245 lines
27 KiB
XML
245 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E97519F74D49C109A7D2338554B57AFB">Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines A Synthesis of Data from Biodiversity Repositories, Field Studies, and the Literature</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0DDBB178000D1E9836D24D9CE2CA3DD0">Leviton, Alan E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="23A7BC97434787C9023FF52A5A5BA6A8">Herpetology Division, Institute of Biodiversity Science & Sustainibility, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118 & Research Associate, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="93336285647016583A5419ACA74E630B" type="email">aleviton@calacademy.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="09EA68AA68985450A7EC04CAECE90123">Siler, Cameron D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F08B86052D33C879151AA5893737FA4A">Department of Biology and Sam Noble Museum, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave., Norman, OK 73072 - 7029, USA & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F28233146F779E0501AB4899AF762DB9" type="email">camsiler@ou.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="782F619D16E6F6A344EC22E0F33910AA">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="12F127740234158527C2F1D87AC950F1" type="email">jweine2@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7969DEB8DC7E4D20369E9B8A1B86DDD9">Brown, Rafe M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6A7C948E6D32238C0DC45085E1117BF1">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BB5C802978B95E3918FA836688FF8006" type="email">rafe@ku.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<treatment id="03B38B5C8431FF82FFDCFC58FEB4F927" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12724731" ID-GBIF-Taxon="235038034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12724731" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B38B5C8431FF82FFDCFC58FEB4F927" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38B5C8431FF82FFDCFC58FEB4F927" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98431FF82FFDCFC58FCA6FBB6" ID-CoL="636MV" authority="(Schmidt, 1852)" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[123,869,1012,1036]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FFDCFC58FCA6FBB6" bold="true" box="[123,869,1012,1036]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FFDCFC58FF2CFBB6" bold="true" box="[123,239,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Hydrophis</emphasis>
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[
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FF59FC58FDF7FBB6" bold="true" box="[254,564,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Praescutata; Thalassophina</emphasis>
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]
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FDE3FC58FD69FBB6" bold="true" box="[580,682,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">viperinus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8431FF82FD1EFC58FC9CFBB6" author="SCHMIDT, PHILIPP" box="[697,863,1012,1036]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" pagination="69 - 86" refId="ref73532" refString="SCHMIDT, PHILIPP. 1852. Beitrage zur ferneren Kenntniss der Meerschlangen. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften Verein in Hamburg 2 (2): 69 - 86." type="journal article" year="1852">Schmidt, 1852</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8431FF82FFDCFBB8FEE5FB96" blockId="68.[123,869,1012,1068]" box="[123,294,1044,1068]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Grey Sea Snake</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8431FF82FF7CFBECFD63FBEF" blockId="68.[219,1174,1088,1228]" box="[219,672,1088,1110]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8431FF82FF7CFBECFDA7FBEC" author="SCHMIDT, PHILIPP" box="[219,612,1088,1110]" page="79" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" year="1852">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98431FF82FF7CFBECFDA7FBEC" ID-CoL="55ZRR" authority="Schmidt, 1852: 79" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityPageNumber="79" authorityYear="1852" box="[219,612,1088,1110]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Thalassophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viperina">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FF7CFBECFE73FBEF" box="[219,432,1088,1109]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Thalassophis viperina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8431FF82FE10FBECFDA7FBEC" author="SCHMIDT, PHILIPP" box="[439,612,1088,1110]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" pagination="69 - 86" refId="ref73532" refString="SCHMIDT, PHILIPP. 1852. Beitrage zur ferneren Kenntniss der Meerschlangen. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften Verein in Hamburg 2 (2): 69 - 86." type="journal article" year="1852">Schmidt, 1852:79</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8431FF82FF7CFBF1FE06FB35" blockId="68.[219,1174,1088,1228]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0A1D648431FF82FF7CFBF1FE06FB35" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8431FF82FF7CFBF1FD9CFBC9" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[219,607,1117,1139]" page="33" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" year="1926">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98431FF82FF7CFBF1FD9CFBC9" authority=", Smith, 1926: 33" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="33" authorityYear="1926" box="[219,607,1117,1139]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Thalassophina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viperina">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FF7CFBF1FE7DFBC9" box="[219,446,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Thalassophina viperina</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8431FF82FE6DFBF1FD9CFBC9" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[458,607,1117,1139]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" refId="ref74429" refString="SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1926. Monograph of the Sea-Snakes (Hydrophiidae). Trustees of the British Museum, London, England, UK. xvii + (3) + 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith, 1926:33</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 16.— Rasmussen, 1997:23.— Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:702.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98431FF82FF7CFB34FD03FB16" authority=", David and Ineich, 1999: 177" authorityName="David and Ineich" authorityPageNumber="177" authorityYear="1999" box="[219,704,1175,1197]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Praescutata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viperina">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FF7CFB34FE66FB17" box="[219,421,1176,1197]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Praescutata viperina</emphasis>
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, David and Ineich, 1999:177
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</taxonomicName>
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.— Stuebing and Inger, 1999:220.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8431FF82FF7CFB1AFC5CFB76" blockId="68.[219,1174,1088,1228]" box="[219,927,1206,1228]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FF7CFB1AFEFCFB71" box="[219,319,1206,1227]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Hydrophis</emphasis>
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[
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FEE9FB1BFE01FB76" box="[334,450,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Praescutata</emphasis>
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]
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8431FF82FE77FB1BFC5FFB76" author="LEVITON, ALAN & M. BROWN & AND CAMERON & D. SILER" box="[464,924,1206,1228]" page="512" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" year="2014">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FE77FB1BFDEAFB76" box="[464,553,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">viperinus</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8431FF82FD91FB1AFC5FFB76" author="LEVITON, ALAN & M. BROWN & AND CAMERON & D. SILER" box="[566,924,1206,1228]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" refId="ref67937" refString="LEVITON, ALAN E., RAFE M. BROWN, AND CAMERON D. SILER. 2014. The dangerously venomous snakes of the Philippine Archipelago. Pages 473 - 530 in G. C. Williams and T. M. Gosliner, eds., The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Biodiversity Philippine Expedition. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA." type="book" year="2014">Leviton, Brown, and Siler, 2014:512</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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(
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)
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.—
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8431FF82FD37FB4CFD38FB42" box="[656,763,1248,1272]" name="Indonesia" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
|
|
<typeStatus id="54A184E88431FF82FCAFFB4CFCACFB42" box="[776,879,1248,1272]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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|
:
|
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<collectionCode id="ED0BA28F8431FF82FCDBFB4CFC79FB4D" box="[892,954,1248,1271]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">NMH</collectionCode>
|
|
(also as
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED0BA28F8431FF82FB87FB4CFB9EFB42" box="[1056,1117,1248,1272]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" type="Museum">ZMH</collectionCode>
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)
|
|
<specimenCode id="DBBC92318431FF82FBCAFB4CFB56FB42" box="[1133,1173,1248,1272]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">404</specimenCode>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FF43FAACFECFFAA2" box="[228,268,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">fide</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8431FF82FEB4FAACFE04FAA2" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[275,455,1280,1304]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" refId="ref74429" refString="SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1926. Monograph of the Sea-Snakes (Hydrophiidae). Trustees of the British Museum, London, England, UK. xvii + (3) + 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith [1926:35]</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30069C18431FF82FFDCFA8DFCFBFA41" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" type="distribution">
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|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8431FF82FFDCFA8DFD30FAE3" blockId="68.[123,1174,1248,1693]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FFDCFA8DFE4DFA8D" bold="true" box="[123,398,1313,1337]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FFDCFA8DFF30FA8D" baselines="1331,1330" box="[123,243,1313,1337]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Philippine" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">PHILIPPINE</smallCapsWord>
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|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FF5DFA88FE4DFA8D" baselines="1330" box="[250,398,1316,1335]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="distribution" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">DISTRIBUTION</smallCapsWord>
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</emphasis>
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.—
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<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8431FF82FE11FA8DFDEDFA83" box="[438,558,1313,1337]" name="Philippines" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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|
(not yet reported from coastal Philippine waters but present in the South
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8431FF82FE2BFAEDFE0FFAE3" box="[396,460,1345,1369]" name="China" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">China</collectingCountry>
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|
Sea and Gulf of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8431FF82FD23FAEDFD2BFAE3" box="[644,744,1345,1369]" name="Thailand" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8431FF82FFDCFACDFCFBFA41" blockId="68.[123,1174,1248,1693]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
|
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FFDCFACDFD71FAC3" bold="true" box="[123,690,1377,1402]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FFDCFACDFF21FAC2" baselines="1395,1395" box="[123,226,1377,1401]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="General" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">GENERAL</smallCapsWord>
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|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FF4CFAC9FEBCFAC2" baselines="1395" box="[235,383,1381,1400]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="distribution" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">DISTRIBUTION</smallCapsWord>
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(
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<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FE36FAC9FE1AFAC2" baselines="1395" box="[401,473,1381,1400]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="other" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">OTHER</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FE45FAC9FDDFFAC2" baselines="1395" box="[482,540,1381,1400]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="than" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">THAN</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FD82FACEFD69FAC2" baselines="1396,1395" box="[549,682,1378,1402]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Philippines" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
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|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8431FF82FD82FACEFD69FAC2" box="[549,682,1378,1402]" name="Philippines" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
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</smallCapsWord>
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)
|
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</emphasis>
|
|
.— Widely distributed from Persian/Arabian Gulf to eastern Asia, including off the coasts of northern Borneo (Sarawak), Thailand, Vietnam, China, as far north as Taiwan (for details see David and Ineich [1999:177]; Stuebing and Inger [1999:220];
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8431FF82FDAAFA6FFCEBFA61" author="WALLACH, VAN & KENNETH L. & WILLIAMS, AND" box="[525,808,1475,1499]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" refId="ref78804" refString="WALLACH, VAN, KENNETH L. WILLIAMS, AND JEFF BOUNDY. 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. xxvii + 1209 pp." type="book" year="2014">Wallach et al. [2014:702]</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), as well as eastward to northern Australia and into the western Pacific (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8431FF82FDDAFA4FFCEFFA41" author="ZUG, GEORGE" box="[637,812,1507,1531]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" refId="ref80427" refString="ZUG, GEORGE R. 2013. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA. x + 306 pp, 30 text-figs., 35 pls." type="book" year="2013">Zug [2013:231]</bibRefCitation>
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|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30069C18431FF82FFDCF9A8FB55F986" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8431FF82FFDCF9A8FB55F986" blockId="68.[123,1174,1248,1693]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FFDCF9A8FF25F9A0" baselines="1558,1557" box="[123,230,1540,1564]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
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|
<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FFDCF9A8FF25F9A0" bold="true" box="[123,230,1540,1564]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">REMARKS</emphasis>
|
|
</smallCapsWord>
|
|
.— We have tentatively assigned this species to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98431FF82FD44F9AFFC90F9A1" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[739,851,1539,1563]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FD44F9AFFC90F9A1" box="[739,851,1539,1563]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Hydrophis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
consistent with the treatments of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98431FF82FF50F988FEA4F986" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[247,359,1572,1596]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FF50F988FEA4F986" box="[247,359,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Hydrophis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and related nominal genera by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8431FF82FD10F988FC57F986" author="SANDERS, KATE & S. Y & LEE, MUMPUNI & TERRY BERTOZZI, AND" box="[695,916,1572,1596]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" pagination="575 - 591" refId="ref72853" refString="SANDERS, KATE L., MICHAEL S. Y. LEE, MUMPUNI, TERRY BERTOZZI, AND ARNE REDSTED RASMUSSEN. 2013. Multilocus phylogeny and recent rapid radiation of the viviparous sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66: 575 - 591, 4 figs., 1 table, Appendices A and B." type="book chapter" year="2013">Sanders et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8431FF82FC60F988FB51F986" author="PYRON, R. & ALEXANDER, FRANK & T. BURBRINK & AND JOHN & J. WIENS" box="[967,1170,1572,1596]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" pagination="26 - 53" refId="ref71760" refString="PYRON, R. ALEXANDER, FRANK T. BURBRINK, AND JOHN J. WIENS. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (93): 26 - 53." type="journal article" year="2013">Pyron et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30069C18431FF82FFDCF9E8FEB4F927" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" type="conservation">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8431FF82FFDCF9E8FEB4F927" blockId="68.[123,1174,1248,1693]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FFDCF9E8FE11F9E6" bold="true" box="[123,466,1604,1628]" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FFDCF9E8FEDDF9E1" baselines="1622,1622" box="[123,286,1604,1628]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Conservation" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">CONSERVATION</smallCapsWord>
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968431FF82FE8FF9E4FEB0F9E1" baselines="1622" box="[296,371,1608,1627]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="status" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">STATUS</smallCapsWord>
|
|
[IUCN]
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
.— The conservation status of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98431FF82FC82F9E8FBC2F9E6" authorityName=", Leviton, Brown, and Siler" authorityYear="2014" box="[805,1025,1604,1628]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="68" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viperinus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FC82F9E8FBC2F9E6" box="[805,1025,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Hydrophis viperinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List [2016] ver. 3.1, but IUCN notes that it is listed in the
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE6588431FF82FBC1F9C9FEB3F927" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="467">Catalogue of Life</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |