231 lines
26 KiB
XML
231 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DAD1F186071A77756AA98C07B45D27A3">Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines A Synthesis of Data from Biodiversity Repositories, Field Studies, and the Literature</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="71C1072FEFECDBED19198DFAD3FDE465">Leviton, Alan E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="17E8EB12EFF822BF4FCFD0DDAC93D4E1">Herpetology Division, Institute of Biodiversity Science & Sustainibility, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118 & Research Associate, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F3A6CFACD85478CBD39C0DF8514C7198" type="email">aleviton@calacademy.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F2E497177117201E03C0F27198C461BF">Siler, Cameron D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A53E43501DE65E7BB3080E6B19ECB986">Department of Biology and Sam Noble Museum, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave., Norman, OK 73072 - 7029, USA & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="28932FF6A463813F3404D5D2FDF8A123" type="email">camsiler@ou.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DBC539ED6B6250D75699D97E12435F07">Weinell, Jeffrey L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FF322D83DC425BC94C31A6C947797BC6">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="398CB6DB06C06D8C10721DB45B48309C" type="email">jweine2@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="2B8D58DCC92634FE8F08B70070B8A96C">Brown, Rafe M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1B899CCB793A83D20E867A716D0F56CC">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="CF84A9ED2EC12BF06A3AA8B551938A37">Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AA26BDC11855B26743547ED39CF60143">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B38B5C8455FFE7FFDCFB71FCF0FECF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12724532" ID-GBIF-Taxon="235037974" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12724532" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B38B5C8455FFE7FFDCFB71FCF0FECF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38B5C8455FFE7FFDCFB71FCF0FECF" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="432" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98455FFE6FFDCFB71FE14FB4F" ID-CoL="5WNHL" authority="(Peters, 1867)" authorityName="Photo" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[123,471,1245,1269]" class="Repitilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippina">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588455FFE6FFDCFB71FE14FB4F" bold="true" box="[123,471,1245,1269]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588455FFE6FFDCFB71FEF7FB4F" bold="true" box="[123,308,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Boiga philippina</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8455FFE6FEE5FB71FE13FB4F" author="PETERS, WILHELM" box="[322,464,1245,1269]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" pagination="13 - 37" refId="ref71278" refString="PETERS, WILHELM CARL HARTWEG. 1867. Herpetologische Notizen. Monatsberichte der koniglich [preussischen] Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1867: 13 - 37." type="journal article" year="1867">Peters, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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)
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588455FFE6FC78FB72FB4CFB4F" bold="true" box="[991,1167,1245,1270]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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Photo
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<figureCitation id="132126CF8455FFE6FB8EFB71FB4CFB4F" box="[1065,1167,1245,1269]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="156.[687,699,1349,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-120@156.[652,1176,931,1287]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="FIGURE 35. Boiga philippina (Cagayan Prov., Babuyan Claro Id.) (KU 304855). Photo © RMB." pageId="32" pageNumber="431">figure 35</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C30069C18455FFE6FFDCFB52FEF0FAAC" box="[123,307,1278,1302]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8455FFE6FFDCFB52FEF0FAAC" blockId="32.[123,1167,1245,1302]" box="[123,307,1278,1302]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Luzon Cat Snake</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30069C18455FFE6FF7CFA85FCAAFA69" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8455FFE6FF7CFA85FD85FA84" author="PETERS, WILHELM" box="[219,582,1320,1342]" page="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" year="1867">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98455FFE6FF7CFA85FD85FA84" ID-CoL="6CXCL" authority="W. Peters, 1867: 27" authorityName="W. Peters" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1867" box="[219,582,1320,1342]" class="Repitilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippina">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588455FFE6FF7CFA85FE44FA87" box="[219,391,1320,1342]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Dipsas philippina</emphasis>
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W.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8455FFE6FE09FA84FD85FA84" author="PETERS, WILHELM" box="[430,582,1320,1342]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" pagination="13 - 37" refId="ref71278" refString="PETERS, WILHELM CARL HARTWEG. 1867. Herpetologische Notizen. Monatsberichte der koniglich [preussischen] Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1867: 13 - 37." type="journal article" year="1867">Peters, 1867:27</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8455FFE6FF7CFAE4FD07FAE4" blockId="32.[219,1174,1320,1492]" box="[219,708,1352,1374]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0A1D648455FFE6FF7CFAE4FD07FAE4" box="[219,708,1352,1374]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8455FFE6FF7CFAE4FD03FAE4" author="BOULENGER, GEORGE" box="[219,704,1352,1374]" page="77" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" year="1896">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98455FFE6FF7CFAE4FD03FAE4" authority=", Boulenger, 1896: 77" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityPageNumber="77" authorityYear="1896" box="[219,704,1352,1374]" class="Repitilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsadomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinus">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588455FFE6FF7CFAE4FE30FAE7" box="[219,499,1352,1373]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Dipsadomorphus philippinus</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8455FFE6FE58FAE4FD03FAE4" author="BOULENGER, GEORGE" box="[511,704,1352,1374]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" refId="ref59360" refString="BOULENGER, GEORGE A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III, containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae, and Viperidae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), by Taylor and Francis, London, England, UK. xiv + 727 pp." type="book" year="1896">Boulenger, 1896:77</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8455FFE6FF7CFACBFCAAFA69" blockId="32.[219,1174,1320,1492]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0A1D648455FFE6FF7CFACBFCAAFA69" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8455FFE6FF7CFACBFDF7FAC6" author="GRIFFIN, LAWRENCE" box="[219,564,1382,1405]" page="263" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" year="1911">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98455FFE6FF7CFACBFDF7FAC6" ID-CoL="5WNHL" authority=", Griffin, 1911: 263" authorityName=", Griffin" authorityPageNumber="263" authorityYear="1911" box="[219,564,1382,1405]" class="Repitilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588455FFE6FF7CFACBFEBDFAC6" box="[219,382,1383,1404]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Boiga philippina</emphasis>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8455FFE6FE2CFACBFDF7FAC6" author="GRIFFIN, LAWRENCE" box="[395,564,1382,1405]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" pagination="253 - 268" refId="ref64630" refString="GRIFFIN, LAWRENCE E. 1911. A check-list and key of Philippine snakes. Philippine Journal of Science 6 (5): 253 - 268." type="journal article" year="1911">Griffin, 1911:263</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8455FFE6FDFFFACBFCCBFAC6" author="TAYLOR, EDWARD" box="[600,776,1382,1405]" page="206" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" year="1922">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8455FFE6FDFFFACBFCCBFAC6" author="TAYLOR, EDWARD" box="[600,776,1382,1405]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" refId="ref75830" refString="TAYLOR, EDWARD H. 1922 a. The Snakes of the Philippine Islands. Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippines. 312 pp., 32 text-figs., 63 tables, 37 pls." type="book" year="1922">Taylor, 1922a:206</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8455FFE6FC8BFACBFC2AFAC6" author="LEVITON, ALAN" box="[812,1001,1383,1405]" page="312" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8455FFE6FC8BFACBFC2AFAC6" author="LEVITON, ALAN" box="[812,1001,1383,1405]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" pagination="291 - 314" refId="ref67657" refString="LEVITON, ALAN E. 1970 a [1970]. Contributions to a review of Philippine snakes, XI. The snakes of the genus Boiga. Philippine Journal of Science 97 (3): 291 - 314, 2 figs." type="book chapter" year="1970">Leviton, 1970a:312</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.— Oliveros, Ota, Crombie, and Brown, 2011:14,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132126CF8455FFE6FD9EFA2FFDB8FA23" box="[569,635,1411,1433]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="150.[687,699,1683,1702]" captionTargetBox="[120,647,1369,1725]" captionTargetId="figure-133@150.[120,644,1372,1727]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ramphotyphlops cumingii (head) (Augsan del Norte Prov., Mindanao Id.) (KU 334468). Photo © RMB." pageId="32" pageNumber="431">fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
.— Devan-Song and
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8455FFE6FCE2FA28FC21FA23" author="BROWN, RAFE & H. OLIVEROS & CAMERON & D. SILER & JASON & B. FERNANDEZ & LUKE & J. WELTON & PERRY ARCHIVAL & C. BUENAVENTE & MAE LOWE & L. DIESMOS & AND ARVIN & C. DIESMOS" box="[837,994,1412,1433]" page="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" year="2012">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8455FFE6FCE2FA28FC21FA23" author="BROWN, RAFE & H. OLIVEROS & CAMERON & D. SILER & JASON & B. FERNANDEZ & LUKE & J. WELTON & PERRY ARCHIVAL & C. BUENAVENTE & MAE LOWE & L. DIESMOS & AND ARVIN & C. DIESMOS" box="[837,994,1412,1433]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" pagination="469 - 490" refId="ref60090" refString="BROWN, RAFE M., CARL H. OLIVEROS, CAMERON D. SILER, JASON B. FERNANDEZ, LUKE J. WELTON, PERRY ARCHIVAL C. BUENAVENTE, MAE LOWE L. DIESMOS, AND ARVIN C. DIESMOS. 2012. Amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island (Philippines), VII: Herpetofauna of Ilocos Norte Province, Northern Cordillera Mountain Range. Check List 8 (3): 469 - 490." type="journal article" year="2012">Brown, 2012:12</bibRefCitation>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132126CF8455FFE6FC4BFA2FFBE8FA23" box="[1004,1067,1411,1433]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="154.[687,699,1146,1165]" captionTargetBox="[648,1176,620,981]" captionTargetId="figure-22@154.[652,1177,623,980]" captionTargetPageId="154" captionText="FIGURE 26.Calamaria lumbricoidea (juvenile) (Misamis Oriental Prov., Mindanao Id.) (KU 334478). Photo © RMB." pageId="32" pageNumber="431">fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
.— Brown, Siler, Oliveros, Welton, Rock, Swab, van Weerd, van Beijnen, Rodriguez, Jose, and Diesmos, 2013:74,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132126CF8455FFE6FEC1FA12FE65FA69" box="[358,422,1470,1492]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="162.[687,699,1699,1718]" captionTargetBox="[120,645,1359,1718]" captionTargetId="figure-151@162.[120,640,1423,1640]" captionTargetPageId="162" captionText="FIGURE 77. Myersophis alpestris (Holotype) (Mountain Prov., Luzon Id.) (KU 203012). Photo © JLW." pageId="32" pageNumber="431">fig. 77</figureCitation>
|
||
.— Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:104.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18455FFE6FFDCFA48FE6FF9A6" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8455FFE6FFDCFA48FE6FF9A6" blockId="32.[123,1174,1508,1725]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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(
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)
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</emphasis>
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.—
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B7230178455FFE6FDE9FA48FE6FF9A6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4905143445" collectionCode="NMW" collectorName="Luzon Id." country="Philippines" location="Ylaces" municipality="Ilocos Prov" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" specimenCode="NMW 23401" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Luzon Id." typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<location id="8EC56C918455FFE6FDE9FA48FD54FA46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B38B5C8455FFE7FFDCFB71FCF0FECF:8EC56C918455FFE6FDE9FA48FD54FA46" box="[590,663,1508,1532]" country="Philippines" municipality="Ilocos Prov" name="Ylaces" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="Luzon Id.">Ylaces</location>
|
||
(=
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC1A0308455FFE6FD19FA48FC83FA46" box="[702,832,1508,1532]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Ilocos Prov</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
.),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A88455FFE6FCF0FA49FC00FA46" box="[855,963,1508,1532]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Luzon Id.</collectingRegion>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8455FFE6FC77FA48FB8FFA46" box="[976,1100,1508,1532]" name="Philippines" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A184E88455FFE6FBF0FA48FECEF9A7" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC92318455FFE6FEB0F9A9FE6BF9A6" box="[279,424,1540,1564]" collectionCode="NMW" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7yt-hh77" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">NMW 23401</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18455FFE6FFDCF989FC7CF9E7" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8455FFE6FFDCF989FC7CF9E7" blockId="32.[123,1174,1508,1725]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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(
|
||
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||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132126CF8455FFE6FDB0F989FDB2F986" box="[535,625,1572,1597]" captionStart="A B C D" captionStartId="115.[180,207,236,269]" captionText="A B C D MAPS 5A–D. Geographic range maps for Philippine record of: (A) Boiga philippina; (B) Boiga schultzei; (C) Calamaria bitorques; (D) Calamaria gervaisii gervaisii." pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Map 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
[p. 116]).— Babuyan Ids. (Babuyan Claro), Luzon (Prov.:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A88455FFE6FE8DF9E9FD4DF9E7" box="[298,654,1605,1629]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Ilocos,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A88455FFE6FD4EF9E9FC77F9E7" box="[745,948,1605,1629]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">Laguna, Zambales</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18455FFE7FFDCF9C9FC8CFEAE" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="432" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8455FFE7FFDCF9C9FC8CFEAE" blockId="32.[123,1174,1508,1725]" lastBlockId="33.[123,1174,219,373]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="432" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">
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||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588455FFE6FFDCF9C9FF25F9C1" bold="true" box="[123,230,1637,1661]" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">REMARKS</emphasis>
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||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.— Although Leviton (1970:312) speculated that this species could be conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98455FFE6FF7CF92AFE94F927" authorityName=", Gaulke" authorityYear="2001" box="[219,343,1669,1693]" class="Repitilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="32" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588455FFE6FF7CF92AFE94F927" box="[219,343,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="431">B. angulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recent phylogenetic studies (J. Weinell, pers. obser.) seem to rule out the possibilty of a close relationship between the two species. Furthermore, although Vogel (2015:13) suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98454FFE7FE4EFF70FDB7FF49" authorityName=", Griffin" authorityYear="1911" box="[489,628,219,243]" class="Repitilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="33" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588454FFE7FE4EFF70FDB7FF49" box="[489,628,219,243]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="432">B. philippina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98454FFE7FCB1FF70FC50FF49" authorityName=", Wallach, Williams, and Boundy" authorityYear="2014" box="[790,915,219,243]" class="Repitilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="33" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="drapiezii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588454FFE7FCB1FF70FC50FF49" box="[790,915,219,243]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="432">B. drapiezii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, his comments do not appear to be based on any new accompanying data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18454FFE7FFDCFEB0FCF0FECF" pageId="33" pageNumber="432" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8454FFE7FFDCFEB0FCF0FECF" blockId="33.[123,1174,219,373]" pageId="33" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588454FFE7FFDCFEB0FE0CFE8E" bold="true" box="[123,463,284,308]" pageId="33" pageNumber="432">
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||
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|
||
[IUCN]
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.— Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1. The confusion surrounding the identity and distribution of this species suggests it should be classified as “Data Defficient” until field and taxonomic studies clarify its staus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |