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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1175-311" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EE8DB089F63E50BABE243AB16234CD86" ID-ZooBank="46EEA1B4878A4750BA2FB73C1511695C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1175-311" checkinTime="1692452880366" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Crabo, Lars G. &amp; Kirst, Marian L." docDate="2023" docId="423251880ADA55FEB66A1D6C082E8893" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1175: 311-319" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1175" docPubDate="2023-08-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619" docTitle="Protogygia pryorensis Crabo &amp; Kirst 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="6901711B-E110-451D-8F69-C797B36E1215" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="EE8DB089F63E50BABE243AB16234CD86" lastPageNumber="311" masterDocId="EE8DB089F63E50BABE243AB16234CD86" masterDocTitle="Protogygia pryorensis Crabo &amp; Kirst (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Noctuini), a new moth species from Montana, United States of America" masterLastPageNumber="319" masterPageNumber="311" pageNumber="311" updateTime="1692452880366" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="8F54BDFEF5BD5DDDAFF83858F0701017">Protogygia pryorensis Crabo &amp; Kirst (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Noctuini), a new moth species from Montana, United States of America</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="736B42191C02F675482A47F641693121" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="644DC43BD583848B48577FACC033975C">Crabo, Lars G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="077985CBB83E165590C86B829DC48B5D">Adjunct Faculty, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CA9C01234A3842BAC42BE0937D7B91C3" type="email">lcrabo@nwrads.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="5D963E242E32ECAB9D79DEFA64047DAF">Kirst, Marian L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="293FC33C476F738951D0672678BC0087">Northern Rockies Research and Educational Services, Inc., Lolo, Montana, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:date id="6CD57223C4E86353DB90D616ACF6D41B">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1DBD792208B38F83D44950621EBC2C02">2023-08-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7CFF9F75E404F5F126BA5FE0751DC12B">1175</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="416BF13465046FCF9A088FAD5773EA64">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B83E9030CCA6CA43A3C00EF2AACC4385" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="423251880ADA55FEB66A1D6C082E8893" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6901711B-E110-451D-8F69-C797B36E1215" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/423251880ADA55FEB66A1D6C082E8893" lastPageNumber="311" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<subSubSection id="DA68E268EFD920A8FC26291AA1974987" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B3CE0AC97CF38E8137A99BEAFD85C5F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<taxonomicName id="3BCEAEBCAD14A2DDD324C274384EF495" LSID="https://zoobank.org/6901711B-E110-451D-8F69-C797B36E1215" authority="Crabo &amp; Kirst, 2023" authorityName="Crabo &amp; Kirst" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia pryorensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pryorensis" status="sp. nov.">Protogygia pryorensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C5EC2059E59993F4BAD5FDC2B2018304" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DBC778E4D31E3A411C9FEA1937BDB267" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" type="description">
<paragraph id="5CECAFBE4A3BF23434C77E4653261926" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<figureCitation id="9A87F9BC93FF08DF37AC08B38DA51392" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Protogygia pryorensis, paratype male, USA, Montana, Carbon County, Pryor Mountains, Petroglyph Canyon Natural Area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894383" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0BFFF79D2E8095E9FA4276D69D3C878F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Protogygia pryorensis, male genitalia a valves b phallus with everted vesica." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894384" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E4C47F6BC798319292E4C4D4B6A6C646" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="BF3E4EC18F69851B992F93FCF50138B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52E361555F53B43BE2183471965CEFD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
USA: Montana: Carbon County: Pryor Mountains, Petroglyph Canyon Natural Area,
<geoCoordinate id="8DD51232835102153D0D9AEE7F32F623" degrees="45.0167" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="45.0167">45.0167</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D0761D712782E9ECD9000CE333D899B2" degrees="108.5022" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-108.5022">-108.5022</geoCoordinate>
, 1520 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8E5F8A292689350ABDD3CCBDDF1AE7F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" type="type material">
<paragraph id="1D7910A8F72C1DCB6F8BF50823BA0681" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="81B3273670E73CE875D32381881A1CF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="007A4C253E1CE7F7C5AC8163D4EF1F7A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="E9E0A3EFCB2F76701839A6B1D77E1D85" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Holotype</emphasis>
, male. USA: Montana
</emphasis>
: Carbon County:
<geoCoordinate id="BD8DE6554F1ED710DE748666DCCD1B41" degrees="45.01671" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="45.01671">45.01671°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EEE8308E5DC6AC2D502F714BDD76A22F" degrees="108.502244" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-108.50224">108.502244°W</geoCoordinate>
, Petroglyph C[an]y[o]n Natural Area, high desert sand dunes. Juniper, sage, pine, currant, skunk sumac. 6 May 2022, 4990' [1520 m], uv/mv trap, leg: M. L. Kirst/I. Sommerdorf. / [Crabo genitalia slide] 665 male. CNC.
<emphasis id="88A1CA099DD15A2AF0B99EDF275D4235" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="E191EE13015834FEF67D49F781E8D2DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Paratypes</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
15 m, 0 f.
<emphasis id="8C4D7750DE4CA30E64B1FD9C52ECDF7F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">USA: Montana</emphasis>
: Same collection data as holotype (5 m); [same locality as holotype] Petroglyph C[an]y[o]n B[ureau of] L[and] M[anagement], 45.016, -108.502, 8-9 May, 2023, 1470 m, L. Crabo, M. Kirst, C. Harp (10 m). CNC, CSUC, JVC, LGC, MKC, NMNH.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A0ADDB704D847FD689DC141BAEEF9972" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="027D9A0D2C752446513FB8B0F8B62935" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EEA87649B3D53F27CA017D8B0DF1BC46" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<taxonomicName id="F6B1BC52BF6605C4DD9A8BE82DC0D93D" authorityName="Crabo &amp; Kirst" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia pryorensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="6A55651AF87DD9385045B345FEEB308A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a superficially distinctive moth (Fig.
<figureCitation id="771C9C522711951DF3D8366FBBED4554" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Protogygia pryorensis, paratype male, USA, Montana, Carbon County, Pryor Mountains, Petroglyph Canyon Natural Area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894383" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">1</figureCitation>
). It is the only
<taxonomicName id="96C238A6521AD00C2E81F0DD2D251D4B" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A21CC05A8ECBD6970646309920BD2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with a combination of cream-filled oval orbicular and crescentic reniform spots, sharply dentate postmedial line, and gray hindwing with white fringe. Although not as streaked as many
<taxonomicName id="8D809EF4F2B15FAB642E0F1803207712" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70085B3B65EA6E99529091FE9AC70D83" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, the combination of light veins and strongly toothed postmedial line produces a somewhat streaky pattern on the distal forewing.
<taxonomicName id="5586D9560E502808553EB5131F2E1DA7" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia elevata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elevata">
<emphasis id="D5195AA88A413CDECD84B73A7442738B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia elevata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Smith) and
<taxonomicName id="10D95A65BACD8E14C2CC7434472C7A30" authorityName="Troubridge &amp; Lafontaine" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia arena" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arena">
<emphasis id="9CEBB6CA8B3E3F6CD9F4D442A00CB2FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia arena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Troubridge &amp; Lafontaine are the most similar
<taxonomicName id="C6DFEA6C2008A88CB5A4C36BD79EC35B" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D48E5FFE6760F2F42B95539BE41E95D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to
<taxonomicName id="57EDA4B5060301146A9EB393F092381C" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="1CAFBB849D388EA788498B2A8198755E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in color and pattern. Both typically have darker central areas in the forewing spots, a more typical noctuid forewing pattern with lightly scalloped lines, and lighter hindwings. Neither of these two species is known to occur in Montana, but
<taxonomicName id="DCBA3C4DE6A9E7E27A0EE1DFA536F8E2" lsidName="P. elevata" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="elevata">
<emphasis id="633AF120C22C358D87723AC48AA05FE0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. elevata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found as far north as southwestern Wyoming suggesting that the distributions of it and
<taxonomicName id="44FA67D55F8EFD8428CC66805FBEE514" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="C95396243F1467E75D3529C8D41AC274" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could potentially overlap.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FE8B9BCF3143A4BCBFD5A7A2EF03631D" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894383" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph id="A9279EFBEFDED1635892864AC832C42F" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="521BA6056F1A1292E3E96C821C9B6978" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F1EBC9BCBA4E06E57F44ACDEADEB0615" authorityName="Crabo &amp; Kirst" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia pryorensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="93E8532E35FC6D4E8CCF0DFA4AE465C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype male, USA, Montana, Carbon County, Pryor Mountains, Petroglyph Canyon Natural Area.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7291E1CCF6CF13119E35CA8D48B2B04B" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<taxonomicName id="709EA9DEBDB2047B8D32954433333B20" authorityName="Crabo &amp; Kirst" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia pryorensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="E22D6BACDA51E4D662B00C39211A548F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only brownish
<taxonomicName id="D1FCE400E3A948C2CD6A25EC4E8AB8C3" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AF1627C063597E77B1CB81CF0F5CF9D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a forewing pattern of complete transverse lines and distinct spots that has male genitalia with a cylindrical uncus ending in a hook and a teardrop-shaped clasper (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A938A8ECAB8654F51B28DD8421D81168" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Protogygia pryorensis, male genitalia a valves b phallus with everted vesica." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894384" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">2a</figureCitation>
). The unci of
<taxonomicName id="F07CF931B31EF641310E722774E92DF2" lsidName="P. elevata" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="elevata">
<emphasis id="98B90E1D76BA1E340809AF79BA163172" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. elevata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="55570C8945587663EF019C3D7A3FB316" lsidName="P. arena" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="arena">
<emphasis id="EB5CA49DAEFFD6F3793FCA153D6A3C98" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. arena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are blunt tipped and swollen basally, and their claspers are apically blunted. This is discussed further in regards to species groups in the last paragraph of this section. Both of these superficially-similar species have simple hairlike scales on the dorsal thorax, which are wider and either forked and spatulate in
<taxonomicName id="63E0AC1E8C8F7F9B2E3848EDDFFB1546" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="6DBF584C4048266B5A9661291C3497AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="140B39C63A89A0F99EE692504B4648F9" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894384" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="BC6BD7F24DA22870C86D9F845100D0B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="56BA61FDB4E5BC3F00882648D72DF44C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="11F9D78EF363DB4B694A84E3640B7EBC" authorityName="Crabo &amp; Kirst" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia pryorensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="DB64D73A7E59133C0ADC8A9DC022E721" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male genitalia
<emphasis id="36AA0B2E90C1F9E5E2DA11F7978D1EB4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">a</emphasis>
valves
<emphasis id="FC5BBCD98680F505EDBE988D0635DA53" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">b</emphasis>
phallus with everted vesica.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5A737CF28A2EBFE0A5958EA5421EB2D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<taxonomicName id="AFA84462EB2D009E67051CB044EFA6F4" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia milleri" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
<emphasis id="DD664418B236491F96AB63E7D88F5D2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Grote) is structurally similar to
<taxonomicName id="5E36DFB467F8362713BA543F32B13AD3" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="9718BF184BCFAA587FDECAB91F492BD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and has an unstreaked forewing with somewhat similar pattern elements (
<bibRefCitation id="32ED55B9F86BCF58A46E92B671D982AA" author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" publicationUrl="https://images.peabody.yale.edu/mona/27-1-ocr.pdf" refId="B5" refString="Lafontaine, JD, 2004. The Moths of North America including Greenland, Fascicle 27.1, NoctuoideaNoctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part-Agrotini). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. Washington, DC, https://images.peabody.yale.edu/mona/27-1-ocr.pdf" title="The Moths of North America including Greenland, Fascicle 27.1, NoctuoideaNoctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part-Agrotini). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation." url="https://images.peabody.yale.edu/mona/27-1-ocr.pdf" year="2004">Lafontaine 2004</bibRefCitation>
, pl. I figs 41, 42). They key out together in couplet 12 of the &quot;Key to Species of
<taxonomicName id="7155D4C9717EE81E775C06C1D48EC7EB" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AF151C8A82A06C5046B369D034DB3D29" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; in
<bibRefCitation id="FAEC2936324D91AE27233A4193074780" author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" refId="B6" refString="Lafontaine, JD, Fauske, GA, 2004. Protogygia McDunnough. In: The Moths of North America including Greenland, Fascicle 27.1, NoctuoideaNoctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part-Agrotini). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. Washington, DC" title="Protogygia McDunnough. In: The Moths of North America including Greenland, Fascicle 27.1, NoctuoideaNoctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part-Agrotini). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation." year="2004">Lafontaine and Fauske (2004</bibRefCitation>
, pp. 183, 184). Nonetheless,
<taxonomicName id="5EB4BA88B99CF7510DF497A9113FBCF5" lsidName="P. milleri" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="milleri">
<emphasis id="5601271501DB010807AB42A57ACCC0DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be mistaken for
<taxonomicName id="2011385C10AD9050BCCB6EBC416ECE75" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="0CB66B92B6B8986F6E0BFD75E5F89224" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it only occurs in California and Oregon and its forewing is powdery gray rather than olive gray as in
<taxonomicName id="EE8FFD0FE9D2EF7746F55FDFD867B756" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="9F00B290D0B247E8239350D1459BC0A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with simple black lines and spot outlines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C3BB862B46CEB22E8405C286F77C2AA4" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
The female of
<taxonomicName id="2CA9473EC3548DF3A373BF207571BB7F" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="37B29CB27845BA27A4FEE4F13AF29B22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown but is likely to resemble the male based on the females of other species in the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BAA9852496B15C126CCE98718251A672" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<bibRefCitation id="562297588CA9068A5F7DFBA35517A45B" author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" refId="B6" refString="Lafontaine, JD, Fauske, GA, 2004. Protogygia McDunnough. In: The Moths of North America including Greenland, Fascicle 27.1, NoctuoideaNoctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part-Agrotini). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. Washington, DC" title="Protogygia McDunnough. In: The Moths of North America including Greenland, Fascicle 27.1, NoctuoideaNoctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part-Agrotini). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation." year="2004">Lafontaine and Fauske (2004)</bibRefCitation>
organize
<taxonomicName id="E8AE221212CC441A37AA5F9E19057E02" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="92646C5934779F9EA2C5C2D677191B74" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into three species groups. The wing pattern of
<taxonomicName id="6EBAC1427DD31CB861C8BAB7438EEE8B" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="555A5AEBBF5D1B6F82914EA8CA9552AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with unfused orbicular and reniform spots and distinct transverse lines, resembles the three species of the
<taxonomicName id="98679909C661A84FBEAD2A1018A6877F" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia elevata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elevata">
<emphasis id="EBDC17E7A6B2358492815F5F496F71B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia elevata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (ibid., pl. I figs 24-28). However,
<taxonomicName id="D7C380439CEEB390C8260132C5E2C995" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="87D52CD83A4817B2F47B82CC10D4C217" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the defining structural characters of this group: basal swelling and truncate apex of the uncus and truncate ampulla of the clasper (ibid., pl. 27 figs 1, 2). We assign
<taxonomicName id="678034F960AF045188C0DA45727E2381" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="34A137A32AB8987A1C368CA727D79A99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the
<emphasis id="9851054D432A8C87981AB941FEAEA9CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">album</emphasis>
-group based on its cylindrical apically hooked uncus and teardrop-shaped clasper, both typical of the other six species in this group (ibid., pl. 27 figs 3-8). All other species in the
<emphasis id="59710CAC7C189FDEAE4E7D6A6BEE155D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">album</emphasis>
-group except
<taxonomicName id="19C65951BE9486D2681C8B0F408DDDF6" lsidName="P. milleri" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="milleri">
<emphasis id="3E960461CA67E1D5C9D2448C1DCDDDA1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are either nearly white or streaked longitudinally (ibid., pl. I figs 29-42).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DF6FC417DA150BD3626E59CC0803CD4D" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" type="description">
<paragraph id="A343CB07169F21D6706613F5BAD00387" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E7166703A35EE649F78A141049B2ED5" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="F69C7364B014C1C4675DD013F3FCE2E3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
Adult male.
<emphasis id="99E0DC79E0EF17C3A588782100E1436A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Head</emphasis>
</emphasis>
- Antenna biserrate and bifasciculate, width 2
<normalizedToken id="6E96E089AA556995A23947BC4A605091" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
central shaft; dorsal scales yellow gray; scape white. Labial palpus scales cream and scattered gray, additional long dark gray hairlike scales on sides; haustellum well developed. Frons bulging; scales of frons and vertex hairlike, long, cream, with scattered medium gray scales near eyes and between antennae. Eye normal size, hairless, with long dark posterior lashes.
<emphasis id="18B18C0424247DF20A92AB531BCFBB22" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Thorax</emphasis>
- Dorsal vestiture long, narrow, forked, or weakly spatulate serrate, cream, ochre, and black scales, appearing hoary light gray with faint dark pattern, a diffuse darker gray line across prothoracic collar and dark tufts in some specimens; tegula with diffuse black V and gray-tan or tan medial margin; short loose dorsal tufts on meso- and metathorax.
<emphasis id="FA3E76CB4D7C3F693F94B8E6E4D61930" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Legs</emphasis>
: Prothoracic tibia with ~ 5 spinelike setae along sides, apical pair slightly longer and ~ 2
<normalizedToken id="178CEB1DD1B0C44E61FCCA5F78D12827" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as stout as the others; mesothoracic and metathoracic tarsi with three rows of setae.
<emphasis id="7F3E5A25F89F5C38E9F51CAD53E9FBFC" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Wings</emphasis>
: Forewing length 12.5-15.0 mm (
<emphasis id="9575F0F774EC0315BFFE75AD66F04F98" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">N</emphasis>
=16); distal wing elongated to bluntly pointed apex with smooth convex outer margin; scales straplike, serrate, mixed orange tan, cream, and black; wing base proximal to antemedial line, postmedial area, and veins olivaceous pale gray; veins bordered by thin black lines in medial and terminal areas; medial and subterminal areas medium dark olive gray, posterior half of medial area frosted with light gray; transverse lines dark gray, single, diffuse except as noted; basal and medial lines absent; antemedial line indistinct, convex laterally thrice, strongest on mid-wing, distal side variably shaded dark gray to black; postmedial line strongly dentate, diffuse except for long thin teeth on veins, proximal shade similar to distal shade of antemedial line; subterminal line jagged, diffuse dark brown with intervenal smudgy dark wedges; terminal line thin, black; fringe mostly cream with light tan base and thin medial line; spot outlines thin, black; claviform spot complete or incomplete, thicker than other spots, filled with adjacent ground; orbicular spot ovoid, size variable, filling light cream; reniform spot strongly kidney-shaped to crescentic, filling darker cream, rarely with light gray center. Hindwing medium gray with slightly darker veins, diffuse discal spot, and diffuse postmedial line; fringe white with cream base and thin light gray medial line.
<emphasis id="3F8E607815A4E94ED8CCF326AB01A18D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Abdomen</emphasis>
- Lacking structural modifications such as hair pencils or pockets; vestiture uniform grayish cream.
<emphasis id="B870C1EBE4084AE0FDB4197E3869B29E" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Male genitalia</emphasis>
: (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4F2393758F7A5B2AF0361ADFC07FAD95" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Protogygia pryorensis, male genitalia a valves b phallus with everted vesica." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894384" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">2</figureCitation>
) Uncus cylindrical, width nearly uniform, tapering to slight apical downward hook. Juxta shield shaped, height 1
<normalizedToken id="429ADFBF2CA2B9500A77A9FCDB1C328C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width. Clavus knoblike with apical short setae. Valve straplike, length ~ 4
<normalizedToken id="3892FB9EE6BDF64DED70406DA0C9A8BC" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width, widest at mid-sacculus due to broad ventral bulge, ventral process absent, tapering slightly distally to unmodified blunt apex bearing small corona of loose clawlike setae; sacculus length
<normalizedToken id="4CEA6761D25316C468417B2FA7B9F40D" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C5A67482AADC30413AF5E0DF1B99F805" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
valve length, nearly reaching dorsal valve near base; clasper ampulla on mid-valve, teardrop shaped with broad base tapering to acute apex. Phallus tubular, length 4
<normalizedToken id="364EE689B46680520BDDEAD768B45734" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width; vesica base bent 90° rightward, then coiled 360°, widest near apex; relatively short fingerlike subbasal diverticulum with apical short acute cornutus.
<emphasis id="68835A2BCE8918833229FAB8FF12F84F" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Female genitalia</emphasis>
: Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48C1A1D9393621959BA53AC1178FB3A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="F8111962F7A6489E14EC01834B903778" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FB891C324522479A3FD4BFAF39EEE790" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">The species epithet pays homage to the ecologically rich Pryor Mountains in south-central Montana, where MLK as a child spent many happy hours exploring. The Pryor Mountains are named for Nathaniel Hale Pryor, a Sergeant with the Lewis and Clark Expedition that traveled through Montana in 1805.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="35E80D5BB41B4B4F703AA7DB68F58B02" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="57D926F37CFBFE3D044E9F72130E72D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="41864A5A3A55C274CB7CE94D519AB251" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
The only known locality for
<taxonomicName id="3CD3C4ADDB86DDDA7DD2428D991DCCE4" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="7FDE35A3E8BAFEA6A1405571DE754187" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
near the north mouth of Petroglyph Canyon is located in the Petroglyph Canyon Natural Area, a 97-ha system of high-desert bluffs and drainages in the southern foothills of Big Pryor Mountain in southern Carbon County, Montana. This area is in the most northern portion of the Wyoming Basin Ecoregion, a region centered in western Wyoming that barely extends into southern Montana (
<bibRefCitation id="9F5BF6CF901CF894966F1B8DCCF1B073" author="Pohl, GR" journalOrPublisher="BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" refId="B11" refString="United States Environmental Protection Agency (2000) Level III ecoregions of the continental United States (revision of Omernick 1987); Corvallis, Oregon, USEPA-Nation Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Map M-1, various scales." year="2016">United States Environmental Protection Agency 2000</bibRefCitation>
). The Pryor Mountains are unglaciated, unique for a Montana range, and are instead the erosional product of uplifted and tilted sedimentary blocks: a western block (Big Pryor Mountain) and an eastern block (East Pryor Mountain). The range rises abruptly from the surrounding prairie to an elevation of more than 2400 m, resulting in essentially a sky island that is unique within Montana (
<bibRefCitation id="1059AB4FBE5D7A493CA817446ACDDEB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" publicationUrl="https://pryormountains.org" refId="B2" refString="2023. . https://pryormountains.org" url="https://pryormountains.org" year="2023">Anonymous 2023</bibRefCitation>
). These mountains are notable for their unique geology, animal diversity, and globally rare plant communities that include regionally-endemic plant species such as
<taxonomicName id="271688E68F428EE8EE1109AA6D5438AE" authorityName="E.F.Evert &amp; L.Constance" authorityYear="1982" class="Eudicots" family="Apiaceae" genus="Shoshonea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Shoshonea" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">Shoshonea</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="8659241FB595E44F4F21B3D158E9D665" class="Eudicots" family="Apiaceae" genus="Shoshonea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Shoshonea pulvinata" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="pulvinata">
<emphasis id="24DD156C1FCB2674AB7679AD5ECAC652" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Shoshonea pulvinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Evert &amp; Constance (
<taxonomicName id="E98A3121C15A1CCAF068EA3A797CAD51" authorityName="E.F.Evert &amp; L.Constance" authorityYear="1982" class="Eudicots" family="Apiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
)] and thick-leaf bladderpod [
<taxonomicName id="3A6083775E097554B4E61B9747AFE660" authorityName="O'Kane &amp; Grady" authorityYear="2007" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Physaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physaria pachyphylla" order="Papaverales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="pachyphylla">
<emphasis id="21013AF873DBFF29EAACF14459E84416" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Physaria pachyphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="BBA78335A40383EA581C5C1F119C6611" originalValue="O’Kane">O'Kane</normalizedToken>
&amp; Grady (
<taxonomicName id="383C988936D918215F787E0E1B3B5932" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Brassicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Papaverales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
)] (
<bibRefCitation id="E72BEA01F8E16D1558CAD8BCB0B21A04" author="Lyman, J" journalOrPublisher="BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" publicationUrl="http://www.pryormountains.org/natural-history/botany/botanical-guide/" refId="B9" refString="Lyman, J, Flathers, K, Durney, S, 2015. A Botanical Guide to Special Places in the Pryor Mountains. http://www.pryormountains.org/natural-history/botany/botanical-guide/" title="A Botanical Guide to Special Places in the Pryor Mountains." url="http://www.pryormountains.org/natural-history/botany/botanical-guide/" year="2015">Lyman et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The foothills southwest of Big Pryor Mountain contains
<normalizedToken id="B54FC2E39E412857F4BF80F6AC682AF9" originalValue="Montana’s">Montana's</normalizedToken>
only true red desert and receive less than 13 cm of annual rainfall due to the double rain shadow of the Beartooth Mountains to the west and the Pryor Mountains to the north (
<bibRefCitation id="F8B8209CC27A23EEAFCB6C821833E969" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" publicationUrl="https://pryormountains.org" refId="B2" refString="2023. . https://pryormountains.org" url="https://pryormountains.org" year="2023">Anonymous 2023</bibRefCitation>
). Petroglyph Canyon runs northwest to southeast for 1.5 km. (
<bibRefCitation id="214A113C1ED487434FB26A64342C62E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" refId="B1" refString="Anonymous (2015) Billings Field Office Greater Sage-Grouse Approved Resource Management Plan; Attachment 5, Volume II, Appendix T. U.S. Dept.of Interior, BLM, Billings Field Office, 444 pp.">Anonymous 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Its northern trailhead is at a contact between the Kootenai (Cretaceous), Fall River, and Thermopolis Formations. These formations are characterized by sedimentary deposits of varying hardness, including thick shale beds, bentonitic mudstones, fine-grained and course-grained sandstones, and conglomerates (
<bibRefCitation id="0E83CF5DD79A6F20B3A6B3BE6DDAAB08" author="Lopez, DA" journalOrPublisher="BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" refId="B8" refString="Lopez, DA, 2000. Geological Map of the Bridger 30' X 60' Quadrangle, Montana. NO. 58. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. Butte, Montana." title="Geological Map of the Bridger 30 ' X 60 ' Quadrangle, Montana. NO. 58. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. Butte, Montana." year="2000">Lopez 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6779BEA01383E7387D8FA6E7456DEF07" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
The
<taxonomicName id="78ACC9DB47334A7F7169E3F2A929F4FB" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="2138F633BA8A5AA7433A22E7A58CDFF0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
type locality (Figs
<figureCitation id="1BF4173B7B9A6676FA0EA072527FE587" captionStart="Figures 3, 4" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 3, 4. Protogygia pryorensis habitat at Petroglyph Canyon Natural Area, Carbon County, Montana, USA 3 shows active sands and sandstone hoodoos at a canyon entry, while 4 is a nearby area of mixed soils and interspersed bedrock above the canyon rim. Sparse woody vegetation of Juniperus osteosperma, Pinus flexilis, Chrysothamnos viscidiflorus and Artemisia tridentata and mats of Opuntia polyacantha are depicted." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figures3-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894385" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B1DAB0C62163598B8524BC5B15FC05CA" captionStart="Figures 3, 4" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 3, 4. Protogygia pryorensis habitat at Petroglyph Canyon Natural Area, Carbon County, Montana, USA 3 shows active sands and sandstone hoodoos at a canyon entry, while 4 is a nearby area of mixed soils and interspersed bedrock above the canyon rim. Sparse woody vegetation of Juniperus osteosperma, Pinus flexilis, Chrysothamnos viscidiflorus and Artemisia tridentata and mats of Opuntia polyacantha are depicted." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figures3-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894385" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">4</figureCitation>
) lies fully within the Kootenai (Cretaceous) formation. It is a relatively small patch of active sands and coppice dunes surrounding spirelike hoodoos composed of cross-bedded fluvial sandstone (M. Smith pers. comm. January, 2023). It is sparsely vegetated with trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. The predominant trees are limber pine [
<taxonomicName id="415CB3B93FB76B73F10E8B32232FBCC0" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus flexilis" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="species" species="flexilis">
<emphasis id="2486270896684789A5A1004100E6D2AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Pinus flexilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
James (
<taxonomicName id="83378CEC7F18B35FE3EBD2845D802659" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
)] and Utah juniper [
<taxonomicName id="340D9FF61527CCA582AB35E1B6F6CE7F" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juniperus osteosperma" order="Cupressales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Coniferopsida" rank="species" species="osteosperma">
<emphasis id="0947EF6D33F76BC4CFD52A23AA12B3C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Juniperus osteosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Torr.) Little (
<taxonomicName id="6AACC83D2B785C32C01FF2C0F2CB7D16" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cupressales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Coniferopsida" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
)], with shrubs consisting primarily of big sage [
<taxonomicName id="E78FCA605A167B0062F08870EF68562E" class="Equisetopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Artemisia tridentata" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="tridentata">
<emphasis id="E93E984BF0D7DE8D4B31825E884109B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Artemisia tridentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nutt. (
<taxonomicName id="F71B85265DE8D3E933D5441D5EDC4AD9" class="Equisetopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
)], green rabbitbrush [
<taxonomicName id="5B47288C929746CB1071A08E0F7909D4" class="Equisetopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chrysothamnos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chrysothamnos viscidiflorus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="viscidiflorus">
<emphasis id="BCCE7825DE3D241D21B13E2166326D0E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Chrysothamnos viscidiflorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hook. (Nutt.) (
<taxonomicName id="26B5E1426E83AE44BDB0B7368F36DB95" class="Equisetopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
)], currant [
<taxonomicName id="4A5A8D2B08AD95825FA74AA41177C9B7" class="Eudicots" family="Grossulariaceae" genus="Ribes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ribes" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BA5333B889DCE6D64F4583546C21EB95" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Ribes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName id="A9899A6C10320D50647D840AF90BB121" class="Eudicots" family="Grossulariaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Grossulariaceae</taxonomicName>
)], and skunkbush sumac [
<taxonomicName id="1C99DA1DD602E195776C95C5E82E0AB7" authorityName="Nuttall" authorityYear="1838" class="Dicotyledones" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus trilobata" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="trilobata">
<emphasis id="8BF9DDBAD3D990AF68DBCB7C321A9CA5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Rhus trilobata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nutt. (
<taxonomicName id="D2AC6C6E87A421FD6B066163956BB4CC" class="Dicotyledones" family="Anacardiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
)]. Dominant forbs include phlox [
<taxonomicName id="D76057703FE46E23D62EBF0DB42C0C89" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Polemoniaceae" genus="Phlox" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phlox" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8211F45CD2DBB95A56A476E049464A17" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Phlox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName id="AAA4C37D4DDFC86BEA7C58EE23BD8382" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Polemoniaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Polemoniaceae</taxonomicName>
)],
<taxonomicName id="0F34F921563E383858AD6B7F41EF49F3" class="Dicotyledones" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Cryptantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cryptantha" order="Polemoniales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FCE539FD86F6608C18CB1B945280995C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Cryptantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName id="724FEF8B2D43C3D0770B5FBF0C5267A7" class="Dicotyledones" family="Boraginaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polemoniales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Boraginaceae</taxonomicName>
), desert dandelion [
<taxonomicName id="0CE2C2F8D6A45648791B645F5C8DF7D6" class="Equisetopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Malacothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malacothrix" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B459A3E933585B38C206D37B7EE2D326" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Malacothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName id="F7E1FDE449866A1C5F4BBC68C7143609" class="Equisetopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
)], and
<taxonomicName id="DA0937D32064AA48AE64F4220FF55437" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Streptanthella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Streptanthella longirostrus" order="Papaverales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="longirostrus">
<emphasis id="255C8F6D41C1CBBB9C2C06A3CF2B324A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Streptanthella longirostrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
S. Watson, Rydb. (
<taxonomicName id="8BAB6F6695DF5FBABF8BBAA4991B1AE4" authorityName="Rydberg" authorityYear="1917" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Brassicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Papaverales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="B34960747A8F9D29F5F0E15032D23241" author="Lesica, P" journalOrPublisher="BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" refId="B7" refString="Lesica, P, Lavin, MT, Stickney, PF, 2012. Manual of Montana Vascular Plants. BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas" title="Manual of Montana Vascular Plants." year="2012">Lesica et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Extensive low mats of prickly pear cactus [
<taxonomicName id="6EFD94C9E400231C8ACB32083696DEC3" authorityName="Haworth" authorityYear="1819" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Opuntia polyacantha" order="Cactales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polyacantha">
<emphasis id="F378F04BAE82881ECC889F4E5F775165" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Opuntia polyacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Haw. (
<taxonomicName id="F303A6EC912428FBF8B03839B2FCEA09" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Cactaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cactales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Cactaceae</taxonomicName>
)] are present on the sand and fine-grained soils.
</paragraph>
<caption id="521C1D2B5FF46533FEDF022E8433B11C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1175.107619.figures3-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/894385" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" start="Figures 3, 4" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="55C815E5FDA200B07BB6D1CF90417B0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="CFEF87D3174C27128A0FD7F39CC083C2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Figures 3, 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A2407DC7BFAB1685AEE5F8CD13A1AEB6" authorityName="Crabo &amp; Kirst" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protogygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protogygia pryorensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="7F01CD3AC1053340365A124C3A093C54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Protogygia pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitat at Petroglyph Canyon Natural Area, Carbon County, Montana, USA
<emphasis id="8555D2285A6F2A36466475D1DE1725DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">3</emphasis>
shows active sands and sandstone hoodoos at a canyon entry, while
<emphasis id="42D1F2BB475F259E5AB0AE39B5AB911A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">4</emphasis>
is a nearby area of mixed soils and interspersed bedrock above the canyon rim. Sparse woody vegetation of
<taxonomicName id="7C922770C47A4ED7F2FFAA58B9A8DCD7" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juniperus osteosperma" order="Cupressales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Coniferopsida" rank="species" species="osteosperma">
<emphasis id="98789D558DE485D3E812AB5803D8AF0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Juniperus osteosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8C00024EB63005A88CA3324D67985EA" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus flexilis" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="species" species="flexilis">
<emphasis id="1FC02A4C7A378B5F73F85E5F34D513EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Pinus flexilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E2D15921C94C3A621D152D4777D3B565" class="Equisetopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chrysothamnos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chrysothamnos viscidiflorus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="viscidiflorus">
<emphasis id="3CDA104DBA238CFA9093D9D51BC65825" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Chrysothamnos viscidiflorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9BF16E312BF81AABED8C7A893E4EC2AC" class="Equisetopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Artemisia tridentata" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="tridentata">
<emphasis id="C04968B3B0C7B33E780BD89ADC555D53" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Artemisia tridentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and mats of
<taxonomicName id="0C6368BF3EBB0409B389D886B8F3F357" authorityName="Haworth" authorityYear="1819" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Opuntia polyacantha" order="Cactales" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polyacantha">
<emphasis id="795EC3BDCF448533ADC397A05EA89E4F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Opuntia polyacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are depicted.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9843E2D62ED6E16036FFB24E3120676A" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
All
<taxonomicName id="913A958B5CFABF9C13E51F491120749E" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="1CCE605A8DD0E7BB87FA2750043BC7A8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected within a 200 m radius (approximately 3.2 ha) centered on 45.016, -108.502, where most of the traps were placed. This area includes areas of confluent sand as well as areas of mixed sand, bedrock, and fine-grained soil. The sand habitat with which
<taxonomicName id="F48F83D167AAC9FA4C3FC31CFDA6DA04" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="DC86C436BEB89FC0044EA9126E0667F9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be most closely associated extends farther to the north as well as into the canyon, but these areas were sampled only with one trap placed on the canyon floor on May 8, 2023 and one placed between the canyon floor and upper sand habitat on May 19, so the local distribution of this species is probably underestimated. All specimens were collected in traps and none at sheets, suggesting either that the flight is after midnight or that
<taxonomicName id="797B0457A944335DA0963535B4A8BEF5" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="B4D3ADAF7D90DA26205DBAAF9E9BB332" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not attracted to bright mercury vapor light. All specimens were found from May 6 to May 9, with none collected May 19 or June 1, indicating a brief flight period. All six specimens from May 6, 2022 are fresh, while a few of the specimens from May 8 and 9, 2023 demonstrate slight wear. No females have been found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="093F9BCA1F6E155D4D538566C6996E3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">
The early stages of
<taxonomicName id="6BE3A2F792639503F9E23EA3B6DE4E85" lsidName="P. pryorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" rank="species" species="pryorensis">
<emphasis id="85D870587B1E6868B4B7B3084514B0CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">P. pryorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unknown. It is possible that the larvae burrow in sand, a habit of known larvae from the closely-related genus
<taxonomicName id="AFF43EA07A513BB39F098FF1FA034A06" authorityName="Harvey" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Copablepharon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copablepharon" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BA67D7C0CFFF4C70FC2C8D99F5B44F9E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="311">Copablepharon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Harvey (
<bibRefCitation id="549BC2556E82FAD649C2E1B4A006C8F0" author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="311" refId="B6" refString="Lafontaine, JD, Fauske, GA, 2004. Protogygia McDunnough. In: The Moths of North America including Greenland, Fascicle 27.1, NoctuoideaNoctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part-Agrotini). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. Washington, DC" title="Protogygia McDunnough. In: The Moths of North America including Greenland, Fascicle 27.1, NoctuoideaNoctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part-Agrotini). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation." year="2004">Lafontaine and Fauske 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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