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<document id="56321D80900D6EBD8A703720F649823B" ID-DOI="10.26879/913" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11062976" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1714012516621" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sassoon, Judyth" docDate="2019" docId="03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.22.1.1A.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (1 A) 22 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/913" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Elasmosauridae" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFEDFFA3FF9EFFE5FF93FFA8FFD5FFDC" masterDocTitle="Congenital and late onset vertebral fusions in long necked plesiosaurs: The first report of spondylosis deformans in Sauropterygians" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1715627221584" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B50AF2B1371F782E1FE088370088B006">Congenital and late onset vertebral fusions in long necked plesiosaurs: The first report of spondylosis deformans in Sauropterygians</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="98CFFC61D7B22963F7B70431C47B161F">Sassoon, Judyth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1CF237035C049E9EC8BF87FD13C2A8E5">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AED700984C30E172A37A72321338D4C9">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="6C00F7378A4B4B9AEAB94D1A385274DA">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="83F41CEF3E250E038D764089A3A61979" type="DOI">10.26879/913</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="774A834550DC94B74A77FF0FA6BD9A00" type="ISSN">1094-8074</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7B88C06D54F652A6083566E72CA2384F" type="Zenodo-Dep">11062976</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="C3676546FF9DFFE6FCCAFE9BFAC8FEB0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9DFFE6FCCAFE9BFAC8FEB0" blockId="3.[855,1426,307,460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="D08A81A1FF9DFFE6FCCAFE9BFAC8FEB0" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="2">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9DFFE6FC3CFE9BFAC8FEB0" authority="(Cope, 1869 sensu Ketchum and Benson, 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Ketchum and Benson" baseAuthorityYear="2010" family="Elasmosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">ELASMOSAURIDAE (Cope, 1869 sensu Ketchum and Benson, 2010)</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3676546FF9DFFE6FCC4FEDBFC23FDAB" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9DFFE6FCC4FEDBFB43FE10" blockId="3.[855,1426,307,460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="D08A81A1FF9DFFE6FCC4FEDBFB43FE10" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="2">
<typeStatus id="54C6886FFF9DFFE6FCC4FEDBFC44FE50" box="[855,913,371,396]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9DFFE6FC7DFEDBFC60FE71" family="Elasmosauridae" genus="Callawayasaurus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FC7DFEDBFB6CFE51" box="[1006,1209,371,397]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Callawayasaurus</emphasis>
(Carpenter, 1999) Species
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9DFFE6FC2EFE3BFB43FE10" authority="(Welles, 1962)" baseAuthorityName="Welles" baseAuthorityYear="1962" family="Elasmosauridae" genus="Callawayasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FC2EFE3BFAFCFE70" box="[957,1321,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Callawayasaurus colombiensis</emphasis>
(Welles, 1962)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9DFFE6FCDBFE76FC23FDAB" blockId="3.[840,1441,477,791]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FCDBFE76FC2AFE2B" bold="true" box="[840,1023,478,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54C6886FFF9DFFE6FCDBFE76FC51FE2B" box="[840,900,478,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED6CAE08FF9DFFE6FB82FE75FB8AFE2B" box="[1041,1119,477,503]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
38349,
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9DFFE6FB46FE75FC09FDCB" family="Elasmosauridae" genus="Callawayasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbensis">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FB46FE75FC09FDCB" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Callawayasaurus columbensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
formerly
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9DFFE6FBC4FE56FA75FDCB" baseAuthorityName="Welles" baseAuthorityYear="1962" box="[1111,1440,510,535]" family="Elasmosauridae" genus="Alzadasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FBC4FE56FA75FDCB" box="[1111,1440,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Alzadasaurus colombiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by Welles (1962). Revised under a new generic name
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9DFFE6FB9CFD95FB0FFD8B" baseAuthorityName="Carpenter" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1039,1242,573,599]" family="Elasmosauridae" genus="Callawayasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FB9CFD95FB0FFD8B" box="[1039,1242,573,599]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Callawayasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by Carpenter (1999, p. 172).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3676546FF9DFFE6FCDBFDD6FBCDFCCB" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9DFFE6FCDBFDD6FBCDFCCB" blockId="3.[840,1441,477,791]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<materialsCitation id="3B153C90FF9DFFE6FCDBFDD6FBC1FCCB" county="Paja Formation" location="Ma" municipality="Lower Aptian" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bogota" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FCDBFDD6FC25FD4B" bold="true" box="[840,1008,638,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54C6886FFF9DFFE6FCDBFDD6FC51FD4B" box="[840,900,638,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingCounty id="62A34E41FF9DFFE6FC6FFDD6FB61FD4B" box="[1020,1204,638,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paja Formation</collectingCounty>
(
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA6ACB7FF9DFFE6FB56FDD6FABDFD4B" box="[1221,1384,638,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lower Aptian</collectingMunicipality>
faunal stage, 125-112
<location id="8EA26016FF9DFFE6FBA0FD36FB8BFD6B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E:8EA26016FF9DFFE6FBA0FD36FB8BFD6B" box="[1075,1118,670,695]" county="Paja Formation" municipality="Lower Aptian" name="Ma" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="Bogota">Ma</location>
),
<location id="8EA26016FF9DFFE6FBE1FD36FAD1FD6B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E:8EA26016FF9DFFE6FBE1FD36FAD1FD6B" box="[1138,1284,669,695]" county="Paja Formation" municipality="Lower Aptian" name="Leiva Shale" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="Bogota">Leiva Shale</location>
, early
<location id="8EA26016FF9DFFE6FAC5FD35FB94FD0B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E:8EA26016FF9DFFE6FAC5FD35FB94FD0B" county="Paja Formation" municipality="Lower Aptian" name="Cretaceous of Columbia." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="Bogota">Cretaceous of Columbia.</location>
<quantity id="4C859B28FF9DFFE6FBC1FD16FB66FD0B" box="[1106,1203,702,727]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="km" value="120.0">120 km</quantity>
N and
<quantity id="4C859B28FF9DFFE6FAB4FD16FA4AFD0B" box="[1319,1439,702,727]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="km" value="65.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="60.0">60-70 km</quantity>
<collectingRegion id="49B9F82FFF9DFFE6FCDBFD76FC75FD2B" box="[840,928,734,759]" country="Colombia" name="Bogota" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bogota</collectingRegion>
. (
<location id="8EA26016FF9DFFE6FC27FD76FBDFFD2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E:8EA26016FF9DFFE6FC27FD76FBDFFD2B" box="[948,1034,734,759]" county="Paja Formation" municipality="Lower Aptian" name="Welles" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="Bogota">Welles</location>
, 1962;
<location id="8EA26016FF9DFFE6FBF0FD75FB4EFD2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E:8EA26016FF9DFFE6FBF0FD75FB4EFD2B" box="[1123,1179,733,759]" county="Paja Formation" municipality="Lower Aptian" name="Goni" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="Bogota">Goñi</location>
and
<location id="8EA26016FF9DFFE6FB48FD75FA84FD2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E:8EA26016FF9DFFE6FB48FD75FA84FD2B" box="[1243,1361,733,759]" county="Paja Formation" municipality="Lower Aptian" name="Gasparini" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="Bogota">Gasparini</location>
, 1983;
<location id="8EA26016FF9DFFE6FCDBFD55FC14FCCB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D487DBFF9DFFE0FCCAFE9BFD1CFA3E:8EA26016FF9DFFE6FCDBFD55FC14FCCB" box="[840,961,765,791]" county="Paja Formation" municipality="Lower Aptian" name="Carpenter" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="Bogota">Carpenter</location>
, 1999)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3676546FF9DFFE0FCDBFC86FD1CFA3E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9DFFE6FCDBFC86FC0EFC9B" blockId="3.[840,987,814,839]" box="[840,987,814,839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FCDBFC86FC0EFC9B" bold="true" box="[840,987,814,839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9DFFE6FC11FCF5FC17FBAB" blockId="3.[840,1441,861,1911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Specimen
<collectionCode id="ED6CAE08FF9DFFE6FB9FFCF5FB8FFCAB" box="[1036,1114,861,887]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
38349,
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9DFFE6FB46FCF5FC09FC4B" family="Elasmosauridae" genus="Callawayasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbensis">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FB46FCF5FC09FC4B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Callawayasaurus columbensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has been extensively described by Welles (1962). However, no reference was made to the pathological condition which is clearly present on a few of the cervical vertebrae. Since
<collectionCode id="ED6CAE08FF9DFFE6FAC1FC75FA75FC2B" box="[1362,1440,989,1015]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
38349 has been described previously, only a brief account of the cervical vertebrae is included, with additional details of the previously undescribed pathology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9DFFE6FC11FBD6FBF4F9CB" blockId="3.[840,1441,861,1911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Thirty-five vertebrae from the series belonging to
<collectionCode id="ED6CAE08FF9DFFE6FCF5FB35FC61FB6B" box="[870,948,1181,1207]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
38349 were studied. They were identified as anterior and medial cervical vertebrae on the basis of size and position in the preserved series. The exact position of these vertebrae in the spinal column has been debated. O’Keefe and Hiller (2006) stated that the cranialmost vertebrae are missing from this specimen. However, Sven Sachs (Sachs, personal commun. 2018) observed that the series was complete. The numbering system used here is as marked on the specimen.
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9DFFE6FAC9FA15FC03FA2B" baseAuthorityName="Carpenter" baseAuthorityYear="1999" family="Elasmosauridae" genus="Callawayasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FAC9FA15FC03FA2B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Callawayasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically has 56 cervical vertebrae (Carpenter, 1999).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9DFFE0FC11F9B6FD47FDDE" blockId="3.[840,1441,861,1911]" lastBlockId="5.[192,793,169,1506]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The anterior and medial cervical centra of
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9DFFE6FAFCF9B5FC3EF98B" baseAuthorityName="Carpenter" baseAuthorityYear="1999" family="Elasmosauridae" genus="Callawayasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9DFFE6FAFCF9B5FC3EF98B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Callawayasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are longer than high or broad, and broader than high: on average 1.13x longer than high and 1.29x broader than high. The centra are slightly amphicoelous with a thickened rim surrounding the outer region of the articular facet, which is the condition in many elasmosaurid taxa (Sachs and Kear, 2015). Intervertebral discs (soft tissue) were replaced by matrix so the original intervertebral spacing is preserved. Vertebrae are separated by approximately
<quantity id="4C859B28FF9DFFE6FB3BF8F6FAFCF8AB" box="[1192,1321,1886,1911]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10-15 mm</quantity>
. Ventrally placed foramina subcentralia are clearly present on some vertebra. Transversally flattened doubleheaded cervical ribs are attached ventrolaterally on the anteroposterior midlength of each centrum. In the more anterior vertebrae the ribs taper and lack an anterior process. The neural spines are short, i.e., less than half the height of the centra, inclined posterodorsally and bear a posterior projection. The projection does not touch the spines of adjacent vertebrae, and there is no dorsoventral bending of neural spines (Kubo et al., 2012).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF026645FF9AFFE1FF53F94CFC04F8AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11062980" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11062980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11062980/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[192,283,1764,1787]" targetBox="[310,1327,202,1728]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9AFFE1FF53F94CFC04F8AD" blockId="4.[192,1435,1764,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9AFFE1FF53F94CFEE2F920" bold="true" box="[192,311,1764,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Pathological cervical vertebra from
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9AFFE1FD2DF94CFC3FF920" baseAuthorityName="Benson and Bowdler" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[702,1002,1764,1788]" family="Cryptoclididae" genus="Colymbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megadeirus">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9AFFE1FD2DF94CFC3FF920" box="[702,1002,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colymbosaurus megadeirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CAMSM J63919) in 1. anterior view 2. right lateral view 3. ventral view. 4. Left lateral view of pathological vertebrae in series, museum numbers CAMSM J63919 v, w, x, aa; estimated positions in cervical series 26 to 29. 5. Plesiosauroid (indet) (GPIT.RE.03173) terminal cervical and first pectoral in left lateral view and 6. right lateral view. Abbreviations: cv, cervical vertebra; pv, first pectoral vertebra; ve, pathological ventral expansions. Scale bar equals 3 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC236CDFF9BFFE0FF69FDA1FD1CFA3E" blockId="5.[192,793,169,1506]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The spinal pathologies of
<collectionCode id="ED6CAE08FF9BFFE0FDACFDA0FD58FDFE" box="[575,653,520,546]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
38349 are present on two series of four vertebrae, numbered 15-19 and 23-27 on the specimen. The centra in series 23-27 are fused only on the ventral surface at the intervertebral joint by small osteophytes (
<figureCitation id="13462A48FF9BFFE0FD7BFD21FED3FD1E" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[188,279,1351,1374]" captionTargetBox="[412,1226,184,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-213@6.[397,1226,161,1331]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cervical vertebral series from Callawayasaurus columbensis UCMP 38349 in ventral aspect. 1. Vertebrae 23,24,25, anterior end, to right. Scale bar, 5 cm. 2. Enlargement of osteophytic bridging between vertebrae 23-24, 24- 25. Abbreviations: ns, neural spine; cr, cervical rib. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11062982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11062982/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3</figureCitation>
). In the series 15-19, vertebrae are joined together by unusual expansions around the lateral margin of the intervertebral joint, appearing as smooth, thick, spur-like swellings. They are most pronounced on the left lateral side of the ventral surface, close to the cervical rib especially at the junctions between vertebrae 15-16 and 16-17 (
<figureCitation id="13462A48FF9BFFE0FD7BFCC1FED0FC7E" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[192,283,1768,1791]" captionTargetBox="[307,1333,186,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-16@7.[279,1355,167,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cervical vertebral series from Callawayasaurus columbensis UCMP 38349 in ventral aspect. 1. Vertebrae 15-18, anterior end to right. Scale bar equals 5 cm. 2. Enlargement showing claw-like ventral expansion projecting antero-posteriorly between vertebrae 16-17, 17-18. 3. Ventral view of cervical series from UCMP 38349 without pathologies, vertebrae 32-35. Abbreviations: ns, neural spine; cr, cervical rib; ve, pathological ventral expansion. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11062984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11062984/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4</figureCitation>
). The fusions are not due to ossification of intervertebral ligaments but rather arise from proliferation of the ventral bone surface and ossification around the annulus fibrosus. No infection holes or bone density changes are apparent, and the surfaces of all vertebra studied are free of tooth marks. The pathology is highly localized and appears only on the ventral surfaces of intervertebral zone. It is very similar to the pathology observed on
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D4EFF9BFFE0FEE7FB00FD10FB1E" authority="CAMSM J" authorityName="CAMSM J" box="[372,709,1192,1218]" family="Cryptoclididae" genus="Colymbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909EADFFF9BFFE0FEE7FB00FDF8FB1E" box="[372,557,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colymbosaurus</emphasis>
CAMSM J
</taxonomicName>
63919. However, in
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J63919, the projection arises from the posterior surface of the vertebrae, contacting the anterior surface of the vertebral element following. The anterior and posterior surfaces of the first and last vertebra in each pathological series are normal, and articulate normally with their neighbours. A normal series of cervical vertebrae from
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38349 with clear separations between centra is shown for comparison (
<figureCitation id="13462A48FF9BFFE0FDADFA61FD6AFA3E" box="[574,703,1481,1506]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[192,283,1768,1791]" captionTargetBox="[307,1333,186,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-16@7.[279,1355,167,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cervical vertebral series from Callawayasaurus columbensis UCMP 38349 in ventral aspect. 1. Vertebrae 15-18, anterior end to right. Scale bar equals 5 cm. 2. Enlargement showing claw-like ventral expansion projecting antero-posteriorly between vertebrae 16-17, 17-18. 3. Ventral view of cervical series from UCMP 38349 without pathologies, vertebrae 32-35. Abbreviations: ns, neural spine; cr, cervical rib; ve, pathological ventral expansion. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11062984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11062984/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4.3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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