152 lines
18 KiB
XML
152 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="BA05AC4E5531CFE40BDE14F29DD95062" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030434" ID-ZooBank="9A64620A-5346-459A-9330-7E8AE9EBEBDE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1686605028597" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Elmberg, Johan" docDate="2023" docId="03BE87CBFF9F4A70B8887DB346B0FA8F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5301.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5301 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Anguis fragilis Linneaus, Grass Snake 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="319" masterDocId="FF87FFB3FF8D4A62B81F7D24450EFF81" masterDocTitle="Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)" masterLastPageNumber="335" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="319" updateTime="1686605656092" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="239120C7C6587B9D66AAC476FA87BC1B">Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8DD8DD7126C34E78DB6FF1F2230972F2">Elmberg, Johan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8DAD12AB68789C5C4213486F2C739C85">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CE2112F377F78546FA91DF4503F1DABF">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6BE2E5CD1E43BAF3AEC348932BA401D6">2023-06-12</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03BE87CBFF9F4A70B8887DB346B0FA8F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030430" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030430" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF9F4A70B8887DB346B0FA8F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE87CBFF9F4A70B8887DB346B0FA8F" lastPageNumber="319" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70B8887DB347ADFF30" bold="true" box="[151,675,151,178]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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Slow Worm
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF9F4A70B92E7DB347ADFF30" authority="Linneaus 1758" authorityName="Linneaus, Grass Snake" authorityYear="1758" box="[305,675,151,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70B92E7DB344EBFF33" bold="true" box="[305,485,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Anguis fragilis</emphasis>
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Linneaus 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30D6556FF9F4A70B8887DFB46B0FA8F" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8887DFB44C2FE9C" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70B8887DFB4427FF78" bold="true" box="[151,297,223,249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Distribution</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF9F4A70B9247DFB4491FF78" box="[315,415,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-15@19.[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Distribution of Anguis fragilis in North Sweden. The oval in northernmost Västerbotten represents many records over a long time period, a population that is possibly disjunct. Note the total lack of records from offshore islands in the Baltic." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030460/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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). Included records from
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70BADF7DFB464DFF78" box="[704,835,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Artportalen</emphasis>
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(N=360): as there are not any confusion species all reports have been included.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D87C034167FEE7" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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Common and widespread in the Southern Boreal and the coastal southern part of the Middle Boreal. From Medelpad and northwards all records have been made within
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of the Baltic coast.
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</paragraph>
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The vast majority of records is from coastal areas or low altitudes in river valleys. Nevertheless, there are several records from above
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altitude in Hälsingland and Ångermanland, and a photo-documented occurrence at
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<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF9F4A70B8AD7C9345F7FE53" box="[178,249,439,466]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" unit="m" value="425.0">425 m</quantity>
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in Medelpad (
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SW of Stöde).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D87CFF478DFD9B" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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Although most common near the coast, the total lack of records from offshore islands in North
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<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF9F4A70BCC57CFF403DFE74" box="[1242,1331,475,501]" name="Sweden" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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indicates poor dispersal capacity over brackish water.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D87F074797FD73" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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There are no indications of changes in distribution during the last 50 years. Note, though, that the northernmost occurrence presented in the map (
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<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF9F4A70BA3D7F634789FDE0" box="[546,647,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-15@19.[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Distribution of Anguis fragilis in North Sweden. The oval in northernmost Västerbotten represents many records over a long time period, a population that is possibly disjunct. Note the total lack of records from offshore islands in the Baltic." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030460/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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; lower Byske River valley and the adjacent Tåme area to the north (
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<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF9F4A70B8807F4F443CFD04" box="[159,306,619,645]" country="Sweden" name="Vasterbotten" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Västerbotten</collectingRegion>
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)) became publicly known as late as 1989, despite the species having been known locally since at least the 1920’s (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF9F4A70B9007FAB44ECFD28" author="Sodermark, H." box="[287,482,655,681]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" pagination="224 - 228" refId="ref18388" refString="Sodermark, H. (1989) Var gar kopparodlans nordgrans i Sverige? Fauna och Flora, 84, 224 - 228. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1989">Södermark 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). This occurrence has long been regarded as a disjunct population (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF9F4A70BCF07FAB409AFD2B" author="Elmberg, J." box="[1263,1428,655,682]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref16209" refString="Elmberg, J. (1995) Groddjurens och kraldjurens utbredning i Norrland. Natur i Norr, 15 (2), 57 - 82. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1995">Elmberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
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) and perhaps the result of anthropogenic spread, but recent records around Skellefteå have gradually closed the previously supposed 70+ km distribution gap.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D87FDF401AFC24" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70B8D87FDF44E2FC94" bold="true" box="[199,492,763,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Habitat and movements</emphasis>
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. In North
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<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF9F4A70BA717FDF47C8FC94" box="[622,710,763,789]" name="Sweden" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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this is the only reptile regularly encountered in closed forest, particularly in mesic stands with scattered deciduous trees and protective undergrowth. However, the most widely used habitats are fairly open, yet with denser undergrowth than those preferred by
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF9F4A70BC077E6041ABFCDC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1756" box="[1048,1189,835,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berus">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70BC077E6041ABFCDC" box="[1048,1189,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Vipera berus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF9F4A70BCC77E60409AFCDC" box="[1240,1428,836,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Zootoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vivipara">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70BCC77E60409AFCDC" box="[1240,1428,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Zootoca vivipara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: forest edges, natural grasslands, shores, and rock outcrops. Most sightings of
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF9F4A70BBC87E434176FC00" authorityName="Linneaus, Grass Snake" authorityYear="1758" box="[983,1144,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70BBC87E434176FC00" box="[983,1144,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Anguis fragilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are made in anthropogenic habitats such as clear-cuts, fields, meadows, roadsides, and near recreational buildings (
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<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF9F4A70BC7C7EAF41D2FC24" box="[1123,1244,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1151,1175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-23@26.[151,1435,178,1127]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 13. Recently abandoned hayfields are prime summer habitat for Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, Bufo bufo, Anguis fragilis, and Vipera berus. The forest edge in the background is typical habitat also for Zootoca vivipara. Baggböle, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030476/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Figures 13</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF9F4A70BCF77EAF4009FC24" box="[1256,1287,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="31.[152,255,989,1013]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,181,965]" captionTargetId="figure-15@31.[193,1394,178,965]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 19. Clear-cuts offer summer habitat for Zootoca vivipara, Anguis fragilis, and Vipera berus for a decade or so until planted conifers grow tall enough to shade the ground. Robertsfors, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030496/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">19</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D87E8B4038FB90" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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Although it is the only reptile in North
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<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF9F4A70BA9F7E8B47D7FC48" box="[640,729,943,969]" name="Sweden" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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frequently seen active in cloudy weather, its general habits are seclusive. Shelter is typically found under flat stones, haystacks, compost piles, sheet metal, woodpiles, and tarps, in other words often under man-made objects. This habit may facilitate inadvertent anthropogenic spread.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D8793F4041FBB4" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" box="[199,1359,1051,1078]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Daily and annual movements have not been studied, including any seasonal variation in habitat affinity.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D8791B47CBFBFC" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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Subterranean hibernation sites are most likely found in or very close to the summer habitat, but nothing is known about hibernation habits in North
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<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF9F4A70BA7A794747CFFBFC" box="[613,705,1123,1149]" name="Sweden" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D879A34019FB68" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70B8D879A3474BFB20" bold="true" box="[199,581,1159,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Abundance estimates and trends</emphasis>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="3B7F3C80FF9F4A70BA4F79A3401DFB68" location="Umea area" municipality="There" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" specimenCount="200" specimenCount-adult="200" stateProvince="Vasterbotten">
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BCCACA7FF9F4A70BA4F79A3479FFB20" box="[592,657,1159,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">There</collectingMunicipality>
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||
are not any published abundance data, but estimates based on extensive field work in the
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<location id="8EC86006FF9F4A70B943798F44D8FB47" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF9F4A70B8887DB346B0FA8F:8EC86006FF9F4A70B943798F44D8FB47" box="[348,470,1195,1222]" municipality="There" name="Umea area" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" stateProvince="Vasterbotten">Umeå area</location>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF9F4A70B9FA798F4776FB44" box="[485,632,1195,1221]" country="Sweden" name="Vasterbotten" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Västerbotten</collectingRegion>
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) 1975–1994 run in the neighborhood of>
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<specimenCount id="9D11FD54FF9F4A70BC4B798F41C6FB44" box="[1108,1224,1195,1221]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" type="adult">200 adults</specimenCount>
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/km
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<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF9F4A70BCEA798F4015FB44" box="[1269,1307,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" unit="in" value="2.0">
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<superScript id="7C629B95FF9F4A70BCEA798F41F3FB38" attach="left" box="[1269,1277,1195,1209]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">2</superScript>
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in
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</quantity>
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landscapes with mixed habitat near the coast (Elmberg, unpublished, Stefan Andersson, personal communication)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B88879D746B0FA8F" blockId="18.[151,1437,223,1294]" box="[151,958,1267,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">There are no indications of changes in abundance over the last 50 years.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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