382 lines
48 KiB
XML
382 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document id="7F3526C1B558A4B462985ADFC9BFE083" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.190065" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ff6281cd-edec-483a-b003-f83d2c35fd82" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="190065" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461107490221" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Branstetter, Michael G." docDate="2009" docId="03A0D36A114C9D05FF3F6176171AFE68" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02221p057.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2221" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Lordomyrma sinensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FF99AB1211449D0EFFA8642F144EFFA8" masterDocTitle="The ant genus Stenamma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) redefined, with a description of a new genus Propodilobus" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1698593666267" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7989CEEEDCAD5AD490603E161B3DD8E7">The ant genus Stenamma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) redefined, with a description of a new genus Propodilobus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E6FC096DF7CA321EBD368C8D4DE46279">Branstetter, Michael G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="38481A76CE00D0803A2D921FA31A78E7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9C6F75E9A88953905B56618D7A6EA9B6">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4CBDFDB6457A36EE64946FE088B395EA">2221</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="340199A83786A6D01581CCD4521F7D03" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.190065</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EF73A2837C289CA5185C3DD84345D718" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7CD9ED1C671B890E767DFC492F9E73E0" type="Zenodo-Dep">190065</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A0D36A114C9D05FF3F6176171AFE68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5682102" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119623715" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5682102" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A0D36A114C9D05FF3F6176171AFE68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0D36A114C9D05FF3F6176171AFE68" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="C31331F7114C9D06FF3F617617DAFA51" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB6627C114C9D06FF3F617617C6FADB" blockId="8.[151,904,1369,1395]" box="[151,904,1369,1395]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
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<heading id="D0FED510114C9D06FF3F617617C6FADB" bold="true" box="[151,904,1369,1395]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FF3F617617C6FADB" bold="true" box="[151,904,1369,1395]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114C9D06FF3F617615D2FADB" box="[151,412,1369,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FF3F617615D2FADB" bold="true" box="[151,412,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Lordomyrma sinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Ma, Xu, Makio, and DuBois) comb. n.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB6627C114C9D06FF3F618D17DAFA51" blockId="8.[151,1436,1442,1529]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114C9D06FF3F618D1655FA11" authority="Ma, Xu, Makio" authorityName="Ma, Xu, Makio" box="[151,539,1442,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FF3F618D152DFA11" box="[151,355,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Stenamma sinensis</emphasis>
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Ma, Xu, Makio
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114C9D06FDF1618D16BAFA11" author="DuBois" box="[601,756,1442,1465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" refString="Ma, L. - B., Xu, S. - Q., Makio, T. & Dubois, M. B. (2007) A new species of the genus Stenamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from China. Sociobiology, 50, 371 - 377." type="journal article" year="2007">DuBois, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 371–377,
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<figureCitation id="13327EF9114C9D06FCD8618D1797FA11" box="[880,985,1442,1465]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURES 2 – 16" captionStartId-0="1.[151,255,1252,1276]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,274,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1392,850,1215]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,194,1829]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[171,1418,830,1243]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,194,1829]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Antennal club of a Stenamma expolitum worker. The Antennal Club Index (ACI) is calculated by dividing the length of S 11 + S 12 by the total length of S 9 – S 12 and multiplying by 100. Stenamma species have an ACI between 60 and 70." captionText-1="FIGURES 2 – 16. Full-face, profile, and dorsal images of several Stenamma species, representing the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions. Figures 2 – 4: S. debile CASENT 0605171 (Bavaria, Germany). Figures 4 – 6: S. nipponense CASENT 0605172 (Hokkaido, Japan). Figures 8 – 9: S. dyscheres CASENT 0171182 (CA, USA). Figures 11 – 13: S. expolitum CASENT 0600043 (Heredia Prov., Costa Rica). Figures 14 – 16: S. diversum CASENT 0605173 (Izabal, Guatemala)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/190066/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/190067/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1–4</figureCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54B2DCDE114C9D06FC4F618D1004FA11" box="[999,1098,1442,1465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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worker and
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<typeStatus id="54B2DCDE114C9D06FB72618D1178FA11" box="[1242,1334,1442,1465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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workers,
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<collectingCountry id="F31E22EC114C9D06FF6F61ED156EFA71" box="[199,288,1474,1497]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">CHINA</collectingCountry>
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: Mt. Qinling, Shaanxi,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3D04BB114C9D06FDB261ED163AFA71" box="[538,628,1474,1497]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" precision="925" value="33.65">33º39`N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3D04BB114C9D06FDD361ED16ACFA71" box="[635,738,1474,1497]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" precision="925" value="107.8">107º48`E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CF1CF99114C9D06FD4561ED1732FA71" box="[749,892,1474,1497]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6105" metricValueMax="1.641" metricValueMin="1.58" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1610.5" valueMax="1641.0" valueMin="1580.0">1580–1641m</quantity>
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,
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<date id="FFB744BC114C9D06FC2061ED103CFA71" box="[904,1138,1474,1497]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" value="2005-09-07" valueMax="2005-09-18" valueMin="2005-09-07">7–18 September 2005</date>
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and
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<date id="FFB744BC114C9D06FB0061ED113EFA71" box="[1192,1392,1474,1497]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" value="2006-08-01" valueMax="2006-08-13" valueMin="2006-08-01">1–13 August 2006</date>
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, Li- Bin Ma. [
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<typeStatus id="54B2DCDE114C9D06FE8361CD15DFFA51" box="[299,401,1506,1529]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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and partype workers in DBSNU not examined.]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31331F7114C9D05FF3F6206171AFE68" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB6627C114C9D06FF3F620616A7F9EA" blockId="8.[151,745,1577,1603]" box="[151,745,1577,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
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Justification for transfer of species to
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<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114C9D06FDF9620616A7F9EA" box="[593,745,1577,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FDF9620616A7F9EA" box="[593,745,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Lordomyrma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB6627C114C9D06FF3F625815E5F939" blockId="8.[151,1437,1655,2028]" box="[151,427,1655,1681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Morphological analysis</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB6627C114C9D07FF6E62B217E4FE8E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1655,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,294]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
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The
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<typeStatus id="54B2DCDE114C9D06FEAC62B21524F91F" box="[260,362,1693,1719]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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and several
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<typeStatus id="54B2DCDE114C9D06FDBE62B21635F91F" box="[534,635,1693,1719]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114C9D06FC9462B2103EF91E" box="[828,1136,1693,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FC9462B2103EF91E" box="[828,1136,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Lordomyrma bhutanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the NHMB were examined. Additional material recently collected from
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<collectingCountry id="F31E22EC114C9D06FCBF62EB1713F976" box="[791,861,1732,1758]" name="Nepal" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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and Yunnan Province,
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<collectingCountry id="F31E22EC114C9D06FBC362EB10FFF976" box="[1131,1201,1732,1758]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">China</collectingCountry>
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was borrowed from MCZC and CASC, respectively. These latter specimens were sorted into two morphospecies and identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114C9D06FF3F633E1532F882" box="[151,380,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FF3F633E14E9F882" box="[151,167,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">L</emphasis>
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. cf.
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FF4C633E1532F882" box="[228,380,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">bhutanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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1 and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114C9D06FE7E633E16F2F882" box="[470,700,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FE7E633E15BEF882" box="[470,496,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">L.</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FD8C633E16F2F882" box="[548,700,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">bhutanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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2 (
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<figureCitation id="13327EF9114C9D06FD4F633E17E9F883" box="[743,935,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 33" captionStartId="9.[151,272,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,349,1325]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,349,1326]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 33. Full-face, profile, and dorsal images of several Lordomyrma taxa. Figures 25 – 27: L. bhutanensis holotype CASENT 0171178 (Bhutan). Figures 28 – 30: L. cf. bhutanensis 1 CASENT 0097951 (Yunnan Prov., China). Figures 31 – 33: L. cf. bhutanensis 2 CASENT 0171179 (Yunnan Prov., China)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Figures 28–33</figureCitation>
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). Careful examination revealed several morphological characters distinguishing these species from
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<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114C9D06FCF26317179DF8F9" box="[858,979,1848,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FCF26317179DF8F9" box="[858,979,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Stenamma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: (1) Antenna with a 3-segmented club of which the last two segments display the largest increases in length relative to preceding segments (ACI 73- 77; compare
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<figureCitation id="13327EF9114C9D06FE9B63AA1643F837" box="[307,525,1925,1951]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 39" captionStartId="11.[151,270,1172,1196]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,506,1148]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,506,1149]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 39. Comparison of the antennal club, anterior clypeal margin, and sting shaft between Lordomyrma and Stenamma. Figures 34 – 35: L. cf. bhutanensis 2 CASENT 0171183 (Yunnan Prov., China). Figure 36: L. bhutanensis paratype CASENT 0126076 (Bhutan). Figures 37 – 38: S. dyscheres CASENT 0126075 (CA, USA). Figure 39: S. dyscheres CASENT 0126074 (CA, USA)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190071/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Figures 34 and 37</figureCitation>
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); (2) apex of anterior clypeal margin with a small projecting tooth (compare
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<figureCitation id="13327EF9114C9D06FF3F63831525F86E" box="[151,363,1964,1990]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 39" captionStartId="11.[151,270,1172,1196]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,506,1148]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,506,1149]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 39. Comparison of the antennal club, anterior clypeal margin, and sting shaft between Lordomyrma and Stenamma. Figures 34 – 35: L. cf. bhutanensis 2 CASENT 0171183 (Yunnan Prov., China). Figure 36: L. bhutanensis paratype CASENT 0126076 (Bhutan). Figures 37 – 38: S. dyscheres CASENT 0126075 (CA, USA). Figure 39: S. dyscheres CASENT 0126074 (CA, USA)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190071/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Figures 35 and 38</figureCitation>
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; note, this character was not discerned in the
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<typeStatus id="54B2DCDE114C9D06FCD6638317F2F86E" box="[894,956,1964,1990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">types</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114C9D06FC4B638310C0F86D" box="[995,1166,1964,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
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<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114C9D06FC4B638310C0F86D" box="[995,1166,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">L. bhutanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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because the mandibles were closed in all specimens); (3) posteromedial margin of clypeus as wide or wider than frontal lobes in fullface view (compare
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<figureCitation id="13327EF9114D9D07FE2464B71671FF1A" box="[396,575,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 39" captionStartId="11.[151,270,1172,1196]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,506,1148]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,506,1149]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 39. Comparison of the antennal club, anterior clypeal margin, and sting shaft between Lordomyrma and Stenamma. Figures 34 – 35: L. cf. bhutanensis 2 CASENT 0171183 (Yunnan Prov., China). Figure 36: L. bhutanensis paratype CASENT 0126076 (Bhutan). Figures 37 – 38: S. dyscheres CASENT 0126075 (CA, USA). Figure 39: S. dyscheres CASENT 0126074 (CA, USA)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190071/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Figures 35, 38</figureCitation>
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); (3) postpetiolar node broader than long (
|
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<figureCitation id="13327EF9114D9D07FB9664B71151FF1A" box="[1086,1311,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 33" captionStartId="9.[151,272,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,349,1325]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,349,1326]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 33. Full-face, profile, and dorsal images of several Lordomyrma taxa. Figures 25 – 27: L. bhutanensis holotype CASENT 0171178 (Bhutan). Figures 28 – 30: L. cf. bhutanensis 1 CASENT 0097951 (Yunnan Prov., China). Figures 31 – 33: L. cf. bhutanensis 2 CASENT 0171179 (Yunnan Prov., China)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190070/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Figures 27, 30, 33</figureCitation>
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); (4) sting robust and often exposed and projecting dorsally in pinned specimens (compare
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<figureCitation id="13327EF9114D9D07FBEB64911157FF70" box="[1091,1305,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 39" captionStartId="11.[151,270,1172,1196]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,506,1148]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,506,1149]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 39. Comparison of the antennal club, anterior clypeal margin, and sting shaft between Lordomyrma and Stenamma. Figures 34 – 35: L. cf. bhutanensis 2 CASENT 0171183 (Yunnan Prov., China). Figure 36: L. bhutanensis paratype CASENT 0126076 (Bhutan). Figures 37 – 38: S. dyscheres CASENT 0126075 (CA, USA). Figure 39: S. dyscheres CASENT 0126074 (CA, USA)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190071/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Figures 36 and 39</figureCitation>
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). Although specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FE9464CA15F5FF56" box="[316,443,229,254]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FE9464CA15F5FF56" box="[316,443,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not examined, the characters mentioned above were confirmed by reviewing the species description and accompanying figures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114D9D07FD44652317D3FE8E" author="Ma" box="[748,925,268,294]" pageId="9" pageNumber="57" refString="Ma, L. - B., Xu, S. - Q., Makio, T. & Dubois, M. B. (2007) A new species of the genus Stenamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from China. Sociobiology, 50, 371 - 377." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Ma
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FCB465231719FE8D" box="[796,855,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7632F4114D9D07FF3F61691798FA0B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190070/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[151,1434,349,1325]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB6627C114D9D07FF3F61691798FA0B" blockId="9.[151,1437,1350,1443]" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FF3F6169152DFAF6" bold="true" box="[151,355,1350,1374]" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">FIGURES 25–33.</emphasis>
|
||
Full-face, profile, and dorsal images of several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FCD261691046FAF5" box="[890,1032,1350,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FCD261691046FAF5" box="[890,1032,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Lordomyrma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa. Figures 25–27:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FB53616911D3FAF5" box="[1275,1437,1350,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FB53616911D3FAF5" box="[1275,1437,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L. bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype CASENT0171178 (Bhutan). Figures 28–30:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FD44614617FFFA28" box="[748,945,1385,1408]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FD446146174CFA28" box="[748,770,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FC86614617FFFA28" box="[814,945,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1 CASENT0097951 (Yunnan Prov., China). Figures 31–33:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FE9661A315B2FA0B" box="[318,508,1420,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FE9661A3151AFA0B" box="[318,340,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FED461A315B2FA0B" box="[380,508,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2 CASENT0171179 (Yunnan Prov., China).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB6627C114D9D07FF6E61FB1664F8E2" blockId="9.[151,1437,1492,1866]" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
To adequately delimit species in this group, a more detailed analysis of regional variation will be necessary. From the specimens examined here, I find it difficult to comfortably define species boundaries. Surprisingly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114D9D07FE9D620E15BBF993" box="[309,501,1569,1595]" pageId="9" pageNumber="57" refString="Ma, L. - B., Xu, S. - Q., Makio, T. & Dubois, M. B. (2007) A new species of the genus Stenamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from China. Sociobiology, 50, 371 - 377." type="journal article">
|
||
Ma
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FECC620E15D1F992" box="[356,415,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not directly compare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FC8E620E17ECF992" box="[806,930,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FC8E620E17ECF992" box="[806,930,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FC61620E103AF992" box="[969,1140,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FC61620E103AF992" box="[969,1140,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L. bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but instead stated that it would most likely be confused with other species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FCD862671001F9C9" box="[880,1103,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="owstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FCD862671001F9C9" box="[880,1103,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Stenamma owstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, the group to which both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FE89624015D3F920" box="[289,413,1647,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FE89624015D3F920" box="[289,413,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FE7D624016CEF920" box="[469,640,1647,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FE7D624016CEF920" box="[469,640,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L. bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were assigned. I examined three additional members of this species group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FF5862BA15EDF906" box="[240,419,1685,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koreanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FF5862BA15EDF906" box="[240,419,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">S. koreanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FE1C62BA167AF906" box="[436,564,1685,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="owstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FE1C62BA167AF906" box="[436,564,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">S. owstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FDD262BA1766F906" box="[634,808,1685,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nipponense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FDD262BA1766F906" box="[634,808,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">S. nipponense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13327EF9114D9D07FC9162BA179DF907" box="[825,979,1685,1711]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 16" captionStartId="6.[151,274,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,194,1829]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 16. Full-face, profile, and dorsal images of several Stenamma species, representing the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions. Figures 2 – 4: S. debile CASENT 0605171 (Bavaria, Germany). Figures 4 – 6: S. nipponense CASENT 0605172 (Hokkaido, Japan). Figures 8 – 9: S. dyscheres CASENT 0171182 (CA, USA). Figures 11 – 13: S. expolitum CASENT 0600043 (Heredia Prov., Costa Rica). Figures 14 – 16: S. diversum CASENT 0605173 (Izabal, Guatemala)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190067/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Figures 5–7</figureCitation>
|
||
), and determined that these have the attributes of true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FEC3629315A9F97D" box="[363,487,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FEC3629315A9F97D" box="[363,487,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Stenamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is likely that this confusion was caused by a poor understanding of which characters are most important in diagnosing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FD0962CD1754F953" box="[673,794,1762,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FD0962CD1754F953" box="[673,794,1762,1787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Stenamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114D9D07FC6462CD10C5F954" box="[972,1163,1762,1788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="57" refString="Ma, L. - B., Xu, S. - Q., Makio, T. & Dubois, M. B. (2007) A new species of the genus Stenamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from China. Sociobiology, 50, 371 - 377." type="journal article">
|
||
Ma
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FC5362CD1078F953" box="[1019,1078,1762,1787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were the first to notice the presence of a median clypeal tooth. However, they incorrectly used this trait as a species diagnosing rather than a genus diagnosing character.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB6627C114D9D07FF3F635215D5F83F" blockId="9.[151,1436,1917,2020]" box="[151,411,1917,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Phylogenetic methods</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB6627C114D9D04FF6E638B1578FDA6" blockId="9.[151,1436,1917,2020]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,951]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The DNA from one specimen each of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FD21638B1714F815" box="[649,858,1956,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FD21638B16EFF815" box="[649,673,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FD66638B1714F815" box="[718,858,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114D9D07FC02638B1035F815" box="[938,1147,1956,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FC02638B178CF815" box="[938,962,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114D9D07FC47638B1035F815" box="[1007,1147,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2 was non-destructively extracted. Both specimens were collected from sifted leaf litter in forest, Shibali, Yunnan Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E22EC114D9D07FA9063E51130F84C" box="[1336,1406,1994,2020]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1CF99114E9D04FF3F64B714B1FF1A" box="[151,255,152,178]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.475" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="2.475">2,475 m</quantity>
|
||
. Shortly after extraction, I obtained fragments of four nuclear genes from both taxa: 28S rDNA, abdominal-A (abdA), elongation factor 1-alpha F2 copy (EF1αF2), and long-wavelength rhodopsin (LW Rh). DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing were performed as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114E9D04FC6C64CA10EBFF57" box="[964,1189,229,255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Brady, S. G., Schultz, T. R., Fisher, B. L. & Ward, P. S. (2006) Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 18172 - 18177." type="journal article">
|
||
Brady
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FBBA64CA1002FF56" box="[1042,1100,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. All newly generated sequences have been uploaded into GenBank (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68B57C7114E9D04FCB965231720FE8E" box="[785,878,268,294]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="10.[151,240,1002,1026]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1187,1507]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 1. Countries of origin, specimen codes, voucher types, voucher depositions, and GenBank accession numbers for taxa with new DNA sequences. The voucher type indicates whether the DNA voucher specimen is the same individual, is from the same nest-series, or is from the same collection series. Complete collection and specimen data are available from AntWeb (http: // www. antweb. org)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7632F4114E9D04FF3F67C516EBFBC1" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" tableUuid="DF7632F4114E9D04FF3F67C516EBFBC1">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
for specimen codes and GenBank accession numbers). Preliminary phylogenetic analyses were then performed using both a comprehensive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FA88651D11D2FEE3" box="[1312,1436,306,331]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FA88651D11D2FEE3" box="[1312,1436,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Stenamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
data set, which included over 30 species representing all regions where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FBBD657610DDFEDA" box="[1045,1171,345,370]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FBBD657610DDFEDA" box="[1045,1171,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Stenamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found (Branstetter unpubl.), and a large myrmicine data set containing 63 myrmicine genera and several outgroups (Ward pers. com.) Both data sets revealed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FDEC6588176EFE68" box="[580,800,422,448]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FDEC65881612FE68" box="[580,604,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FD256588176EFE68" box="[653,800,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FCDD6588101CFE68" box="[885,1106,422,448]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FCDD658817C3FE68" box="[885,909,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FC176588101CFE68" box="[959,1106,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2 fall outside of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FF3F65E2155CFE4E" box="[151,274,461,486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FF3F65E2155CFE4E" box="[151,274,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Stenamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the myrmicine data showed consistent association between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FBB065E210A0FE4E" box="[1048,1262,461,487]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhutanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FBB065E2107FFE4E" box="[1048,1073,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FBC865E210A0FE4E" box="[1120,1262,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">bhutanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FF3F65DB1561FDA5" box="[151,303,500,525]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FF3F65DB1561FDA5" box="[151,303,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Lordomyrma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB6627C114E9D04FF6E66351068FC1F" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Following these initial results, a more rigorous analysis was performed. The above gene fragments were obtained from four additional
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FDB7666E16ECFDF2" box="[543,674,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FDB7666E16ECFDF2" box="[543,674,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Stenamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FCB4666E1068FDF2" box="[796,1062,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="expolitum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FCB4666E1068FDF2" box="[796,1062,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Stenamma expolitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FB90666E10D2FDF2" box="[1080,1180,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="felixi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FB90666E10D2FDF2" box="[1080,1180,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">S. felixi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FB1E666E113DFDF2" box="[1206,1395,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridionale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FB1E666E113DFDF2" box="[1206,1395,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">S. meridionale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FA2D666E155EFD29" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatulum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FA2D666E155EFD29" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">S. striatulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FE80664715B7FD29" box="[296,505,616,641]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyphoidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exalta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FE80664715B7FD29" box="[296,505,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Cyphoidris exalta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bolton (Ward pers. com.),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FC91664710C7FD2A" authority="Sarnat" authorityName="Sarnat" box="[825,1161,616,642]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="desupra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FC9166471079FD29" box="[825,1079,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Lordomyrma desupra</emphasis>
|
||
Sarnat
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Ward pers. com.), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FF3F66A01538FD00" authority="Mann" authorityName="Mann" box="[151,374,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epinotalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FF3F66A01565FD00" box="[151,299,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">L. epinotalis</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E22EC114E9D04FE9A66A11538FD00" box="[306,374,654,680]" name="Isle of Man" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Mann</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lucky and Sarnat pers. com.).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FD5C66A01788FD00" box="[756,966,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyphoidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exalta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FD5C66A01788FD00" box="[756,966,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Cyphoidris exalta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included in these analyses because it has been hypothesized to be the sister group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0919FF114E9D04FD49669A1737FD66" box="[737,889,693,718]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FD49669A1737FD66" box="[737,889,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Lordomyrma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114E9D04FC22669A106CFD67" author="Bolton" box="[906,1058,693,719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Bolton, B. (1981) A review of six minor genera of Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bulletin of the british Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 43, 245 - 307." type="journal article" year="1981">Bolton 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114E9D04FB86669A108DFD67" author="Taylor" box="[1070,1219,693,719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Taylor, R. W. (2009) Ants of the genus Lordomyrma Emery (1) Generic synonymy, composition and distribution, with notes on Ancyridris Wheler and Cyphoidris Weber (Hymenoptera: formicidae: Myrmicinae). Zootaxa, 1979, 16 - 28." type="journal article" year="2009">Taylor 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These sequences were then incorporated into the 162-taxon Ant Tree of Life data set of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114E9D04FC4D66F31083FD5E" box="[997,1229,732,758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Brady, S. G., Schultz, T. R., Fisher, B. L. & Ward, P. S. (2006) Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 18172 - 18177." type="journal article">
|
||
Brady
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FB9D66F3103CFD5D" box="[1077,1138,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This data matrix was culled to include the majority of myrmicine species and several outgroups for a final 63-taxon data matrix. Sequence alignment was performed using default settings in the program ClustalX v1.83.1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114E9D04FF37677F15FCFCC2" author="Jeanmougin" box="[159,434,848,874]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Jeanmougin, F., Thompson, J. D., Gouy, M., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. (1998) Multiple sequence alignment with Clustal X. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 23, 403 - 405." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Jeanmougin
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FE9D677F153EFCC1" box="[309,368,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and manually edited with MacClade v4.08 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114E9D04FC68677F1156FCC2" author="Maddison" box="[960,1304,848,874]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Maddison, D. R. & Maddison, W. P. (2005) MacClade. v. 4.08. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts." type="book" year="2005">Maddison & Maddison 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An intron in LW Rh and hypervariable regions of 28S were excluded from all analyses. The final data matrix included 2326 base pairs, with 646 parsimony informative sites, and 826 variable sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7632F4114E9D04FF3F67C516EBFBC1" ID-Table-UUID="DF7632F4114E9D04FF3F67C516EBFBC1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7632F4114E9D04FF3F67C516EBFBC1" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[151,1437,1187,1507]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB6627C114E9D04FF3F67C516EBFBC1" blockId="10.[151,1437,1002,1166]" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114E9D04FF3F67C51545FBAA" bold="true" box="[151,267,1002,1026]" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Countries of origin, specimen codes, voucher types, voucher depositions, and GenBank accession numbers for taxa with new DNA sequences. The voucher type indicates whether the DNA voucher specimen is the same individual, is from the same nest-series, or is from the same collection series. Complete collection and specimen data are available from AntWeb (http://www.antweb.org).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB6627C114E9D05FF316051171AFE68" blockId="10.[151,1437,1002,1166]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,448]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Taxon Country Specimen Code Voucher
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2DCDE114E9D04FCFD60511730FB26" box="[853,894,1150,1166]" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
Deposited LW Rh EF1aF2 abdA 28s Phylogenetic analyses employed Bayesian and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and were run through the Cyberinfrastructure for Phylogenetic Research (CIPRES) computer cluster at the San Diego Super Computer Center (http://www.phylo.org/). Four partitioning schemes were employed: single partition, partitioning by gene, partitioning by codon position (positions 1+2 versus 3) with 28S forming its own partition, and partitioning by gene and codon position. This resulted in a one-, four-, three-, and sevenpartition model, respectively. The model of sequence evolution for each partition was selected using the AIC with MrModeltest
|
||
<date id="FFB744BC114E9D04FEDA633F15DEF882" box="[370,400,1808,1834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">v2</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114E9D04FE36633F162FF882" author="Nylander" box="[414,609,1808,1834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Nylander, J. A. A. (2004 b) MrModeltest v. 2. Program distributed by the author, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University." type="journal volume" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">Nylander 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114E9D04FDC4633F17C1F882" author="Posada" box="[620,911,1808,1834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Posada, D. & Crandall, K. A. (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics, 14, 817 - 818." type="journal article" year="1998">Posada & Crandall 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This resulted in the model GTR+I+G being selected for all partitions except LW Rh (HKY+I+G) and EF1αF2 codon positions 1+2 (SYM+I+G). Bayesian analyses were conducted using MrBayes v3.1.2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114E9D04FCE6637110F0F8D0" author="Ronquist" box="[846,1214,1886,1912]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572 - 1574." type="journal article" year="2003">Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) under each of the four partitioning schemes mentioned above. For each analysis, two independent MCMC runs were performed for 5 million generations, distributed across four chains with the default heating parameter. Convergence between runs was assessed using the average standard deviation of split frequencies and by plotting likelihood values across generations using Tracer v1.4.1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114F9D05FD6764B71074FF1A" author="Rambaut" box="[719,1082,152,178]" pageId="11" pageNumber="57" refString="Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A. J. (2007) Tracer. v. 1.4. Available from http: // beast. bio. ed. ac. uk / Tracer." type="book" year="2007">Rambaut & Drummond 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A burn-in value of 500,000 generations was established and only the post-burn-in generations from both runs were included in the results. Bayes factor comparisons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114F9D05FE7D64CA16DBFF57" author="Nylander" box="[469,661,229,255]" pageId="11" pageNumber="57" refString="Nylander, J. A. A. (2004 a) Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Systematic Biology, 53, 47 - 67." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">Nylander 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) showed that the best partitioning scheme was by gene and codon position. Maximum Likelihood inference was implemented in the rapid bootstrapping program RAxML (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF981F8D114F9D05FF37651D15FAFEE4" author="Stamatakis" box="[159,436,306,332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="57" refString="Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Systematic Biology, 57, 758 - 771." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Stamatakis
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DBE6E114F9D05FE85651D1524FEE3" box="[301,362,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). First, single gene analyses were performed to look for aberrant results. Next, the combined data set, partitioned by gene and codon position, was analyzed and RAxML was set to find the highest scoring ML tree and to perform 1000 ML bootstrap replicates. The GTR+CAT model of DNA sequence evolution was applied to all partitions in RAxML.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |