" box="[277,345,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
; greatest diameter of eye 
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, tympanum-to-eye ratio 0.4; eyelid 
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wide, approximately three fifths of the IOD; first finger same length as second finger; finger lengths from shortest to longest 1-2-4-3, with 1 and 2 equal; digital pads on fingers three and four moderately expanded, approximately 1.8 times the narrowest point of the digit; three palmar tubercles; inner palmar tubercle about 70% as large as middle palmar tubercle, outer palmar tubercle about half as large as the middle palmar tubercle; toe lengths from shortest to longest 1-2-5-3-4. FL 
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, TL 
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, FeL 
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, FoL 
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, 
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<quantity id="4CC043A15F50A02EFC4941C5FB9EF8F5" box="[1021,1109,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
, IOD 
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, 
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<quantity id="4CC043A15F50A02EFA8B41C5FA52F8F5" box="[1343,1433,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
. FeL to SVL 42%, TL to SVL 46%, FL to SVL 39%, HL to SVL 33%, HD to SVL 35%. Dorsal skin tuberculate; lateral skin and ventral skin areolate. Vocal slits absent in males. See 
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F50A02EFC1D401DFBCCF8BD" box="[937,1031,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1779,1801]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,804,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,804,1757]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Holotype of Eleutherodactylus wixarika, sp. nov. in life, MZFC 27477. Field number JRV 159." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241061/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Figure 7</figureCitation>
for a photograph of the 
<typeStatus id="548350E65F50A02EFAA8401DFAB5F8BC" box="[1308,1406,1844,1869]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in life. Coloration in preservative is a light ground color of tan to orange, with dark gray almost black reticulations covering the entire dorsal surface of the head, back and arms. Thighs orange-yellow with some dark gray blotches. Ventral coloration is cream and gray with some darker and paler spots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F50A02FFF7340EDFC1DFF09" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,933]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="312" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F50A02EFF7340EDFEFEF82C" bold="true" box="[199,309,1988,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Variation</emphasis>
. The three known specimens of this species vary little in morphology and color pattern. One specimen is larger than the 
<typeStatus id="548350E65F51A02FFE6B47B1FDD9FF41" box="[479,530,152,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">type</typeStatus>
, measuring 
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. The dorsal ground color is always reddish with darker reticulations, the intensity and width of which varies from individual to individual, making one individual seem darker. Measurements for the 
<typeStatus id="548350E65F51A02FFE5247F6FD83FF09" box="[486,584,223,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="548350E65F51A02FFDCA47C9FD22FF09" box="[638,745,224,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are given in 
<tableCitation id="C6BADBFF5F51A02FFCC847F6FC1BFF09" box="[892,976,223,248]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,1431,1454]" captionTargetBox="[159,1301,1578,2015]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Intraspecific morphological variation in Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi and E. wixarika. This table shows only a subset of all measurements taken, which showed to be the most useful for distinguishing between members of Syrrhophus. SVL = snout-vent length, TH = tympanum height, TW = tympanum width,), F 3 L = finger 3 length, F 3 PW = finger 3 pad width. Asterisk marks the type specimens." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47BECC5F5CA022FF2342BEFD3CF9FF" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" tableUuid="DF47BECC5F5CA022FF2342BEFD3CF9FF">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322BDCF5F51A02FFF73462DFB27FE5C" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F51A02FFF73462DFB27FE5C" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFF73462DFE3CFEEC" bold="true" box="[199,503,260,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Distribution and ecology</emphasis>
. This species has been collected in the Sierra Huichol in the municipality of Mezquitic, Jalisco (
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F51A02FFEC1460EFE1AFEB1" box="[373,465,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,718,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,718,1536]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. A) Map showing the type localities of Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi sp. nov. (white star) and E. wixarika sp. nov. (white triangle) in western Mexico. White circle represents an additional locality of E. grunwaldi in the state of Jalisco. B) Type locality of E. grunwaldi, 3.5 km ESE of El Sauz, on road to El Terrero, Municipality of Minatitlán, Colima. C) Type locality of E. wixarika, Bajio de los Amoles, Municipality of Mezquitic, Jalisco." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241060/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). It likely occurs continuously at high elevations throughout this mountain range and possibly also in other nearby mountain ranges in Jalisco, Zacatecas, Nayarit and Durango. It has been collected between 
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at the 
<typeStatus id="548350E65F51A02FFE524659FDDDFE79" box="[486,534,368,392]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">type</typeStatus>
locality in pine forest (
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F51A02FFC954646FCAEFE79" box="[801,869,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,718,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,718,1536]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. A) Map showing the type localities of Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi sp. nov. (white star) and E. wixarika sp. nov. (white triangle) in western Mexico. White circle represents an additional locality of E. grunwaldi in the state of Jalisco. B) Type locality of E. grunwaldi, 3.5 km ESE of El Sauz, on road to El Terrero, Municipality of Minatitlán, Colima. C) Type locality of E. wixarika, Bajio de los Amoles, Municipality of Mezquitic, Jalisco." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241060/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C). All specimens were collected in July, which is the beginning of the rainy season in western 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F51A02FFD3846BDFD2AFE5C" box="[652,737,404,429]" name="Mexico" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and likely the breeding season for these frogs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322BDCF5F51A02FFF73469EFC00F803" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F51A02FFF73469EFC34FDCC" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFF73469EFE8DFE21" bold="true" box="[199,326,439,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Etymology</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFEE3469EFD46FE21" box="[343,653,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFEE3469EFD46FE21" box="[343,653,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Eleutherodactylus wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a patronym honoring the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFC6C469EFBF4FE21" box="[984,1087,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">Wixárika</taxonomicName>
people, better known by their Spanish name, Huicholes. Once widespread in the states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Durango and San Luis Potosí, the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFEA946D6FE4FFDE9" box="[285,388,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">Wixárika</taxonomicName>
people still inhabit the area around the type-locality of this frog, and the Sierra Huichol mountain range remains one of the last outposts of their language and culture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F51A02FFF73456EFCE9FC54" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFF73456EFE71FD91" bold="true" box="[199,442,583,608]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Advertisement calls.</emphasis>
Like other members of the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFCD4456EFC2AFD91" box="[864,993,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFCD4456EFC2AFD91" box="[864,993,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the advertisement call of these species consists of a short note best described as a “chirp” or “peep”. These notes are relatively narrow band (&lt;500 Hz), nearly pure-tone bursts of acoustic energy organized into a discrete train repeated about 6 times per minute (
<tableCitation id="C6BADBFF5F51A02FFAE845A6FF6EFD3D" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,1431,1454]" captionTargetBox="[159,1301,1578,2015]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Intraspecific morphological variation in Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi and E. wixarika. This table shows only a subset of all measurements taken, which showed to be the most useful for distinguishing between members of Syrrhophus. SVL = snout-vent length, TH = tympanum height, TW = tympanum width,), F 3 L = finger 3 length, F 3 PW = finger 3 pad width. Asterisk marks the type specimens." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47BECC5F5CA022FF2342BEFD3CF9FF" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" tableUuid="DF47BECC5F5CA022FF2342BEFD3CF9FF">Table 1</tableCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F51A02FFF00459DFEC3FD3D" box="[180,264,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1899,1921]" captionTargetBox="[163,1428,199,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,193,1878]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Advertisement calls of Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi and E. wixarika showing A) oscillograms (relative amplitude vs. time) of five calls; (B) spectrograms (energy in each frequency vs. time) and oscillograms (C) of a single call; and D) power spectra. Note the spectral and temporal property differences between species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241064/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). The fundamental frequency contains nearly the same amount of energy as the dominant frequency in both species (not shown). Compared to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFDE245F0FD13FD01" box="[598,728,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFDE245F0FD13FD01" box="[598,728,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the call of the larger species 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFB9C45F0FB71FD01" box="[1064,1210,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFB9C45F0FB71FD01" box="[1064,1210,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much shorter (70 vs. 130 ms), ascends to its dominant frequency more rapidly, and has a lower dominant (and thus fundamental) frequency (2100 vs. 2700 Hz). The calls of both species show substructure within a call, but the pulses of acoustic energy are irregular in timing and duration. The signals of both species show very slight frequency modulation from beginning to end. Although 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFD9D444EFD62FC71" box="[553,681,871,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFD9D444EFD62FC71" box="[553,681,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may produce an irregular introductory trill prior to a call bout (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFF2A44A5FE98FC54" author="Fouquette" box="[158,339,908,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Fouquette, M. (1960) Call structure in frogs of the family Leptodactylidae. Texas Journal of Science, 12, 201 - 215." type="journal article" year="1960">Fouquette 1960</bibRefCitation>
), our recordings do not contain any trills.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47BECC5F51A02FFF2344FDFC92FBDD" ID-Table-UUID="DF47BECC5F51A02FFF2344FDFC92FBDD" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47BECC5F51A02FFF2344FDFC92FBDD" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" targetBox="[151,1134,1095,1496]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F51A02FFF2344FDFC92FBDD" blockId="11.[151,1436,980,1068]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFF2344FDFEDFFC1A" bold="true" box="[151,276,980,1003]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Call measurement summary (mean of five consecutive calls ± SD) for one individual each of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFF2344DCFE06FBFD" box="[151,461,1013,1036]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFF2344DCFE06FBFD" box="[151,461,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFDB744DCFDB5FBFD" box="[515,638,1013,1036]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFDB744DCFDB5FBFD" box="[515,638,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Call descriptors follow Cocroft &amp; Ryan (1995) except for Rényi spectral entropy (Han 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFE9F433CFEABFBDD" box="[299,352,1045,1068]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
2011) and spectral flatness (Sueur 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFD63433CFCC6FBDD" box="[727,781,1045,1068]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
2014).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F51A02FFDF84360FED0FA29" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
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<tr id="3508EC065F515FDBFF23436EFBA5FBAF" box="[151,1134,1095,1118]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76D9857A5F515FDBFDF8436EFD1BFBAF" box="[588,720,1095,1118]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFDF84360FD1BFBAF" box="[588,720,1096,1118]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFDF84360FD1BFBAF" box="[588,720,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76D9857A5F515FDBFC4D436EFBA5FBAF" box="[1017,1134,1095,1118]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFC4D4360FBA5FBAF" box="[1017,1134,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFC4D4360FB8EFBAF" box="[1017,1093,1097,1118]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixa">E. wixa</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFBF0436EFBA5FBAF" bold="true" box="[1092,1134,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">rika</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3508EC065F515FDBFF234358FBA5FB76" box="[151,1134,1137,1159]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<th id="76D9857A5F515FDBFF234358FE7AFB76" box="[151,433,1137,1159]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Dominant frequency (kHz)</th>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFDF84358FD1BFB76" box="[588,720,1137,1159]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">2.13 ± 0.02</td>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFC4D4358FBA5FB76" box="[1017,1134,1137,1159]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">2.75 ± 0.04</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508EC065F515FDBFF2343B3FBA5FB41" box="[151,1134,1178,1200]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<th id="76D9857A5F515FDBFF2343B3FE7AFB41" box="[151,433,1178,1200]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Call length (ms)</th>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFDF843B3FD1BFB41" box="[588,720,1178,1200]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">70 ± 10</td>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFC4D43B3FBA5FB41" box="[1017,1134,1178,1200]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">130 ± 40</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508EC065F515FDBFF2343EDFBA5FB2B" box="[151,1134,1220,1242]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<th id="76D9857A5F515FDBFF2343EDFE7AFB2B" box="[151,433,1220,1242]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Call rate (/m)</th>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFDF843EDFD1BFB2B" box="[588,720,1220,1242]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">6.13 ± 1.35</td>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFC4D43EDFBA5FB2B" box="[1017,1134,1220,1242]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">6.43 ± 2.74</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508EC065F515FDBFF2343C4FBA5FAF2" box="[151,1134,1261,1283]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<th id="76D9857A5F515FDBFF2343C4FE7AFAF2" box="[151,433,1261,1283]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Call rise time (ms)</th>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFDF843C4FD1BFAF2" box="[588,720,1261,1283]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">20 ± 10</td>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFC4D43C4FBA5FAF2" box="[1017,1134,1261,1283]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">90 ± 30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508EC065F515FDBFF23423FFBA5FADD" box="[151,1134,1302,1324]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<th id="76D9857A5F515FDBFF23423FFE7AFADD" box="[151,433,1302,1324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Rényi spectral entropy</th>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFDF8423FFD1BFADD" box="[588,720,1302,1324]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">5.46 ± 0.52</td>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFC4D423FFBA5FADD" box="[1017,1134,1302,1324]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">5.74 ± 0.36</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508EC065F515FDBFF234269FBA5FAA7" box="[151,1134,1344,1366]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<th id="76D9857A5F515FDBFF234269FE7AFAA7" box="[151,433,1344,1366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Spectral flatness measure</th>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFDF84269FD1BFAA7" box="[588,720,1344,1366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">0</td>
<td id="76D9857A5F515FDBFC4D4269FBA5FAA7" box="[1017,1134,1344,1366]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508EC065F515FDBFF234297FBA5FA29" box="[151,1134,1470,1496]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76D9857A5F515FDBFF234297FE7AFA29" box="[151,433,1470,1496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Discussion</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F51A02FFF23412CFD71F923" blockId="11.[151,1437,1541,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFF23412CFE42F9EF" bold="true" box="[151,393,1541,1566]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Advertisement calls.</emphasis>
Spectral and temporal acoustic properties of male advertisement calls differ between the two new species described here. Few descriptions (and even fewer recordings) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFBB44100FB4AF9B3" box="[1024,1153,1577,1602]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFBB44100FB4AF9B3" box="[1024,1153,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
advertisement calls have been published. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFEE54167FDDFF997" author="Fouquette" box="[337,532,1613,1638]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Fouquette, M. (1960) Call structure in frogs of the family Leptodactylidae. Texas Journal of Science, 12, 201 - 215." type="journal article" year="1960">Fouquette (1960)</bibRefCitation>
described the calls of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFCAC4164FB96F997" box="[792,1117,1613,1638]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marnockii">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFCAC4164FB96F997" box="[792,1117,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Eleutherodactylus marnockii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFBD84167FB2CF997" box="[1132,1255,1613,1638]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pipilans">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFBD84167FB2CF997" box="[1132,1255,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">E. pipilans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFA9C4167FA5FF997" box="[1320,1428,1613,1638]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFA9C4167FA5FF997" box="[1320,1428,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">E. nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFF234158FEFAF97B" author="Dixon" box="[151,305,1649,1674]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Dixon, J. R. (1957) Geographic Variation and Distribution of the Genus Tomodactylus in Mexico. Texas Journal of Science, 9, 379 - 409." type="journal article" year="1957">Dixon (1957)</bibRefCitation>
reported reciprocal calling by female 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFD58415BFC04F97B" box="[748,975,1649,1674]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angustidigitorum">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFD58415BFC04F97B" box="[748,975,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">E. angustidigitorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a behavior that has been reported in at least two other eleutherodactylids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFD9841BCFC70F95F" author="Schlaepfer" box="[556,955,1685,1710]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Schlaepfer, M. A. &amp; Figeroa-Sandi, R. (1998) Female reciprocal calling in a Costa Rican leaf-litter frog, Eleutherodactylus podiciferus. Copeia, 1076 - 1080." type="book chapter" year="1998">Schlaepfer &amp; Figeroa-Sandí, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFC7E41BFFB18F95F" author="Stewart" box="[970,1235,1685,1710]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Stewart, M. M. &amp; Rand, A. S. (1991) Vocalizations and the defense of retreat sites by male and female frogs, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Copeia, 1013 - 1024. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446096" type="book chapter" year="1991">Stewart &amp; Rand, 1991</bibRefCitation>
). It is not known whether female 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFEFF4193FE16F923" box="[331,477,1721,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFEFF4193FE16F923" box="[331,477,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFDB74193FD4FF923" box="[515,644,1721,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFDB74193FD4FF923" box="[515,644,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
call.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F51A02FFF7341F4FA57F893" blockId="11.[151,1437,1541,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
The small size of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFE2B41F4FDEBF907" box="[415,544,1757,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFE2B41F4FDEBF907" box="[415,544,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
imposes constraints for acoustic communication (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFBDF41F4FA5BF907" author="Gerhardt" box="[1131,1424,1757,1782]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Gerhardt, H. C. &amp; Huber, F. (2002) Acoustic communication in insects and anurans: common problems and diverse solutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 531 pp." type="book" year="2002">Gerhardt &amp; Huber, 2002</bibRefCitation>
), namely the limited communication range of high-frequency calls. Like many other eleutherodactlyids, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFAAF4028FA57F8EB" box="[1307,1436,1793,1818]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFAAF4028FA57F8EB" box="[1307,1436,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
increase their broadcast range by calling from elevated perches. Males of some species call from rock crevices (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFF2A4063FE98F893" author="Fouquette" box="[158,339,1865,1890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Fouquette, M. (1960) Call structure in frogs of the family Leptodactylidae. Texas Journal of Science, 12, 201 - 215." type="journal article" year="1960">Fouquette 1960</bibRefCitation>
), which may serve to amplify the signal by acting as a secondary resonator (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFB104063FA5BF893" author="Penna" box="[1188,1424,1865,1890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Penna, M. &amp; Solis, R. (1996) Influence of burrow acoustics on sound reception by frogs Eupsophus (Leptodactylidae). Animal Behaviour, 51, 255 - 263. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 1996.0026" type="journal article" year="1996">Penna &amp; Solís, 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F51A02FFF734044FC00F803" blockId="11.[151,1437,1541,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFF734044FCCAF877" bold="true" box="[199,769,1901,1926]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Evolutionary relationships and biogeography.</emphasis>
Twenty-four species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFB864044FB79F877" box="[1074,1202,1901,1926]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFB864044FB79F877" box="[1074,1202,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in mainland Central and North 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F51A02FFEDF40B8FE05F85B" box="[363,462,1937,1962]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">America</collectingCountry>
, all of them included in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F51A02FFCBB40B8FB17F85B" box="[783,1244,1937,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longipes" subGenus="Syrrhophus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFCBB40B8FB17F85B" box="[783,1244,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Eleutherodactylus (Syrrhophus) longipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species series as defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFEA0409CFE37F83F" box="[276,508,1973,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. &amp; Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article">
Hedges 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFEDB409FFE6CF83F" box="[367,423,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
. This species series is further split into six species groups, which were first defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFF0E40F0FE9AF803" author="Lynch" box="[186,337,2009,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch (1970)</bibRefCitation>
and revised by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFDB740F0FD63F803" author="Hedges" box="[515,680,2009,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Hedges, S. B. (1989) Evolution and biogeography of West Indian frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus: slow-evolving loci and the major groups. Biogeography of the West Indies: past, present, and future, 305 - 370." type="book chapter" year="1989">Hedges (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F51A02FFD6B40F0FC0DF803" box="[735,966,2009,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. &amp; Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article">
Hedges 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F51A02FFC8E40F3FCB9F803" box="[826,882,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF47BECC5F56A028FF234042FBC7F84E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241064/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" targetBox="[163,1428,199,1874]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F56A028FF234042FBC7F84E" blockId="12.[151,1436,1899,1983]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F56A028FF234042FEEDF871" bold="true" box="[151,294,1899,1921]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Advertisement calls of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F56A028FD824042FCA8F870" box="[566,867,1899,1921]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F56A028FD824042FCA8F870" box="[566,867,1899,1921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F56A028FC174045FBD4F870" box="[931,1055,1899,1921]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F56A028FC174045FBD4F870" box="[931,1055,1899,1921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing A) oscillograms (relative amplitude vs. time) of five calls; (B) spectrograms (energy in each frequency vs. time) and oscillograms (C) of a single call; and D) power spectra. Note the spectral and temporal property differences between species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C322BDCF5F57A02AFF7347BEFAACFBA6" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="315" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F57A029FF7347BEFD55FD59" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FF7347BEFDC6FF41" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[199,525,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FF7347BEFDC6FF41" box="[199,525,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares similarities with several members of the subgenus, including the species of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FF514794FEACFF24" ID-CoL="399F8" box="[229,359,188,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FF514794FEACFF24" box="[229,359,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. longipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FE104794FDF2FF24" ID-CoL="399G4" box="[420,569,188,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marnockii">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE104794FDF2FF24" box="[420,569,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. marnockii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species groups as defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FC2F4795FBF2FF25" author="Lynch" box="[923,1081,188,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch (1970)</bibRefCitation>
, as well as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB724794FA8DFF24" ID-CoL="399QQ" box="[1222,1350,188,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB724794FA8DFF24" box="[1222,1350,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FA304794FEE1FF09" ID-CoL="399CQ" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="interorbitalis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FA304794FEE1FF09" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. interorbitalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Similarities include general coloration, size and the presence of greatly expanded digital discs (
<figureCitation id="1303F2C15F57A029FAD047F6FF0FFEED" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1167,1189]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1739,1761]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,1097,1119]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,250,1241,1263]" captionTargetBox-0="[152,1434,193,1145]" captionTargetBox-1="[150,1436,1239,1717]" captionTargetBox-2="[207,1378,376,1071]" captionTargetBox-3="[150,1433,289,1221]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1146]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[150,1436,1239,1717]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[204,1384,373,1076]" captionTargetId-3="figure@5.[149,1434,289,1222]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi sp. nov. in life. MZFC 27472, UNAM. Field number JRV 139." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi, sp. nov. A) MZFC 27474, UNAM. B) MZFC 27473, UNAM." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Underside of the right hands of the holotypes of (A) Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi sp. nov., MZFC 27472, and (B) E. wixarika sp. nov., MZFC 27477. Hands are not drawn to scale." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Species of Eleutherodactylus, subgenus Syrrhophus from western México. A) E. nivicolimae, Volcán de Colima, Jalisco. B) E. modestus, adult male, Ixtlahuacán, Colima. C) E. modestus, subadult. Minatitlán, Colima D) E. nitidus orarius, Ixtlahuacán, Colima." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/241055/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/241056/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/241057/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/241058/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Figs. 1–4</figureCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FF6E462DFEB8FEED" author="Lynch" box="[218,371,260,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch (1970)</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FE48462CFDB7FEEC" ID-CoL="399F8" box="[508,636,260,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE48462CFDB7FEEC" box="[508,636,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. longipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FD01462CFCEDFEEC" ID-CoL="3997R" box="[693,806,260,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dennisi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FD01462CFCEDFEEC" box="[693,806,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. dennisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be closely related and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FBFA462CFADAFEED" box="[1102,1297,260,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Farr, W. L., Lazcano, D. &amp; Lavin-Murcio, P. A. (2013) New Distributional Records for Amphibians and Reptiles from the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico III. Herpetological Review, 44, 631 - 645." type="journal article">
Farr 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB30462CFB75FEEC" box="[1156,1214,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
commented that they might be conspecific. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FDB3460EFCF0FEB1" ID-CoL="399F8" box="[519,827,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FDB3460EFCF0FEB1" box="[519,827,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus longipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to karst formations in the Sierra Madre Oriental, from Coahuila to Hidalgo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FDF44665FC79FE95" author="Lemos" box="[576,946,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lemos Espinal, J. A. &amp; Smith, H. M. (2007 a) Anfibios y reptiles del estado de Chihuahua, Mexico. UNAM, Mexico, 613 pp." type="book" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Lemos Espinal &amp; Smith, 2007a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FC754665FBC1FE94" author="Lemos" box="[961,1034,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lemos Espinal, J. A. &amp; Smith, H. M. (2007 b) Anfibios y reptiles del estado de Coahuila, Mexico. UNAM, Mexico, 550 pp." type="book" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">2007b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FBAD4665FB66FE95" author="Lynch" box="[1049,1197,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch, 1970</bibRefCitation>
), while 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FAB84664FAB4FE94" ID-CoL="3997R" box="[1292,1407,332,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dennisi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FAB84664FAB4FE94" box="[1292,1407,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. dennisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from several caves in southern Tamaulipas and eastern San Luis Potosí (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FB864646FA5CFE79" author="Lemos-Espinal" box="[1074,1431,367,392]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lemos-Espinal, J. A. &amp; Dixon, J. R. (2013) Amphibians and Reptiles of San Luis Potosi. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah, 300 pp." type="book" year="2013">Lemos-Espinal &amp; Dixon, 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FF2346BDFEE3FE5D" author="Lynch" box="[151,296,404,429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch, 1970</bibRefCitation>
). Both species resemble 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FDF446BCFD18FE5C" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[576,723,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FDF446BCFD18FE5C" box="[576,723,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in general color pattern, large size and by having broad digital discs. The 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FEA1469EFE4DFE21" ID-CoL="399G4" box="[277,390,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marnockii">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FEA1469EFE4DFE21" box="[277,390,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">marnockii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group consists of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FD0F4690FC85FE21" ID-CoL="399G4" box="[699,846,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marnockii">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FD0F4690FC85FE21" box="[699,846,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. marnockii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FCD44690FC27FE21" ID-CoL="399BK" box="[864,1004,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttilatus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FCD44690FC27FE21" box="[864,1004,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. guttilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB9C4690FEC2FE04" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB9C4690FB0FFE21" ID-CoL="6F3SQ" box="[1064,1220,441,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucipes">E. verrucipes</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB65469EFEC2FE04" ID-CoL="399G4" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marnockii">Eleutherodactylus marnockii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is restricted to central Texas, eastern Chihuahua and northern Coahuila (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FB8546F5FB77FE05" author="Lynch" box="[1073,1212,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch 1970</bibRefCitation>
), while 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FAA046F4FA57FE04" ID-CoL="399BK" box="[1300,1436,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttilatus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FAA046F4FA57FE04" box="[1300,1436,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. guttilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is restricted to the Chihuahuan Desert, the Mexican Plateau and the western versant of the Sierra Madre Oriental (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FF2A450DFEFFFDCD" author="Lynch" box="[158,308,548,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch, 1970</bibRefCitation>
). Finally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FE1E450CFD89FDCD" ID-CoL="6F3SQ" box="[426,578,549,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucipes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE1E450CFD89FDCD" box="[426,578,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. verrucipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Sierra Madre Oriental and associated ranges (Arenas- Monroy 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FF4F4560FEFDFD91" box="[251,310,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FE254561FD92FD91" author="Farr" box="[401,601,583,608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Farr, W., Lavin Murcio, P. A. &amp; Lazcano, D. (2007) New distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Herpetological Review, 38, 226 - 233." type="journal article" year="2007">
Farr, 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE7B4560FDC0FD91" box="[463,523,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). All three members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FC284560FBFBFD91" ID-CoL="399G4" box="[924,1072,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marnockii">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FC284560FBFBFD91" box="[924,1072,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. marnockii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group are similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FA304560FEC1FD74" ID-CoL="399B8" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FA304560FEC1FD74" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in general dorsal coloration, body proportions and expanded digital discs, however they are smaller and their discs are not as broad as in 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FDB045B8FD55FD59" box="[516,670,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FDB045B8FD51FD59" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[516,666,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">E. grunwaldi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F57A029FF73459DFEA2FBC5" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
While general morphology would suggest a close relationship of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FC14459CFBF9FD3C" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[928,1074,692,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FC14459CFBF9FD3C" box="[928,1074,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the five species mentioned above, this seems unlikely from a biogeographical perspective. The entire range of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB0845F0FA8BFD01" ID-CoL="399F8" box="[1212,1344,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB0845F0FA8BFD01" box="[1212,1344,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. longipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FA3045F0FEC2FCE4" ID-CoL="399G4" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marnockii">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FA3045F0FEC2FCE4" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. marnockii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species groups falls east of the continental divide, in Atlantic or interior drainages, while 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB4545D4FA49FCE4" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[1265,1410,764,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB4545D4FA49FCE4" box="[1265,1410,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from one mountain range on the Pacific Coast. The only species resembling 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FBCD4408FAC0FCC9" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[1145,1291,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FBCD4408FAC0FCC9" box="[1145,1291,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that inhabits the pacific versant of 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F57A029FE3E446DFE2BFCAC" box="[394,480,836,861]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Mexico</collectingCountry>
is 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FDB5446CFD4EFCAC" box="[513,645,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FDB5446CFD4AFCAC" ID-CoL="399QQ" box="[513,641,836,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">E. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This species was formerly assigned to the genus 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB1B446DFA9BFCAC" box="[1199,1360,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB1B446DFA86FCAC" box="[1199,1357,836,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Tomodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tomodactylus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which was later synonymized with 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FE69444EFD63FC71" ID-CoL="632GS" box="[477,680,871,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE69444EFD63FC71" box="[477,680,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FD614441FCB8FC71" author="Myers" box="[725,883,871,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Myers, G. S. (1962) The American Leptodactylid Frog Genera Eleutherodactylus, Hylodes (= Elosia), and Caudiverbera (= Calyptocephalus). Copeia, 195 - 202. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1439498" type="book chapter" year="1962">Myers (1962)</bibRefCitation>
; all the former species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB2A444EFAF2FC71" box="[1182,1337,871,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Tomodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB2A444EFAF2FC71" box="[1182,1337,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Tomodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are now included in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FEE744A4FE08FC54" ID-CoL="399J5" box="[339,451,908,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FEE744A4FE08FC54" box="[339,451,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group of the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FC8A44A5FB09FC55" authority="Hedges et al. 2008" authorityName="Hedges et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[830,1218,908,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FC8A44A5FC74FC54" box="[830,959,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FC6744A5FB71FC55" author="Hedges" box="[979,1210,908,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. &amp; Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article" year="2008">
Hedges 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB8044A4FBBAFC54" box="[1076,1137,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB6544A5FF3FFC39" ID-CoL="399QQ" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB6544A5FF3FFC39" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from the western flanks of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Durango and Sinaloa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FAE74486FF18FC1C" author="Webb" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Webb, R. G. (1962) A new species of the frog (genus Tomodactylus) from western Mexico. University of Kansas Publications of the Museum of Natural History, 15, 175 - 181." type="journal article" year="1962">Webb, 1962</bibRefCitation>
). Like several of the species mentioned above, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FD4A44FCFCB6FC1C" ID-CoL="399QQ" box="[766,893,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FD4A44FCFCB6FC1C" box="[766,893,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares similarities in color pattern, digital pad shape and size to 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FEEB44D0FE32FBE1" box="[351,505,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FEEB44D0FE3EFBE1" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[351,501,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">E. grunwaldi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
However, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FD2644D0FCC5FBE1" ID-CoL="399QQ" box="[658,782,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FD2644D0FCC5FBE1" box="[658,782,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the digital discs are not as broad and conspicuous lumbar glands are present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F57A029FF734316FA89FAFC" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FBD34368FB30FBA9" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[1127,1275,1087,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FBD34368FB30FBA9" box="[1127,1275,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not closely related to the members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FE50434CFDA8FB8C" ID-CoL="399F8" box="[484,611,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE50434CFDA8FB8C" box="[484,611,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. longipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FD2D434CFCE2FB8C" ID-CoL="399G4" box="[665,809,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marnockii">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FD2D434CFCE2FB8C" box="[665,809,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. marnockii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species groups of northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F57A029FB3E434DFB2BFB8C" box="[1162,1248,1124,1149]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Mexico</collectingCountry>
discussed above (Devitt, unpublished). It is important to note that these species that share similarities in coloration and morphology to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FF074384FE8EFB34" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[179,325,1196,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FF074384FE8EFB34" box="[179,325,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also share a similar saxicolous existence, and thus these similarities are likely a result of adaptation to similar environments rather than recent, shared evolutionary history. Instead, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB9D43F8FB76FB19" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[1065,1213,1231,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB9D43F8FB76FB19" box="[1065,1213,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be most closely related to members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FDA643DCFD52FAFC" ID-CoL="399H5" box="[530,665,1268,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FDA643DCFD52FAFC" box="[530,665,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. modestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FCEB43DDFB8FFAFD" box="[863,1092,1268,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. &amp; Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article">
Hedges 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FC0E43DCFC39FAFC" box="[954,1010,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
(Devitt, unpublished).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F57A029FF73423EFC62F82C" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FF73423EFE34FAC1" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[199,511,1303,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FF73423EFE34FAC1" box="[199,511,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares several morphological similarities with other members of the subgenus, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FEB34214FEB4FAA4" ID-CoL="399KG" box="[263,383,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FEB34214FEB4FAA4" box="[263,383,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FE394214FDDFFAA4" ID-CoL="399H5" box="[397,532,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE394214FDDFFAA4" box="[397,532,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. modestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FDFD4214FD00FAA5" ID-CoL="399ST" box="[585,715,1341,1364]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FDFD4214FD00FAA5" box="[585,715,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which belong to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FC0F4214FB89FAA4" ID-CoL="399H5" box="[955,1090,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FC0F4214FB89FAA4" box="[955,1090,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. modestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FAB14215FA57FAA5" author="Lynch" box="[1285,1436,1340,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch (1970)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FF724276FE66FA89" box="[198,429,1375,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. &amp; Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article">
Hedges 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE944248FE93FA89" box="[288,344,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FE034276FD29FA89" ID-CoL="399KG" box="[439,738,1375,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE034276FD29FA89" box="[439,738,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Pacific lowlands, coastal sierras and inland barrancas of Nayarit and northwestern Jalisco (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FD6342ADFCA4FA6D" author="Lynch" box="[727,879,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch, 1970</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FC3642ADFB05FA6D" author="Ponce-Campos" box="[898,1230,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Ponce-Campos, P., Huerta-Ortega, S. M., Heinze-Yothers, A. &amp; Smith, H. M. (2003) Range extensions and variational notes on some amphibians and reptiles of Jalisco and Michoacan, Mexico. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society, 39, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2003">
Ponce-Campos 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB8F42ACFBB0FA6C" box="[1083,1147,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
). This species is distinguishable from the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FE704280FD86FA31" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[452,589,1447,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE704280FD86FA31" box="[452,589,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its smaller size and dorsal coloration lacking any dark markings. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FF2342E5FE1BFA14" ID-CoL="399H5" box="[151,464,1484,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FF2342E5FE1BFA14" box="[151,464,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus modestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Pacific lowlands and nearby coastal mountain ranges of Jalisco and Colima (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FF4C42C6FE4FF9F9" author="Lynch" box="[248,388,1519,1544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch 1970</bibRefCitation>
). This species shares the red ground coloration of 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FC0E42D8FB89F9F9" box="[954,1090,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FC0E42D8FBF4F9F9" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[954,1087,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">E. wixarika</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
however, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB0C42D8FAF2F9F9" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[1208,1337,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB0C42D8FAF2F9F9" box="[1208,1337,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is larger and has a dark gray ventral coloration, as opposed to light cream or white in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB87413CFB74F9DC" ID-CoL="399H5" box="[1075,1215,1556,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB87413CFB74F9DC" box="[1075,1215,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. modestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB65413DFF37F9A1" ID-CoL="399ST" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB65413DFF37F9A1" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to occur along the Pacific versant of the Sierra Madre Occidental in southeastern Sinaloa and Nayarit, as well as in coastal mountain ranges of southwestern Nayarit and northwestern Jalisco (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FAB04175FA53F985" author="Lynch" box="[1284,1432,1628,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch, 1970</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FF234156FE38F969" author="Ahumada-Carrillo" box="[151,499,1663,1688]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Ahumada-Carrillo, I. T., River-Perez, N., Reyes-Velasco, J., Grunwald, C. I. &amp; Jones, J. M. (2014) Notable Records of Amphibians and Reptiles from Colima, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Zacatecas, Mexico. Herpetological Review, 45, 287 - 291." type="journal article" year="2014">
Ahumada-Carrillo, 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FEC541A8FE62F969" box="[369,425,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FDB14156FCF1F969" ID-CoL="399ST" box="[517,826,1663,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FDB14156FCF1F969" box="[517,826,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FBD341A8FB2CF969" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[1127,1255,1663,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FBD341A8FB2CF969" box="[1127,1255,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
primarily based on skin texture and color pattern (see above). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FD05418DFC2BF94C" ID-CoL="399KG" box="[689,992,1700,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FD05418DFC2BF94C" box="[689,992,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FBA8418CFB68F94D" ID-CoL="399ST" box="[1052,1187,1701,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FBA8418CFB68F94D" box="[1052,1187,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in Nayarit and Jalisco at lower elevations, with 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FDA641E0FD46F911" ID-CoL="399KG" box="[530,653,1735,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FDA641E0FD46F911" box="[530,653,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known from 
<quantity id="4CC043A15F57A029FC9941EEFC6AF911" box="[813,929,1735,1760]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.125" metricValueMax="12.25" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" unit="m" value="612.5" valueMax="1225.0" valueMin="0.0">0–1225 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FC0641EEFBF7F911" author="Lynch" box="[946,1084,1735,1760]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch 1970</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB3441E0FACDF911" ID-CoL="399ST" box="[1152,1286,1737,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB3441E0FACDF911" box="[1152,1286,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known from 
<quantity id="4CC043A15F57A029FF2341C5FEEFF8F5" box="[151,292,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.65" metricValueMax="16.3" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" unit="m" value="965.0" valueMax="1630.0" valueMin="300.0">300–1630 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FE8041C5FE0EF8F5" author="Lynch" box="[308,453,1772,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1970) A taxonomic revision of the leptodactylid frog genus Syrrhophus Cope. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Lynch, 1970</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FE6441C5FD22F8F5" author="Ahumada-Carrillo" box="[464,745,1772,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Ahumada-Carrillo, I. T., River-Perez, N., Reyes-Velasco, J., Grunwald, C. I. &amp; Jones, J. M. (2014) Notable Records of Amphibians and Reptiles from Colima, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Zacatecas, Mexico. Herpetological Review, 45, 287 - 291." type="journal article" year="2014">Ahumada-Carrillo, 2014</bibRefCitation>
). The deep barrancas that intersect the southern Sierra Madre Occidental serve as corridors to many lowland species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FCAD4026FBB3F8D9" author="Ahumada-Carrillo" box="[793,1144,1807,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Ahumada-Carrillo, I. T., River-Perez, N., Reyes-Velasco, J., Grunwald, C. I. &amp; Jones, J. M. (2014) Notable Records of Amphibians and Reptiles from Colima, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Zacatecas, Mexico. Herpetological Review, 45, 287 - 291." type="journal article" year="2014">
Ahumada-Carrillo 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FC454038FBE7F8D9" box="[1009,1068,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F57A029FB314039FA8FF8D9" author="Cox" box="[1157,1348,1807,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Cox, C. L., Streicher, J. W., Sheehy III, C. M., Campbell, J. A. &amp; Chippindale, P. T. (2012) Patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of Smilisca fodiens. Herpetologica, 68, 226 - 235." type="journal article" year="2012">
Cox 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB094038FB3CF8D9" box="[1213,1271,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). In the case of 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FF59401CFEBDF8BC" box="[237,374,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FF59401CFEB9F8BC" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[237,370,1844,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">E. wixarika</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the Río Atengo, a tributary of the Río Grande de Santiago, might have allowed an ancestor of these three species to reach the higher elevations of the Sierra Huichola. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal gene shows that 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FE6D4055FCDAF864" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[473,785,1916,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FE6D4055FCDAF864" box="[473,785,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Eleutherodactylus wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FBBA4054FB5DF865" ID-CoL="399ST" box="[1038,1174,1917,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FBBA4054FB5DF865" box="[1038,1174,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Devitt, unpublished). Based on the data discussed above, we believe that 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FD4C4088FCB6F848" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[760,893,1952,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FD4C4088FCB6F848" box="[760,893,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FB7D4088FA8DF848" ID-CoL="399KG" box="[1225,1350,1952,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FB7D4088FA8DF848" box="[1225,1350,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FA304088FF30F82D" ID-CoL="399ST" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teretistes">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FA304088FF30F82D" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. teretistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and is probably a member of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F57A029FDCE40ECFCCAF82C" ID-CoL="399H5" box="[634,769,1988,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F57A029FDCE40ECFCCAF82C" box="[634,769,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">E. modestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F54A02AFF7347BEFED0FE21" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
Several of the most important topographic features of 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F54A02AFCF847BEFC6AFF41" box="[844,929,151,176]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
converge in central-western 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F54A02AFB4D47BEFA99FF41" box="[1273,1362,151,176]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
; these include the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Pacific lowlands. The merging of these areas in the region has created a diverse assortment of unique habitats, and has made this region an important center of biodiversity, with many endemic species of vertebrates (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F54A02AFC74462DFB7AFEEC" author="Ceballos" box="[960,1201,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Ceballos, G. &amp; Garcia, A. (1995) Conserving neotropical biodiversity: the role of dry forests in western Mexico. Conservation Biology, 9, 1349 - 1353. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1995.09061349. x" type="journal article" year="1995">
Ceballos 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F54A02AFB9F462CFBADFEEC" box="[1067,1126,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al.</emphasis>
, 1995
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F54A02AFB74462DFF19FEB1" author="Ceballos" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Ceballos, G. &amp; Garcia, A. (1995) Conserving neotropical biodiversity: the role of dry forests in western Mexico. Conservation Biology, 9, 1349 - 1353. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1995.09061349. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Ceballos &amp; Garcia, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F54A02AFF544601FDD8FEB1" author="Peterson" box="[224,531,296,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Peterson, A. &amp; Navarro, A. (2000) Western Mexico: a significant center of avian endemism and challenge for conservation action. Cotinga, 14, 42 - 46." type="journal article" year="2000">Peterson &amp; Navarro, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Many herpetological collections exist from the states of west central 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F54A02AFAF3460EFA57FEB1" box="[1351,1436,295,320]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán and Nayarit), but despite this, the herpetofauna of many areas in these states is still poorly known. We believe that future fieldwork in that area will result in new species discoveries, especially in isolated mountain ranges like the Sierra Cacoma and Sierra de Pihuamo in Jalisco, or the Sierra de Coalcomán in Michoacán.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F54A02AFF7346F4FC27FD74" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
Frogs of the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F54A02AFE7746F5FD8FFE04" box="[451,580,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Syrrhophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F54A02AFE7746F5FD8FFE04" box="[451,580,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Syrrhophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are among the most diverse groups of anurans in 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F54A02AFBDB46F5FB0CFE04" box="[1135,1223,476,501]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, but because of the lack of attention that they have received, many species are still awaiting formal description (personal observation). Additional fieldwork in western 
<collectingCountry id="F32FAED45F54A02AFDBC450DFD96FDCC" box="[520,605,548,573]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and elsewhere will certainly result in the identification of new species of this group, and a careful revision of museum material along with molecular analyses will help us to better understand the species-level diversity and evolutionary history of the group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B87EE445F54A02AFF7345A6FAACFBA6" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F54A02AFF7345A6FEA4FD59" bold="true" box="[199,367,655,680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Conservation.</emphasis>
Iron ore mining is an important economic activity in the mountains surrounding the Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, which is inhabited by 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F54A02AFD39459CFCEFFD3C" ID-CoL="399B8" box="[653,804,692,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grunwaldi">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F54A02AFD39459CFCEFFD3C" box="[653,804,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">E. grunwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Mining activities have had a negative impact in the ecosystems and communities around the area; for example, a new open pit mine has already destroyed one of the only localities for the rare Manantlán Long-tailed Rattlesnake (
<emphasis id="B94C32565F54A02AFC2245D5FBA0FCE4" box="[918,1131,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F54A02AFC2245D5FBA8FCE4" box="[918,1123,764,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Crotalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lannomi">Crotalus lannomi</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
(Reyes-Velasco, personal observation; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F54A02AFE384436FD78FCC9" author="Reyes-Velasco" box="[396,691,799,824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Reyes-Velasco, J., Grunwald, C. I., Jones, J. M. &amp; Weatherman, G. N. (2010) Rediscovery of the rare Autlan long-tailed rattlesnake, Crotalus lannomi. Herpetological Review, 41, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="2010">
Reyes-Velasco 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F54A02AFD8D4408FDB8FCC9" box="[569,627,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
for a discussion on the biological importance of the region). The Sierra Huichol in northern Jalisco has some of the last remains of old growth forest in the Sierra Madre Occidental, which now contains less than 0.65% of its original extent (Lammertink, 1996). Logging and the conversion of forest into agricultural fields are some of the biggest threats to the biodiversity of the region. The 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F54A02AFAA744A5FAB1FC54" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[1299,1402,908,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">Wixárika</taxonomicName>
or Huichol people, for whom 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F54A02AFE704498FD8EFC39" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[452,581,943,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">
<emphasis id="B94C32565F54A02AFE704498FD8EFC39" box="[452,581,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">E. wixarika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is named, have been greatly affected by new economic activities in the area, including new roads and mining projects, logging, agriculture and the expansion of drug cartels in recent years (authors personal observation; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F54A02AFE4E44DEFCA1FBE1" author="Boni" box="[506,874,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Boni, A., Garibay, C. &amp; McCall, M. K. (2014) Sustainable mining, indigenous rights and conservation: conflict and discourse in Wirikuta / Catorce, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. GeoJournal, 1 - 22." type="book chapter" year="2014">Boni, Garibay, &amp; McCall, 2014</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F54A02AFCCD44DEFB28FBE1" author="Gonzalez-Elizondo" box="[889,1251,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Gonzalez-Elizondo, M., Gonzalez-Elizondo, M., Gonzalez, L. R., Enriquez, I. L., Renteria, F. R. &amp; Flores, J. T. (2012) Ecosystems and diversity of the Sierra Madre Occidental. USDA Forest Service Proceedings, RMRS-P- 67, 204 - 211." type="journal article" year="2012">
González-Elizondo 
<emphasis id="B94C32565F54A02AFBEF44D0FB5DFBE1" box="[1115,1174,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F54A02AFB4544DEFA5CFBE1" author="Liffman" box="[1265,1431,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Liffman, P. M. (2011) Huichol Territory and the Mexican Nation: Indigenous Ritual, Land Conflict, and Sovereignty Claims. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, 296 pp." type="book" year="2011">Liffman, 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA993B55F54A02AFF234335FE7EFBC5" author="Tetreault" box="[151,437,1052,1077]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Tetreault, D. V. &amp; Lopez, C. F. L. (2011) Jalisco: pueblos indigenas y regiones de alto valor biologico. Espiral, 18, 165 - 199." type="journal article" year="2011">Tetreault &amp; López, 2011</bibRefCitation>
). The culture and traditions of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3895C75F54A02AFCFF4335FC79FBC4" ID-CoL="399V3" box="[843,946,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wixarika">Wixárika</taxonomicName>
as well as the biodiversity of the area are increasingly threatened by human encroachment, and deserve protection if they are to persist in the long term.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>