treatments-xml/data/55/50/D3/5550D353FF85FFFBFE92E72481336E12.xml

<document id="29F0F96C23A49A2117C6D9B434AD4ADD" ID-CLB-Dataset="51446" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4620246" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48c3dbc4-ce1c-485a-9d7e-12e1b2a27c57" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4620246" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1459434516234" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gibson, Ray &amp; Strand, Malin" docDate="2002" docId="5550D353FF85FFFBFE92E72481336E12" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 50" docStyle="DocumentStyle:83E4DCE73C651764D97D3683740715A6.1:zzz_test.0000.journal_article" docStyleId="83E4DCE73C651764D97D3683740715A6" docStyleName="zzz_test.0000.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="A969AB2BFF87FFF6FF9AE40082706A6C" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species of monostiliferous hoplonemertean (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from New Zealand" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698192465417" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A9CEA3406FE1B15284F7ABC5F40A3275">A new genus and species of monostiliferous hoplonemertean (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from New Zealand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A425F4559F154256D28F2653EB6543E8">Strand, Malin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7F05E5605766A8D48E69ED38D576FAA7">2002</mods:date>
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<treatment id="5550D353FF85FFFBFE92E72481336E12" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119329745" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5550D353FF85FFFBFE92E72481336E12" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5550D353FF85FFFBFE92E72481336E12" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="95E331CEFF85FFF4FE92E72480DC69EA" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF85FFF4FE92E72481A66951" blockId="2.[264,982,803,830]" box="[264,982,803,830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="860ED529FF85FFF4FE92E72481A66951" bold="true" box="[264,982,803,830]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FE92E72481A66951" bold="true" box="[264,982,803,830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FE92E72480FC6952" box="[264,652,804,830]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Vulcanonemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rangitotoensis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FE92E72480FC6952" bold="true" box="[264,652,804,830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF85FFF4FCC3E72381BD6951" box="[857,973,803,829]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStart-3="FIGURE 9" captionStart-4="FIGURES 10 ­ 16" captionStart-5="FIGURES 17 ­ 20" captionStartId-0="3.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionStartId-1="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionStartId-2="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionStartId-3="8.[264,367,1067,1091]" captionStartId-4="9.[264,382,1551,1575]" captionStartId-5="12.[264,383,1378,1402]" captionTargetBox-0="[393,1197,990,1749]" captionTargetBox-1="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetBox-2="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetBox-3="[506,1174,614,1044]" captionTargetBox-4="[338,1262,486,1530]" captionTargetBox-5="[336,1261,610,1360]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[386,1202,988,1751]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[336,1265,481,1530]" captionTargetId-5="figure@12.[336,1265,609,1360]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of a complete specimen (A) and enlargement of the head viewed dorsally (B), based on sketches made in life, to emphasise the distribution of the eyes and appearance of the posterior pair of cephalic furrows." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." captionText-2="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." captionText-3="FIGURE 9. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of the central stylet and basis from a young specimen (A), with a stylet: basis ratio of about 2: 1, and from a larger individual (B) where the ratio is about 1: 1. CS, central stylet. SB, stylet basis." captionText-4="FIGURES 10 ­ 16. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘ pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis." captionText-5="FIGURES 17 ­ 20. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 17, Transverse section through part of the head to show two of the ocelli. 18, Transverse section through one of the short, anterior cephalic furrows; the arrow indicates a ciliated canal leading to a cerebral sensory organ. EP, epidermis. 19, Transverse section through an ovary to show an egg. OV, ovary. 20, Transverse section through the posterior region of the body showing several of the basophilic, vacuolar structures (indicated by arrows) which are interpreted as some form of parasite. IN, intestine." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/155600/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/168649/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/155604/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 1­20</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF85FFF4FE92E76F80DC69EA" blockId="2.[264,684,879,902]" box="[264,684,879,902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FE92E76F83FA69EA" box="[264,394,879,902]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Amphiporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FE92E76F83FA69EA" box="[264,394,879,902]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Amphiporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 
<bibRefCitation id="B9681FB4FF85FFF4FE2CE76F80DC69EA" author="Morton" box="[438,684,879,902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Morton, J. &amp; Miller, M. (1968) The New Zealand sea shore, Collins, Auckland, 638 pp." type="book" year="1968">Morton &amp; Miller, 1968</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="95E331CEFF85FFF4FE92E7B780946E4D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF85FFF4FE92E7B780946E4D" blockId="2.[264,1324,951,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FE92E7B783FF69BC" box="[264,399,951,976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology:</emphasis>
The specific epithet, 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FD08E7B7814A69BC" box="[658,826,951,976]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Vulcanonemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rangitotoensis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FD08E7B7814A69BC" box="[658,826,951,976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">rangitotoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is derived by adding the Latin adjectival suffix – 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FEF8E7DF83ED6994" box="[354,413,991,1016]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ensis</emphasis>
(= belonging to) to the name of the island, Rangitoto, the site where the species was first discovered by RG in 1992.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="95E331CEFF85FFF4FEA2E02F867B6D04" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF85FFF4FEA2E02F801D6EAD" blockId="2.[264,1324,951,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FEA2E02F838A6E24" box="[312,506,1071,1096]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus id="0242DCE7FF85FFF4FEA2E02F831F6E24" box="[312,367,1071,1096]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
specimens:
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="0242DCE7FF85FFF4FD9BE02F80036E25" box="[513,627,1071,1097]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: Te Papa Museum of 
<collectingCountry id="A5EE22D5FF85FFF4FCEFE02F86666E25" box="[885,1046,1071,1097]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, Wellington, ZW 1511, 222 slides, transverse sections of complete female; 
<typeStatus id="0242DCE7FF85FFF4FCF0E05781A56E1D" box="[874,981,1111,1137]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
: ZW 1512, 43 slides, sex not determined, transverse sections through head and foregut region of body; 2 complete voucher specimens, ZW 1513.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF85FFF4FEA2E0CF80156F0D" blockId="2.[264,1324,951,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FEA2E0CF83AA6E84" box="[312,474,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus id="0242DCE7FF85FFF4FEA2E0CF831F6E84" box="[312,367,1231,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
West coast of Rangitoto Island, just south of Rangitoto Beacon, under stones or volcanic boulders in silty­sand, coarse sand with some silt or fine, compacted silty­clay, lower mid­shore to upper shore above upper limit of algae, collected 
<date id="A9474485FF85FFF4FB7CE11F83D16F0D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1992-08-18" valueMax="1992-08-21" valueMin="1992-08-18">18­21 August 1992</date>
, 30+ specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF85FFF4FEA2E16F81926CA5" blockId="2.[264,1324,951,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FEA2E16F80E56FE4" box="[312,661,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Associated fauna and flora:</emphasis>
The dominant algal species was 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FBDCE16F83BB6FDD" authority="(Turner) Decne." authorityName="(Turner) Decne." class="Phaeophyceae" family="Hormosiraceae" genus="Hormosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="banksii">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FBDCE16F875B6FE4" box="[1094,1323,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hormosira banksii</emphasis>
(Turner) Decne.
</taxonomicName>
, but 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FD90E19781816FDD" authority="(C. Agardh) J. Agardh" authorityName="(C. Agardh) J. Agardh" box="[522,1009,1431,1457]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="radiata">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FD90E19780A36FDC" box="[522,723,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ecklonia radiata</emphasis>
(C. Agardh) J. Agardh
</taxonomicName>
was also fairly abundant. Associated fauna included the molluscs 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FD71E1BF861F6FB5" authority="Gmelin, 1791" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1791" box="[747,1135,1471,1497]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nacellidae" genus="Cellana" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="radians">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FD71E1BF81DC6FB4" box="[747,940,1471,1496]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cellana radians</emphasis>
(Gmelin, 1791)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FBE7E1BF834C6C6C" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Cominella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FBE7E1BF834C6C6C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cominella virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H. &amp; A. Adams, 1853, 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FDC4E1E781EA6C6D" authority="Gmelin, 1791" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1791" box="[606,922,1511,1537]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haliotidae" genus="Haliotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepetellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="iris">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FDC4E1E7809C6C6C" box="[606,748,1511,1536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Haliotis iris</emphasis>
Gmelin, 1791
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FC32E1E787566C6D" authority="Gmelin, 1791" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1791" box="[936,1318,1511,1537]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turbinidae" genus="Turbo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="smaragdus">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FC32E1E786076C6C" box="[936,1143,1511,1536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Turbo smaragdus</emphasis>
Gmelin, 1791
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FE92E20F80896C45" authority="Rochebrune, 1881" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1881" box="[264,761,1551,1577]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Chitonidae" genus="Onithochiton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="neglectus">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FE92E20F80676C44" box="[264,535,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Onithochiton neglectus</emphasis>
Rochebrune, 1881
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FCA4E20F86946C45" authority="Blainville, 1817" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1817" box="[830,1252,1551,1577]" class="Gastropoda" family="Fissurellidae" genus="Scutus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepetellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="breviculus">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FCA4E20F867A6C44" box="[830,1034,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scutus breviculus</emphasis>
(Blainville, 1817)
</taxonomicName>
, crustaceans 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FEF1E23781256C3D" authority="Spengler, 1790" authorityName="Spengler" authorityYear="1790" box="[363,853,1591,1617]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Chthamalidae" genus="Chamaesipho" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="columna">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FEF1E237800D6C3C" box="[363,637,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Chamaesipho columna</emphasis>
(Spengler, 1790)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FCFFE23787576C3D" authority="Dana, 1852" authorityName="Dana" authorityYear="1852" box="[869,1319,1591,1617]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novizelandiae">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FCFFE23786086C3C" box="[869,1144,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pagurus novizelandiae</emphasis>
(Dana, 1852)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FEA0E25F817A6C15" authority="Milne Edwards, 1837" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1837" box="[314,778,1631,1657]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Palaemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FEA0E25F80736C14" box="[314,515,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Palaemon affinis</emphasis>
Milne Edwards, 1837
</taxonomicName>
, and echinoderms 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FC7FE25F833C6CCD" authority="Verrill, 1867" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FC7FE25F86B76C14" box="[997,1223,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Patiriella regularis</emphasis>
(Verrill, 1867)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FE13E28781E46CCD" authority="Valenciennes, 1846" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" box="[393,916,1671,1697]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinometridae" genus="Evechinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="chloroticus">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FE13E28780FE6CCC" box="[393,654,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Evechinus chloroticus</emphasis>
(Valenciennes, 1846)
</taxonomicName>
. On muddier surfaces, 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF85FFF4FB32E28780D86CA5" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1832" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1832" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigricans">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FB32E28783076CA4" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Onchidella nigricans</emphasis>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1832)
</taxonomicName>
was particularly common.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF85FFF4FEA2E2D7867B6D04" blockId="2.[264,1324,951,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF85FFF4FEA2E2D780596C9C" box="[312,553,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Additional material:</emphasis>
Whangaumu Bay, 
<specimenCount id="CBFFA9CCFF85FFF4FC90E2D681EE6C9C" box="[778,926,1750,1776]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="A9474485FF85FFF4FC30E2D6861A6C9C" box="[938,1130,1750,1776]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1992-08-25">25 August 1992</date>
; Pukerua Bay, 
<specimenCount id="CBFFA9CCFF85FFF4FA81E2D683F56D74" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="A9474485FF85FFF4FE08E2FE80226D74" box="[402,594,1790,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1992-08-30">30 August 1992</date>
; Whangaparaoa, 
<specimenCount id="CBFFA9CCFF85FFF4FC85E2FE81C36D74" box="[799,947,1790,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="A9474485FF85FFF4FC25E2FE86EA6D74" box="[959,1178,1790,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1992-09-01">1 September 1992</date>
; Leigh Harbour, 
<specimenCount id="CBFFA9CCFF85FFF4FED1E32683AE6D2C" box="[331,478,1830,1856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="A9474485FF85FFF4FE70E32680B36D2C" box="[490,707,1830,1856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1992-09-02">2 September 1992</date>
. Intertidal beneath stones and boulders embedded in muddy silt, fine compacted silt clay or coarse sand with some silt.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="95E331CEFF84FFFBFEA2E51C81336E12" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF84FFF5FEA2E51C83B26B59" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,914]" box="[312,450,284,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF84FFF5FEA2E51C83B26B59" box="[312,450,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF84FFF5FEA2E544816C69FE" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF84FFF5FEA2E544807B6B31" box="[312,523,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">External features:</emphasis>
The largest specimen found was about 8­8.5 cm long and 3­3.5 mm wide. The general appearance of the nemerteans closely resembles the ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF84FFF5FBFDE56C86866BE9" box="[1127,1270,364,389]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Amphiporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF84FFF5FBFDE56C86866BE9" box="[1127,1270,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Amphiporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.’ illustrated and briefly described by 
<bibRefCitation id="B9681FB4FF84FFF5FD2FE59487566BC2" author="Morton" box="[693,1318,404,430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Morton, J. &amp; Miller, M. (1968) The New Zealand sea shore, Collins, Auckland, 638 pp." type="book" year="1968">Morton &amp; Miller (1968: 173­174, 231, pl. 8, fig. 5)</bibRefCitation>
, although they record the species as “six inches [
<quantity id="1A01CFA0FF84FFF5FCD2E5BC81E76BBA" box="[840,919,444,470]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
] or more long when uncoiled and outstretched”. The body has a more or less uniform width in its anterior region, but widens somewhat and is rather flattened dorsoventrally throughout most of the intestinal region, only narrowing as it approaches the bluntly pointed tail (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF84FFF5FC58E63486786822" box="[962,1032,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[393,1197,990,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[386,1202,988,1751]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of a complete specimen (A) and enlargement of the head viewed dorsally (B), based on sketches made in life, to emphasise the distribution of the eyes and appearance of the posterior pair of cephalic furrows." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155600/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). The rather flattened head, which possesses a distinct median anterior notch (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF84FFF5FC0DE65C81AB681A" box="[919,987,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[393,1197,990,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[386,1202,988,1751]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of a complete specimen (A) and enlargement of the head viewed dorsally (B), based on sketches made in life, to emphasise the distribution of the eyes and appearance of the posterior pair of cephalic furrows." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155600/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B), is slightly wider than the adjacent body region and forms an indistinct cephalic lobe in anaesthetised individuals. The four groups of eyes (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF84FFF5FDA6E6AC80F268AA" box="[572,642,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[393,1197,990,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[386,1202,988,1751]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of a complete specimen (A) and enlargement of the head viewed dorsally (B), based on sketches made in life, to emphasise the distribution of the eyes and appearance of the posterior pair of cephalic furrows." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155600/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B), which in life and in unstained sections are orange in colour, each contain up to about 10 ocelli. The two anterior groups are located close to the cephalic margins, the posterior groups are closer toward the mid­line. A single pair of shallow, oblique transverse cephalic furrows is situated near the rear of the head; the furrows do not meet mid­dorsally. The brain lobes are just visible as faint oval patches close behind the posterior groups of eyes.
</paragraph>
<caption id="898632CDFF84FFF5FE92E2E786F76D2F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155600/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[393,1197,990,1749]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF84FFF5FE92E2E786F76D2F" blockId="3.[264,1324,1767,1859]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF84FFF5FE92E2E783FB6C93" bold="true" box="[264,395,1767,1791]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF84FFF5FE39E2E7808A6C92" box="[419,762,1767,1790]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Vulcanonemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rangitotoensis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF84FFF5FE39E2E7808A6C92" box="[419,762,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of a complete specimen (A) and enlargement of the head viewed dorsally (B), based on sketches made in life, to emphasise the distribution of the eyes and appearance of the posterior pair of cephalic furrows.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF83FFF2FEA2E51C80E06822" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,710]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Larger examples are typically orange, tending toward brown­orange in their more posterior regions, while smaller individuals are salmon­pink. The gut is often a dark greyishto orange­brown, the gonads in mature specimens appearing as greyish­white ovaries or testes throughout the intestinal regions of the body. 
<bibRefCitation id="B9681FB4FF83FFF2FC10E59486C16BC2" author="Morton" box="[906,1201,404,430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" refString="Morton, J. &amp; Miller, M. (1968) The New Zealand sea shore, Collins, Auckland, 638 pp." type="book" year="1968">Morton &amp; Miller (1968)</bibRefCitation>
described their ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF83FFF2FECAE5BC83906BB9" box="[336,480,444,469]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Amphiporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF83FFF2FECAE5BC83906BB9" box="[336,480,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Amphiporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.’ as “[anteriorly] coral pink to reddish brown... The hinder part of the body is flattened and mauve brown, with darker gut diverticula”, though their colour plate clearly depicts the whitish gonads extending through approximately the posterior three­quarters of the body length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF83FFF2FEA2E65C863F68AA" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,710]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The nemerteans secrete copious amounts of a fairly viscid mucus and readily evert and retract their proboscis when they are disturbed. When kept in clean seawater in a sealed container they tend to emerge and remain in the air space below the lid.</paragraph>
<caption id="898632CDFF83FFF2FE92E26F813B6D2E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF83FFF2FE92E26F813B6D2E" blockId="4.[264,1323,1647,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF83FFF2FE92E26F83FA6CEB" bold="true" box="[264,394,1647,1671]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF83FFF2FE05E26F80856CEA" box="[415,757,1647,1670]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Vulcanonemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rangitotoensis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF83FFF2FE05E26F80856CEA" box="[415,757,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="898632CDFF82FFF3FE92E19583F56D00" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF82FFF3FE92E19583F56D00" blockId="5.[264,1324,1429,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF82FFF3FE92E19583DE6FC1" bold="true" box="[264,430,1429,1453]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURES 3­8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF82FFF3FE21E19681626FC1" box="[443,786,1430,1453]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Vulcanonemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rangitotoensis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF82FFF3FE21E19681626FC1" box="[443,786,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF82FFF3FC58E19581BF6FC1" bold="true" box="[962,975,1429,1453]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</emphasis>
, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF82FFF3FE92E1F583656C61" bold="true" box="[264,277,1525,1549]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4</emphasis>
, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF82FFF3FD5DE23580A46C21" bold="true" box="[711,724,1589,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5</emphasis>
, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF82FFF3FE62E2B580756CA1" bold="true" box="[504,517,1717,1741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">6</emphasis>
, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF82FFF3FCEFE2D581F26C81" bold="true" box="[885,898,1749,1773]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">7</emphasis>
, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF82FFF3FD15E31580EC6D41" bold="true" box="[655,668,1813,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">8</emphasis>
, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF81FFF0FEA2E51C868C6BEA" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF81FFF0FEA2E51C81596B59" box="[312,809,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Body wall, musculature and parenchyma:</emphasis>
The ciliated epidermis, 30­65 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF81FFF0FB01E51C86DA6B59" box="[1179,1194,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">µ</emphasis>
m or more thick in most parts of the body, conforms to the generalised hoplonemertean 
<typeStatus id="0242DCE7FF81FFF0FB62E544875B6B32" box="[1272,1323,324,350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
described by 
<bibRefCitation id="B9681FB4FF81FFF0FE3EE56C80096BEA" author="Norenburg" box="[420,633,364,390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" refString="Norenburg, J. L. (1985) Structure of the nemertine integument with consideration of its ecological and phylogenetic significance. American Zoologist, 25, 37 - 51." type="journal article" year="1985">Norenburg (1985)</bibRefCitation>
and contains mucous, serous and bacillary gland cells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF81FFF0FEA2E594814B6822" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mucous and serous cells comprise the commonest glands in most regions of the body, although the more posterior parts are dominated by acidophilic serous glands which vary in appearance from flask­shaped cells filled with finely granular cytoplasm to lozengeshaped structures with homogeneous contents. The proximal epidermal basal­cup zone and underlying basal lamina are mostly distinct.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF81FFF0FEA2E65C810C6882" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Beneath the basal lamina a well­developed connective tissue dermis is mostly about 7­ 15 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF81FFF0FEB4E684834D68F1" box="[302,317,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">µ</emphasis>
m across but, depending upon the degree of local body wall contraction, may appear almost as thick as the epidermis. The dermis is crossed by large numbers of slender, radial fibrils, similar to those described by 
<bibRefCitation id="B9681FB4FF81FFF0FD2FE6D481086882" author="Pedersen" box="[693,888,724,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" refString="Pedersen, K. J. (1968) Some morphological and histochemical aspects of nemertean connective tissue. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung, 90, 570 - 595." type="journal article" year="1968">Pedersen (1968)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF81FFF1FEA2E6FC86A96822" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The body wall musculature is well developed and comprises the basic hoplonemertean arrangement of outer circular and inner longitudinal layers, respectively some 7­30 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF81FFF0FA99E72487626951" box="[1283,1298,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">µ</emphasis>
m and 45­180 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF81FFF0FE09E74C83D26909" box="[403,418,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">µ</emphasis>
m or more in thickness. A distinct zone of diagonal muscle fibres, up to about 15 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF81FFF0FEB4E774834D69E1" box="[302,317,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">µ</emphasis>
m across, is evident between the circular and longitudinal layers (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF81FFF0FBD2E77486E569E2" box="[1096,1173,884,910]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF81FFF0FB39E77486C369E2" box="[1187,1203,884,910]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</figureCitation>
). Circular and diagonal muscle layers extend forwards to the tip of the head, but together are only about 10­15 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF81FFF0FE3BE7C483C069B1" box="[417,432,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">µ</emphasis>
m thick anterior to the proboscis pore. The longitudinal layer is anteriorly divided. Close behind the brain bundles of longitudinal muscle fibres in the inner portion of the longitudinal muscle layer become enclosed by thin connective tissue membranes. These bundles form the origin of the inner longitudinal layer; dorsally they are separated from the fibres of the outer longitudinal zone only by their connective tissue membranes, but laterally and ventrally the two portions of the longitudinal musculature are divided by posterior extensions of the cephalic glands. The inner longitudinal muscles lead to the proboscis insertion, at the front of the brain, which has no contribution from the outer longitudinal zone, i.e., there is no pre­cerebral septum as defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="B9681FB4FF81FFF0FC4CE10486ED6F72" author="Kirsteuer" box="[982,1181,1284,1310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" refString="Kirsteuer, E. (1974) Description of Poseidonemertes caribensis sp. n., and discussion of other taxa of Hoplonemertini Monostilifera with divided longitudinal musculature in the body wall. Zoologica Scripta, 3, 153 - 166." type="journal article" year="1974">Kirsteuer (1974)</bibRefCitation>
. Both inner and outer longitudinal muscle layers, however, contribute to the cephalic retractor muscles. In front of the proboscis insertion large numbers of diagonal and oblique muscle bundles criss­cross the head between the cephalic gland lobules (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF81FFF0FC4FE17C866D6FFA" box="[981,1053,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Throughout the postcerebral length of the body bundles of muscle fibres radiate inwards between the blocks of longitudinal muscles (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF81FFF0FD94E1CC802C6F8A" box="[526,604,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF81FFF0FDF0E1CC800A6F8A" box="[618,634,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</figureCitation>
). Peripherally, some of these radiating muscles have their origin in the diagonal muscle layer, others penetrate into the dermis. Both dorsally and ventrally these radiating muscle fibres loosely form an incomplete inner circular muscle coat (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF81FFF0FED1E24483E66C32" box="[331,406,1604,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); where the two layers meet laterally they form a strong muscle cross composed of interwoven fibres. In the foregut region of the body the dorsal half of the inner circular musculature is supplemented by fibres leading from the rhynchocoel circular muscle layer; as they extend ventrally some of these fibres branch off to pass close to the lateral walls of the foregut before merging with the ventral portion of the inner circular musculature.Most of these muscle fibres then turn to radiate outwards towards the body wall but isolated strands meet below the foregut. A weak but complete inner circular muscle layer is thus present in the foregut region of the body (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF80FFF1FC54E51C86696B5A" box="[974,1049,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). On either side of the rhynchocoel and foregut the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords are located in the parenchyma between inner and outer bundles of muscle fibres (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF80FFF1FC54E56C866E6BEA" box="[974,1054,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF80FFF1FBB4E56C864F6BEA" box="[1070,1087,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5</figureCitation>
). Once the anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum begin to appear, however, the circular muscle fibres running close to the foregut wall become split up and no longer complete an inner circular muscle layer. Throughout the intestinal regions of the body the radiating muscle fibres unite to form strongly developed dorsoventral bundles which cross the body between the lateral intestinal diverticula, and no traces of the inner circular musculature remain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF80FFF1FEA2E65C869368AA" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Parenchymatous connective tissues are extensively developed along the lateral margins of the body from the cephalic region back. Towards the rear of, and posterior to, the rhynchocoel the parenchyma is also abundantly developed above and below the gut.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF80FFF1FEA2E6D4800869E2" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FEA2E6D480476881" box="[312,567,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proboscis apparatus:</emphasis>
The proboscis pore is ventral and subterminal. It opens into a rhynchodaeum whose epithelium possesses neither cilia nor gland cells. Although many of the cephalic dorsoventral and oblique muscle fibres run immediately adjacent to the rhynchodaeal epithelium, they do not form a discrete circular muscle layer enclosing this portion of the proboscis apparatus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF80FFF1FEA2E79C80CE6E12" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The rhynchocoel terminates approximately 9.5 mm anterior to the tip of the body in the 
<typeStatus id="0242DCE7FF80FFF1FEAEE7C483EE69B2" box="[308,414,964,990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, i.e., the rhynchocoel has a length of almost 90% of the total body length. Its wall contains separate circular and longitudinal muscle layers. For much of its length the rhynchocoel is between 60­75% of the body diameter. In the stomach region a small accumulation of acidophilic spheres to one side of the rhynchocoel (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF80FFF1FB9EE03C863C6E3A" box="[1028,1100,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) are interpreted as possibly representing parasite spores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF80FFF1FEA2E08C831B6C32" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The retracted proboscis is between one third and one half of the body length. Its anterior portion (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF80FFF1FE3AE0B4839E6EA2" box="[416,494,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF80FFF1FE61E0B4807C6EA2" box="[507,524,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">6</figureCitation>
), up to about 1.1 mm in overall diameter (50% of the body width), forms the major part of the organ. It comprises an outer glandular epithelium, 40­45 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FB7EE0DC86836E99" box="[1252,1267,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m or more thick, distally dominated by basophilic glands and arranged into conical papillae. Below the epithelium a well developed connective tissue layer, mostly about 15 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FA99E12C87626F29" box="[1283,1298,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m across, is extended to form a central core into groups of papillae. The three muscle layers comprise an outer circular coat mostly 20­45 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FC86E17C815B6FF9" box="[796,811,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m across, a middle longitudinal layer 30­60 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FE92E1A483676FD1" box="[264,279,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m thick in which the 22 proboscis nerves run in the inner (proximal) third and are circumferentially linked by a thin but distinct neural sheath, and an inner circular muscle zone 2­3 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FEE1E1F483FA6C61" box="[379,394,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m deep. The longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers are separated by a thin (2­3 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FEE3E21C83F86C59" box="[377,392,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m) connective tissue region. The innermost lining of the proboscis is thin and delicate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF80FFFEFEA2E26C83186B92" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1324,284,510]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The stylet bulb region in general exhibits typical monostiliferous construction, although the epithelium of the large muscular bulb chamber, 15­20 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FB84E294865D6CC1" box="[1054,1069,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m thick, contains acidophilic gland cells and is deeply folded. The stylet bulb canal, some 15 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FBEEE2BC86F36CB9" box="[1140,1155,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m in diameter and lined with an epithelium 25­30 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FD26E2E480BB6C91" box="[700,715,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m thick, extends anteriorly from this chamber and passes to one side of the stylet basis (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF80FFF1FD5BE30C81786D4A" box="[705,776,1804,1830]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) before opening into the lumen of the anterior proboscis. The stylet basis (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF80FFF1FDC0E33480EF6D22" box="[602,671,1844,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1067,1091]" captionTargetBox="[506,1174,614,1044]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 9. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of the central stylet and basis from a young specimen (A), with a stylet: basis ratio of about 2: 1, and from a larger individual (B) where the ratio is about 1: 1. CS, central stylet. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168649/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) is up to about 120­130 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FC26E33481BB6D21" box="[956,971,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m long and 50­55 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF80FFF1FB38E33486C16D21" box="[1186,1201,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">µ</emphasis>
m in maximum diameter, the central stylet varies from 95­150 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFCEEE51C81F36B59" box="[884,899,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">µ</emphasis>
m in length depending upon the size of the animal, usually with larger stylets occurring in larger individuals. In smaller, immature specimens the central stylet is approximately twice the length of its basis, but in larger, older individuals the stylet:basis ratio is about 1:1. The number of accessory stylet pouches varies between specimens from 2­5, mostly with 2­3 accessory stylets per pouch (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8FFFFEFE8BE5E483286B92" box="[273,344,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="898632CDFF8FFFFEFE92E02B819D6EE4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168649/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[506,1174,614,1044]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8FFFFEFE92E02B819D6EE4" blockId="8.[264,1323,1067,1160]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFE92E02B83FB6E2F" bold="true" box="[264,395,1067,1091]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF8FFFFEFE39E02C808A6E2F" box="[419,762,1068,1091]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Vulcanonemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rangitotoensis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFE39E02C808A6E2F" box="[419,762,1068,1091]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of the central stylet and basis from a young specimen (A), with a stylet:basis ratio of about 2:1, and from a larger individual (B) where the ratio is about 1:1. CS, central stylet. SB, stylet basis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8FFFFEFEA2E0BC86536F1A" blockId="8.[264,1324,1212,1878]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The posterior portion of the proboscis has a much simpler construction and comprises an outer epithelium, up to about 45 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFD2BE0E480B06E91" box="[689,704,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">µ</emphasis>
m thick, which is not developed in papillae; the epithelium is composed almost entirely of acidophilic gland cells. Below the epithelium the outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers, respectively some 15­25 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFB09E13486D26F21" box="[1171,1186,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">µ</emphasis>
m and 7­12 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFE92E15C83676F19" box="[264,279,1372,1397]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">µ</emphasis>
m thick, are separated by a thin but distinct connective tissue coat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8FFFFFFEA2E18486506BEA" blockId="8.[264,1324,1212,1878]" lastBlockId="9.[264,1324,284,390]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFEA2E184806D6FF1" box="[312,541,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Alimentary system:</emphasis>
The oesophagus separates off from the ventral wall of the rhynchodaeum approximately half way between the proboscis pore and the front of the brain lobes. Its unciliated epithelium, mostly 20­30 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFCACE1D481356F81" box="[822,837,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">µ</emphasis>
m tall, contains large numbers of acidophilic gland cells. As it passes below the ventral cerebral commissure the oesophagus begins to expand and its epithelium increases in thickness to 45 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFB9CE22486656C51" box="[1030,1045,1572,1597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">µ</emphasis>
m or more as it merges into the ciliated epithelium of the stomach.The richly glandular stomach epithelium, 60­70 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFE92E27483676CE1" box="[264,279,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">µ</emphasis>
m or more thick, is moderately deeply folded (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8FFFFEFCC9E27481ED6CE2" box="[851,925,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and regionally differentiated. A short anterior portion, approximately 120 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8FFFFEFD6DE29C81766CD9" box="[759,774,1692,1717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">µ</emphasis>
m long, possesses only acidophilic glands, but for most of the stomach length both acidophilic and basophilic glands are present. Towards its rear the stomach gradually narrows and its epithelium becomes progressively less folded, thinner and increasingly dominated by basophilic glands as it leads into the slender, tubular, pyloric region. The total length of the stomach in the 
<typeStatus id="0242DCE7FF8FFFFEFBC7E33C86B46D3A" box="[1117,1220,1852,1878]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is about 4.8 mm, of which slightly more than 
<quantity id="1A01CFA0FF8EFFFFFD55E51C81656B5A" box="[719,789,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
comprises the pylorus. Muscle fibres of the body wall inner circular muscle layer extend ventrally adjacent to the stomach wall (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8EFFFFFB66E54483686BEA" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) to form a weak circular somatic muscle layer around the foregut.
</paragraph>
<caption id="898632CDFF8EFFFFFE92E20F83286D32" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[338,1262,486,1530]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8EFFFFFE92E20F83286D32" blockId="9.[264,1323,1551,1886]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8EFFFFFE92E20F83BA6C4B" bold="true" box="[264,458,1551,1575]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURES 10­16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF8EFFFFFE47E20F81436C4A" box="[477,819,1551,1574]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Vulcanonemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rangitotoensis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8EFFFFFE47E20F81436C4A" box="[477,819,1551,1574]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8DFFFCFEA2E51C8327681A" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The pylorus opens into the dorsal wall of the intestine (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8DFFFCFC27E51C86646B5A" box="[957,1044,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 ­ 16" captionStartId="9.[264,382,1551,1575]" captionTargetBox="[338,1262,486,1530]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[336,1265,481,1530]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 ­ 16. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘ pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). From this junction an intestinal caecum extends anteriorly for about 
<quantity id="1A01CFA0FF8DFFFCFCA7E54481F56B32" box="[829,901,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
below the posterior portion of the foregut, terminating in a pair of long, tubular anterior pouches which reach, one on either side, to slightly more than half way along the length of the stomach (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8DFFFCFBD9E59486FD6BC2" box="[1091,1165,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The epithelium of the pouches is only about 15­30 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8DFFFCFD45E5BC809E6BB9" box="[735,750,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">µ</emphasis>
m thick and, unlike the main intestinal wall, contains very few gland cells. Both the caecum and its anterior pouches bear branched, tubular lateral diverticula. These diverticula are large close to the intestine but become progressively smaller farther anteriorly and are missing entirely from the anterior half of each pouch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8DFFFCFEA2E68481A6690A" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Below the rhynchocoel the intestine is dorsoventrally compressed but beyond the end of the rhynchocoel is much more tubular. Its gastrodermis, 45 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8DFFFCFC45E6AC819E68A9" box="[991,1006,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">µ</emphasis>
m or more thick, possesses a typical hoplonemertean appearance with large numbers of acidophilic gland cells. Throughout its length the intestine bears large, distally branched lateral diverticula whose epithelium is generally thicker than that of the main intestinal canal. The anus opens ventrally a short distance in front of the posterior tip of the body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8DFFFCFEA2E77483B76ECA" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8DFFFCFEA2E77483AE69E1" box="[312,478,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Blood system:</emphasis>
The blood system conforms with a basic hoplonemertean plan. In the head a simple transverse loop links the two spacious cephalic vessels which follow a tortuous, meandering route as they extend back towards the brain. The vessels possess thick walls, with associated muscle fibres, and are surrounded by enormous numbers of vacuolar ‘pouches’ (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8DFFFCFE52E01480516E42" box="[456,545,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 ­ 16" captionStartId="9.[264,382,1551,1575]" captionTargetBox="[338,1262,486,1530]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[336,1265,481,1530]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 ­ 16. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘ pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
), 15 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8DFFFCFDFEE01480036E41" box="[612,627,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">µ</emphasis>
m or more in diameter, which can occasionally be found opening into the lumen of the blood vessels. The vacuolar structures closely resemble the extra­vascular pouches described and illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="B9681FB4FF8DFFFCFCFDE06486F56E12" author="Moore" box="[871,1157,1124,1150]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Moore, J. &amp; Gibson, R. (1981) The Geonemertes problem (Nemertea). Journal of Zoology, London, 194, 175 - 201." type="journal article" year="1981">Moore &amp; Gibson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF8DFFFCFB2FE06483136EC9" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Prosorhochmidae" genus="Pantinonemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8DFFFCFB2FE06483136EC9" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pantinonemertes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8DFFFCFEA2E0B481E76CEA" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
As they approach the front of the brain the cephalic vessels narrow before entering the cerebral ring. Behind the brain the three longitudinal vessels, paired lateral and single middorsal (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8DFFFCFEFAE10483D96F72" box="[352,425,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), extend to the posterior tip of the body where they meet via a supra­intestinal connective. All three are surrounded by large numbers of the vacuolate ‘pouches’, although these tend to be compressed around the mid­dorsal vessel where this extends between the gut and rhynchocoel walls. The mid­dorsal vessel arises as a branch from one of the cephalic vessels in the cerebral ring but does not, as in most hoplonemerteans, form a vascular plug. The lateral vessels twist and loop along the length of the body, so that in transverse sections there may appear to be two or three blood channels on either side of the body, above or below the intestinal diverticula, close to the lateral nerve cords or adjacent to the lateral margins of the rhynchocoel. There are, however, no pseudometameric transverse connectives linking the three longitudinal vessels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8DFFFDFEA2E294865469E2" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8DFFFCFEA2E294838D6CC1" box="[312,509,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nervous system:</emphasis>
The cerebral ganglia, of a moderate size (between 50­60% of the body width in the cerebral region), have dorsal lobes extending farther forward than the ventral. They are enclosed by a thin but distinct outer neurilemma but there is no inner neurilemma between the fibrous and ganglionic components. Dorsal and ventral cerebral commissures are respectively some 20­25 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8DFFFCFD62E33481776D21" box="[760,775,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">µ</emphasis>
m and 55­60 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8DFFFCFC3EE33481C36D21" box="[932,947,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">µ</emphasis>
m thick; the dorsal commissure forms a shallow anterior loop over the rhynchocoel. No evidence of neurochord cells could be found in any part of the brain. The lateral nerve cords possess both myofibrillae and a dorsal accessory neuropil (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8CFFFDFDDBE56C80E56BEA" box="[577,661,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 ­ 16" captionStartId="9.[264,382,1551,1575]" captionTargetBox="[338,1262,486,1530]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[336,1265,481,1530]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 ­ 16. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘ pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) which extends the full length of the body. The origin of these accessory nerves can be traced to the fibrous tissues of the dorsal ganglionic lobes. Throughout the length of the body the accessory nerves irregularly emerge from the main nerve cords to run for a short distance close to, but quite separate from, their dorsal margins (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8CFFFDFED1E60C83D3684A" box="[331,419,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 ­ 16" captionStartId="9.[264,382,1551,1575]" captionTargetBox="[338,1262,486,1530]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[336,1265,481,1530]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 ­ 16. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘ pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). A similar situation has been reported for the 
<collectingCountry id="A5EE22D5FF8CFFFDFC4EE60C8603684A" box="[980,1139,524,550]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
terrestrial hoplonemertean, 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF8CFFFDFE36E63481D56822" authority="Southgate, 1954" authorityName="Southgate" authorityYear="1954" box="[428,933,564,590]" class="Enopla" family="Acteonemertidae" genus="Antiponemertes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="pantini">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFE36E63480B26821" box="[428,706,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Antiponemertes pantini</emphasis>
(Southgate, 1954)
</taxonomicName>
, by 
<bibRefCitation id="B9681FB4FF8CFFFDFC47E63486F76822" author="Moore" box="[989,1159,564,590]" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Moore, J. (1973) Land nemertines of New Zealand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 52, 293 - 313." type="journal article" year="1973">Moore (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, but all three 
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF8CFFFDFE92E65C83B06819" box="[264,448,604,629]" class="Enopla" family="Acteonemertidae" genus="Antiponemertes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFE92E65C83B06819" box="[264,448,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Antiponemertes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species differ significantly from the present form in possessing a rhynchocoel musculature organised into a single wickerwork layer of interwoven longitudinal and circular fibres. The accessory nerves also irregularly bifurcate so that in transverse section a lateral nerve may appear to possess two accessory nerves (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8CFFFDFB85E6D486056882" box="[1055,1141,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 ­ 16" captionStartId="9.[264,382,1551,1575]" captionTargetBox="[338,1262,486,1530]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[336,1265,481,1530]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 ­ 16. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘ pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
); this condition has not been recorded for any other nemertean species. Occasional neural tracts also lead from the main neuropil towards the lateral body margins. The main nerves meet posteriorly via a subintestinal commissure. The main neuropil is up to about 65­70 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFB03E74C86D86909" box="[1177,1192,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">µ</emphasis>
m in diameter, the accessory nerves variable but mostly 50­55% of this width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8CFFFDFEA2E79C86CF6E42" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">The peripheral nervous system includes several distinct tracts leading anteriorly from the front of the brain lobes and ventral cerebral commissure, although the ultimate fate of these was not traced. Foregut nerves are also distinguishable as a few small, irregularly distributed, nerves running close to the basement membrane of the stomach wall.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8CFFFDFEA2E03C81EB6F8A" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFEA2E03C807A6E39" box="[312,522,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Excretory system:</emphasis>
The well developed excretory system extends from close behind the brain back through the foregut region beyond the anterior limit of the anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum. It consists of three to five thick­walled, ciliated collecting tubules, up to 45 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFEE3E0B483F86EA1" box="[377,392,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">µ</emphasis>
m or more in diameter, running in the parenchyma on each side of the body immediately adjacent to the body wall longitudinal muscle layer (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8CFFFDFB92E0DC86246E9A" box="[1032,1108,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8CFFFDFBFAE0DC86006E9A" box="[1120,1136,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</figureCitation>
). Anteriorly the collecting tubules lead to a single large chamber whose epithelium is about 7­8 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFB25E10486BE6F71" box="[1215,1230,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">µ</emphasis>
m thick and densely ciliated. From this chamber a single efferent canal (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8CFFFDFB9AE12C86266F2A" box="[1024,1110,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 ­ 16" captionStartId="9.[264,382,1551,1575]" captionTargetBox="[338,1262,486,1530]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[336,1265,481,1530]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 ­ 16. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘ pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
), characterised by a thinner (3­4 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFE35E15483CE6F01" box="[431,446,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">µ</emphasis>
m) and less densely ciliated epithelium and only about 15­18 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFB09E15486D26F01" box="[1171,1186,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">µ</emphasis>
m in width, leads outwards through the body wall to open via a lateral nephridiopore. The nephridiopore on one side of the body opens farther back than on the other. No evidence of flame cells could be found in any part of the excretory system.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8CFFFDFEFCE1F486BE6CEA" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFEFCE1F481746C61" box="[358,772,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Apical organ and cephalic glands:</emphasis>
The apical organ opens subterminally on the ventral surface of the head. It forms a tubular chamber, up to about 90 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFBE8E21C86F16C59" box="[1138,1153,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">µ</emphasis>
m in diameter whose epithelium, 8­10 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8CFFFDFDB1E244804A6C31" box="[555,570,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">µ</emphasis>
m thick, is clad with long, dense cilia. Tracts of secretion are visible leading from the cephalic glands into the dorsal margin of the apical organ.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8CFFFAFEFCE29483C56BEA" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="12.[264,1324,284,510]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Cephalic glands consisting of irregularly shaped, pale blue­staining and vacuolate lobules (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8CFFFDFEF5E2BC83B86CBA" box="[367,456,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 ­ 16" captionStartId="9.[264,382,1551,1575]" captionTargetBox="[338,1262,486,1530]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[336,1265,481,1530]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 ­ 16. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘ pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
), fill much of the pre­cerebral space around the rhynchodaeum. Anteriorly the glands discharge via the apical organ. The glands ventrally and ventrolaterally extend behind the brain, where they divide the body wall longitudinal muscle layer into inner and outer regions. On either side of the body blocks of the glands also continue far back into the foregut region of the body (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8BFFFAFC99E51C81226B5A" box="[771,850,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,811,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1318,809,1620]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in cross­section to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, mid­dorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155601/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8BFFFAFCF8E51C81026B5A" box="[866,882,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5</figureCitation>
), becoming progressively smaller as they extend posteriorly until they disappear completely a short distance in front of the pyloric region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8BFFFAFEA2E59481AF6B92" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Basophilic submuscular glands are confined to the pre­cerebral regions, between the outer portion of the body wall longitudinal muscle layer and the cephalic glands (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8BFFFAFB5FE5BC876E6BBA" box="[1221,1310,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 ­ 16" captionStartId="9.[264,382,1551,1575]" captionTargetBox="[338,1262,486,1530]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[336,1265,481,1530]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 ­ 16. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar ‘ pouches’. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155603/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). These glands are most abundant in the dorsal half of the head.
</paragraph>
<caption id="898632CDFF8BFFFAFE92E16286866C4A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155604/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[336,1261,610,1360]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8BFFFAFE92E16286866C4A" blockId="12.[264,1324,1378,1574]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8BFFFAFE92E16283BF6F16" bold="true" box="[264,463,1378,1402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURES 17­20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1AF919C6FF8BFFFAFE6EE16281206F15" box="[500,848,1378,1401]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Vulcanonemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rangitotoensis">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8BFFFAFE6EE16281206F15" box="[500,848,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. 17, Transverse section through part of the head to show two of the ocelli. 18, Transverse section through one of the short, anterior cephalic furrows; the arrow indicates a ciliated canal leading to a cerebral sensory organ. EP, epidermis. 19, Transverse section through an ovary to show an egg. OV, ovary. 20, Transverse section through the posterior region of the body showing several of the basophilic, vacuolar structures (indicated by arrows) which are interpreted as some form of parasite. IN, intestine.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8BFFFAFEA2E28286B36CF0" blockId="12.[264,1324,1666,1892]" box="[312,1219,1666,1692]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8BFFFAFEA2E28283876CF7" box="[312,503,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sensory organs:</emphasis>
The eyes (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8BFFFAFD1EE28280BF6CF0" box="[644,719,1666,1692]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[393,1197,990,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[386,1202,988,1751]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of a complete specimen (A) and enlargement of the head viewed dorsally (B), based on sketches made in life, to emphasise the distribution of the eyes and appearance of the posterior pair of cephalic furrows." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155600/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8BFFFAFD47E282808D6CF0" box="[733,765,1666,1692]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 ­ 20" captionStartId="12.[264,383,1378,1402]" captionTargetBox="[336,1261,610,1360]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[336,1265,609,1360]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 17 ­ 20. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 17, Transverse section through part of the head to show two of the ocelli. 18, Transverse section through one of the short, anterior cephalic furrows; the arrow indicates a ciliated canal leading to a cerebral sensory organ. EP, epidermis. 19, Transverse section through an ovary to show an egg. OV, ovary. 20, Transverse section through the posterior region of the body showing several of the basophilic, vacuolar structures (indicated by arrows) which are interpreted as some form of parasite. IN, intestine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155604/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">17</figureCitation>
), are up to 60 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8BFFFAFC3FE28281C46CF7" box="[933,948,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">µ</emphasis>
m or more in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8BFFFBFEA2E2AA834F6822" blockId="12.[264,1324,1666,1892]" lastBlockId="13.[264,1324,284,1150]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Two pairs of shallow cephalic furrows are distinguishable in sections, but only the posterior pair, forming oblique grooves towards the rear of the head which do not meet mid­dorsally, is visible in life. The short, horizontal, ventrolateral anterior furrows (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8BFFFAFB66E2FA83566D50" captionStart="FIGURES 17 ­ 20" captionStartId="12.[264,383,1378,1402]" captionTargetBox="[336,1261,610,1360]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[336,1265,609,1360]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 17 ­ 20. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 17, Transverse section through part of the head to show two of the ocelli. 18, Transverse section through one of the short, anterior cephalic furrows; the arrow indicates a ciliated canal leading to a cerebral sensory organ. EP, epidermis. 19, Transverse section through an ovary to show an egg. OV, ovary. 20, Transverse section through the posterior region of the body showing several of the basophilic, vacuolar structures (indicated by arrows) which are interpreted as some form of parasite. IN, intestine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155604/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
) are situated at or close behind the level of the proboscis pore, depending upon the degree of cephalic contraction. The ciliated cerebral canals, at first 40­45 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8BFFFAFBEAE34A860F6D0F" box="[1136,1151,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">µ</emphasis>
m in diameter, emerge from the inner margin of these furrows, pass through the dermis and then turn posteriorly for a short distance before leading into the cerebral sensory organs. The cerebral organs (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8AFFFBFEFFE56C83DC6BEA" box="[357,428,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 8" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1429,1453]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[329,1258,313,1414]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 8. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155602/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
), some 270 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8AFFFBFDA3E56C80386BE9" box="[569,584,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">µ</emphasis>
m long, 90 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8AFFFBFD57E56C80AC6BE9" box="[717,732,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">µ</emphasis>
m wide and 150 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8AFFFBFC05E56C81DE6BE9" box="[927,942,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">µ</emphasis>
m in dorsoventral height, are situated far forward in the head, about level with the posterior margins of the proboscis pore. For much of their length the organs possess an outer layer of strongly acidophilic glands which extend to form a posterior glandular cap. The cerebral organ nerve, 30 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8AFFFBFB33E5E486C86B91" box="[1193,1208,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">µ</emphasis>
m diameter, is long and extends back laterally towards the brain between the cephalic gland lobules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8AFFFBFEA2E65C86F869DA" blockId="13.[264,1324,284,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8AFFFBFEA2E65C80476819" box="[312,567,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Reproductive system:</emphasis>
The sexes are presumed separate; in larger living specimens ovaries were clearly visible in some individuals, what were interpreted as testes were seen in others. The 
<typeStatus id="0242DCE7FF8AFFFBFE5DE6AC805E68AA" box="[455,558,684,710]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
possesses occasional ovaries with a single egg in each (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8AFFFBFB56E6AC875268AA" box="[1228,1314,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 ­ 20" captionStartId="12.[264,383,1378,1402]" captionTargetBox="[336,1261,610,1360]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[336,1265,609,1360]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 17 ­ 20. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 17, Transverse section through part of the head to show two of the ocelli. 18, Transverse section through one of the short, anterior cephalic furrows; the arrow indicates a ciliated canal leading to a cerebral sensory organ. EP, epidermis. 19, Transverse section through an ovary to show an egg. OV, ovary. 20, Transverse section through the posterior region of the body showing several of the basophilic, vacuolar structures (indicated by arrows) which are interpreted as some form of parasite. IN, intestine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155604/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
) located in the parenchyma of the intestinal region. Their small number and irregular distribution, however, are unlike those reported for any other hoplonemertean species. Other, smaller but more numerous structures in the parenchyma contain strongly acidophilic bodies with a homogeneous cytoplasm; whether these represent immature ova or gonads degenerating under the influence of a parasitic infestation is uncertain, although other females with no evidence of parasitic infection also possess few mature ova.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD466245FF8AFFFBFEFCE7C481336E12" blockId="13.[264,1324,284,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8AFFFBFEFCE7C483AF69B1" box="[358,479,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parasites:</emphasis>
Throughout the intestinal region of the 
<typeStatus id="0242DCE7FF8AFFFBFC58E7C4865869B2" box="[962,1064,964,990]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
the parenchyma contains large numbers of lightly basophilic, vacuolate spherical bodies (
<figureCitation id="45C27EC0FF8AFFFBFBA3E7EC86E16E6A" box="[1081,1169,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 ­ 20" captionStartId="12.[264,383,1378,1402]" captionTargetBox="[336,1261,610,1360]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[336,1265,609,1360]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 17 ­ 20. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 17, Transverse section through part of the head to show two of the ocelli. 18, Transverse section through one of the short, anterior cephalic furrows; the arrow indicates a ciliated canal leading to a cerebral sensory organ. EP, epidermis. 19, Transverse section through an ovary to show an egg. OV, ovary. 20, Transverse section through the posterior region of the body showing several of the basophilic, vacuolar structures (indicated by arrows) which are interpreted as some form of parasite. IN, intestine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155604/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
), up to about 140­150 
<emphasis id="EF8DBE57FF8AFFFBFEEFE01483F46E41" box="[373,388,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">µ</emphasis>
m or more in diameter, enclosed by thin but distinct connective tissue membranes. The identification of these structures, which are interpreted as some form of parasite, will form the basis of a future investigation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>