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<document id="B2659C220043EF8CEED262A514653C68" ID-CLB-Dataset="160062" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="583874cc-3ec3-4a2e-a0db-57a1b1aeb3b8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7156901" ID-ZooBank="A9099FEF-C7C5-4EB1-A9A5-48132BA3C8B2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1665139379125" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Opler, Paul A., Stout, Todd L., Back, Werner, Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui &amp; Grishin, Nick V." docDate="2022" docId="265C87CE110CFFB0FF24CE79FCE5B045" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5194.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5194 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Anthocharis midea" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="534" masterDocId="DA65FFB61101FFBFFFB3C935FFEBB768" masterDocTitle="DNA barcodes reveal different speciation scenarios in the four North American Anthocharis Boisduval, Rambur, [Duménil] &amp; Graslin, [1833] (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini) species groups" masterLastPageNumber="539" masterPageNumber="519" pageNumber="532" updateTime="1699389384263" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="3C58C7B52C55035793655331B36F0CF0">DNA barcodes reveal different speciation scenarios in the four North American Anthocharis Boisduval, Rambur, [Duménil] &amp; Graslin, [1833] (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini) species groups</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9B4853536C0F1D013715C7763B5EC395">Opler, Paul A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C67338517658D6B3FF98F75E1DE34C94">DepartmentofAgriculturalBiology, C. P. GilletteMuseum ofArthropodDiversity, ColoradoState University, FortCollins, CO 80523 - 1177 McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Diversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL 32611 - 2710</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="18282D1DE152E556B72F6EE9EAAB6960">Stout, Todd L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="92BD72F5E3413D3AB6EEB1C72375FFE7">Back, Werner</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="331871BF788841BA3F3671CB18C40BA2">Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F89E6EB93FB0CC08D641C39422BEEED9">Zhang, Jing</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="56C2899E624C02C89487180497F4D843">Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA 75390 - 9050 &amp; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth &amp; Development and Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA 75390 - 9050</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="04682573FAE39D0426B130F4CF0B2096">Cong, Qian</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F669CF1638C37B034EE42B119728E049" type="ORCID">0000-0002-8909-0414</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="40E60AD83101D379D80AA23706FF1CAF">Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth &amp; Development and Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA 75390 - 9050 &amp; Qian. Cong @ UTSouthwestern. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8909 - 0414</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="46CA3DFA45C1602BB9C98E5776982365">Shen, Jinhui</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="362DAA166BA76E9E7BE0C7F50AA4789E" type="ORCID">0000-0001-8395-7841</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="7A825D7C16382614AA31F41AA94855DE">Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA 75390 - 9050 &amp; Jinhui. Shen @ UTSouthwestern. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8395 - 7841</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="108C93A1A2639CDE0DE394A805D094F3">Grishin, Nick V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5CDE4E5FDC8FA2D6CAE60CE5492BEB14" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4108-1153</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="190F1FC3AFA9FA51950BF85D372E3CC1">Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA 75390 - 9050 &amp; grishin @ chop. swmed. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4108 - 1153</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CBF673BCEDEC3FCC7E06BB3B43D5AC09" type="email">grishin@chop.swmed.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="DE1C9D29C130E39D9A0FF4A626D7EA1B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C5C531C0A88AB96232C067056AB672D3">
<mods:date id="DD379D4ED3D072046782331656D966AA">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3D08CA80956D963AADCC648DEF5E48D7">2022-10-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3EA0126B41DED90AA055EB8CF636DF9D">5194</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B289D584111B30E33351D9BE776AFE06">4</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="4937A737DAD09ADC6CC68262FD0C4DEE">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="565ECC0803243641C5788E02FD27966F" type="CLB-Dataset">160062</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9774D595930F5AEDC5ED5034DC65BFE6" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="244A0C5BFCFCBCC50CBD60A542DDAF46" type="GBIF-Dataset">583874cc-3ec3-4a2e-a0db-57a1b1aeb3b8</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9FB8F6ED53562F1569CC42B32B9A61A5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="265C87CE110CFFB0FF24CE79FCE5B045" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7157864" ID-GBIF-Taxon="202158303" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7157864" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:265C87CE110CFFB0FF24CE79FCE5B045" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/265C87CE110CFFB0FF24CE79FCE5B045" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="534" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">
<subSubSection id="E6EF6553110CFFB2FF24CE79FC63B00E" box="[151,904,1867,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="532" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AE4A36D8110CFFB2FF24CE79FC63B00E" blockId="13.[151,904,1867,1894]" box="[151,904,1867,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">
<heading id="F50281B4110CFFB2FF24CE79FC63B00E" bold="true" box="[151,904,1867,1894]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="532" reason="1">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110CFFB2FF24CE79FC63B00E" bold="true" box="[151,904,1867,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">
The
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110CFFB2FF7CCE7EFEF3B00E" ID-CoL="5VBXV" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[207,280,1867,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="532" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="midea">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110CFFB2FF7CCE7EFEF3B00E" bold="true" box="[207,280,1867,1894]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">midea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group: speciation without barcode differentiation
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6EF6553110CFFB0FF24CEA1FCE5B045" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="534" pageId="13" pageNumber="532" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AE4A36D8110CFFB1FF24CEA1FA76B791" blockId="13.[151,1436,1940,2039]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="533" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">
Populations of
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110CFFB2FE8FCEA1FE76B0C6" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[316,413,1940,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="532" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="midea">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110CFFB2FE8FCEA1FE76B0C6" box="[316,413,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">A. midea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
extend southwestwardly from Connecticut and the Great Lakes states through the eastern and Midwestern
<collectingCountry id="D6E27648110CFFB2FE90CE8DFE52B0BA" box="[291,441,1976,2002]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">United States</collectingCountry>
to northern
<collectingRegion id="6C31F83A110CFFB2FDF3CE8DFD7FB0BA" box="[576,660,1976,2002]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">Florida</collectingRegion>
, the Gulf coast states and
<collectingRegion id="6C31F83A110CFFB2FC01CE8CFC18B0BB" box="[946,1011,1977,2003]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">Texas</collectingRegion>
to northeastern
<collectingCountry id="D6E27648110CFFB2FB15CE8DFB17B0BA" box="[1190,1276,1976,2002]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="6C31F83A110CFFB2FABACE8DFA7BB0BA" box="[1289,1424,1976,2002]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
), while
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110CFFB2FF6DCEE9FE22B09E" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1871" box="[222,457,2012,2038]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="532" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limonea">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110CFFB2FF6DCEE9FE22B09E" box="[222,457,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">Anthocharis limonea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in southern
<collectingRegion id="6C31F83A110CFFB2FD0ECEE8FCA1B09F" box="[701,842,2013,2039]" country="Mexico" name="Nuevo Leon" pageId="13" pageNumber="532">Nuevo Leon</collectingRegion>
south along the Sierra Madre Orientale to the states of
<collectingRegion id="6C31F83A110FFFB1FF04C9A2FEE8B7D9" box="[183,259,151,177]" country="Mexico" name="Puebla" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">Puebla</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingCountry id="D6E27648110FFFB1FE8DC9A2FE7FB7D9" box="[318,404,151,177]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA644B29110FFFB1FE17C9A2FD62B7D9" author="Llorente, J. E. &amp; Onate, L. &amp; Luis, M. A. &amp; Vargas, I." box="[420,649,151,177]" pageId="14" pageNumber="533" refId="ref9802" refString="Llorente, J. E., Onate, L., Luis, M. A. &amp; Vargas, I. (1997) Papilionidae y Pieridae de Mexico: Distribucion geografica e ilustracion. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 229 pp., 28 pls., 4 figs., 3 tabs., 116 maps." type="book" year="1997">
Llorente
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FDBEC9A2FDA3B7D9" box="[525,584,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="36CE2A5D110FFFB1FD11C9A2FCA0B7D9" box="[674,843,151,177]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 27" captionStart-1="FIGURE 28" captionStartId-0="16.[152,255,1635,1659]" captionStartId-1="17.[152,255,1049,1073]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1414,181,1611]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1431,189,1022]" captionTargetId-0="figure-26@16.[151,1436,181,1612]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1026]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 27. Distribution of sampled individuals in the midea group. Anthocharis midea—upside down green triangles, Anthocharis limonea—pale blue triangles, erect green triangle—Anthocharis limonea phenotype with Anthocharis midea haplotype." captionText-1="FIGURE 28. Haplotype array for Anthocharis midea group." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156927" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156929" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7156927/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7156929/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">Figures 27–28</figureCitation>
). The existence of a small population of
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110FFFB1FA92C9A2FA77B7D9" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1871" box="[1313,1436,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limonea">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FA92C9A2FA77B7D9" box="[1313,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">A. limonea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Sierra Madre Occidental is shown by the collection of
<specimenCount id="B8F3FD51110FFFB1FCDDC98EFBF3B7BD" box="[878,1048,187,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="533" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
collected by the late Richard W.
<collectingCountry id="D6E27648110FFFB1FF24C9EAFF1AB791" box="[151,241,223,249]" name="Netherlands" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">Holland</collectingCountry>
in western Durango; these specimens are deposited in the McGuire Center for
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110FFFB1FBE6C9EAFA76B791" authority=", Gainesville, FL." authorityName="Gainesville, FL." box="[1109,1437,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera, Gainesville, FL.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<caption id="FA8A6650110FFFB1FF2BCE5AFB86B09C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7156923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156923/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="533" startId="14.[152,255,1903,1927]" targetBox="[184,1426,273,1880]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="AE4A36D8110FFFB1FF2BCE5AFB86B09C" blockId="14.[151,1436,1903,2036]" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FF2BCE5AFECCB0EF" bold="true" box="[152,295,1903,1927]" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">FIGURE 25.</emphasis>
Distribution of “
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110FFFB1FE68CE45FDC3B0E0" authorityName="C. Felder &amp; R. Felder" authorityYear="1865" box="[475,552,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cethura">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FE68CE45FDC3B0E0" box="[475,552,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">cethura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group”. Blue-filled square—subspecies
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FC78CE45FBC4B0EF" box="[971,1071,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">morrisoni</emphasis>
, red-filled squares—nominotypical subspecies
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110FFFB1FEBFCEA1FEB2B0C4" authorityName="C. Felder &amp; R. Felder" authorityYear="1865" box="[268,345,1940,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cethura">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FEBFCEA1FEB2B0C4" box="[268,345,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">cethura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pink-filled squares—subspecies
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FD06CEA1FC88B0C4" box="[693,867,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">hadromarmorata</emphasis>
, green-filled squares—subspecies
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FB79CEA1FAABB0C4" box="[1226,1344,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">mohavensis</emphasis>
, orangefilled squares—subspecies
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110FFFB1FE1FCE8DFE34B0A7" authorityName="W. H. Edwards" authorityYear="1888" box="[428,479,1976,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pima">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FE1FCE8DFE34B0A7" box="[428,479,1976,1999]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">pima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, yellow-filled square—subspecies
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FCF0CE8DFC7DB0B8" box="[835,918,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">catalina</emphasis>
, violet-filled squares—subspecies
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FB49CE8DFA7DB0B8" box="[1274,1430,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">bajacalifornica</emphasis>
, pale-blue filled square—un-named population similar to
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110FFFB1FD6BCEE9FCE0B09B" authorityName="W. H. Edwards" authorityYear="1888" box="[728,779,2012,2035]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pima">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110FFFB1FD6BCEE9FCE0B09B" box="[728,779,2012,2035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="533">pima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Baja California Cape region.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FA8A6650110EFFB0FF2BCDE0FD4DB385" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7156925" box="[152,678,1237,1262]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156925/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" startId="15.[152,255,1237,1261]" targetBox="[157,1428,191,1205]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="AE4A36D8110EFFB0FF2BCDE0FD4DB385" blockId="15.[152,678,1237,1262]" box="[152,678,1237,1262]" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FF2BCDE0FECEB385" bold="true" box="[152,293,1237,1261]" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
Haplotype array for “
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FDB6CDE0FDB9B385" authorityName="C. Felder &amp; R. Felder" authorityYear="1865" box="[517,594,1237,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cethura">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FDB6CDE0FDB9B385" box="[517,594,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">cethura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group”.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AE4A36D8110EFFB0FF74CC2EFB05B165" blockId="15.[151,1437,1307,1838]" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">
The voltinism of
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FE26CC2EFD69B25D" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1871" box="[405,642,1307,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limonea">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FE26CC2EFD69B25D" box="[405,642,1307,1333]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">Anthocharis limonea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is uncertain with its flights ranging from mid-June until November depending on the locality and year. The species flies most consistently in September (
<bibRefCitation id="CA644B29110EFFB0FBDACC0AFAA5B232" author="Llorente, J. E. &amp; Onate, L. &amp; Luis, M. A. &amp; Vargas, I." box="[1129,1358,1343,1370]" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" refId="ref9802" refString="Llorente, J. E., Onate, L., Luis, M. A. &amp; Vargas, I. (1997) Papilionidae y Pieridae de Mexico: Distribucion geografica e ilustracion. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 229 pp., 28 pls., 4 figs., 3 tabs., 116 maps." type="book" year="1997">Llorente et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
; Back, pers. comm.; Opler, unpublished), but emergence of adults in November resultant from eggs found in September suggest that is bivoltine (Back, pers. comm.). Flights appear to be timed to occur after heavy wet season rains, in particular those associated with hurricanes coming from the Caribbean. We presume there is a pupal diapause broken by the rains which result in a single flight per season, though it is possible that the species could have more than one generation per year at some localities, but this is unknown and remains to be documented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE4A36D8110EFFB0FF74CF22FCE5B045" blockId="15.[151,1437,1307,1838]" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">
The two species most likely arose in the past from a common ancestor and a distributional disjunction must have allowed the two species to evolve under somewhat to very different selective pressures. At present, the two taxa’s closest reported occurrences are northern
<collectingRegion id="6C31F83A110EFFB0FD09CF6AFCD0B111" box="[698,827,1631,1657]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
for
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FCDFCF55FBCEB111" authorityName="Gatrelle" authorityYear="1998" box="[876,1061,1631,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="midea" subSpecies="texana">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FCDFCF55FBCEB111" box="[876,1061,1631,1658]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">A. midea texana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and southern
<collectingRegion id="6C31F83A110EFFB0FB75CF55FAB8B112" box="[1222,1363,1632,1658]" country="Mexico" name="Nuevo Leon" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">Nuevo Leon</collectingRegion>
for
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FA37CF55FF1AB1F5" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1871" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limonea">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FA37CF55FF1AB1F5" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">A. limonea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a linear distance of 175 kilometers. They differ in the following character states: flight period, geography, habitat, mate location, adult ground color, and adult dimorphism. They are no doubt each other’s closest relatives and may be relatively recently separated, Pliocene—Miocene. Other examples of such vicariant populations or species-pairs are
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FEE5CFDAFDF2B061" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1862" box="[342,537,1775,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chlosyne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harrisii">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FEE5CFDAFDF2B061" box="[342,537,1775,1801]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">Chlosyne harrisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FDFECFC5FD10B061" box="[589,763,1775,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chlosyne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kendallorum">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FDFECFC5FD10B061" box="[589,763,1775,1802]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">C. kendallorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FCBBCFDAFC5CB061" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[776,951,1775,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glaucus">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FCBBCFDAFC5CB061" box="[776,951,1775,1801]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">Papilio glaucus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FC5FCFC5FB86B061" authorityName="Hopffer" authorityYear="1865" box="[1004,1133,1775,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alexiares">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FC5FCFC5FB86B061" box="[1004,1133,1775,1801]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">P. alexiares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. [
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FB30CFDAFAB8B061" authorityName="Drury" authorityYear="1773" box="[1155,1363,1775,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palamedes">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FB30CFDAFAB8B061" box="[1155,1363,1775,1801]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">Papilio palamedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69F54D5B110EFFB0FA3BCFC5FE8AB045" authorityName="Rothschild &amp; Jordan" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="palamedes" subSpecies="leontis">
<emphasis id="9C81EACA110EFFB0FA3BCFC5FE8AB045" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="534">P. palamedes leontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an example of disjunct subspecies.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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