463 lines
56 KiB
XML
463 lines
56 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0432D890A0649B61F4303CFCF1D2F6C6">A systematic revision of Calotes Cuvier, 1817 (Squamata: Agamidae) from the Western Ghats adds two genera and reveals two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9CE1980D1997B53F867FDE1FBF7B98F8">Pal, Saunak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0EC9C155CDF8DFE8CBB41AD28510F83E">Vijayakumar, S. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B968F6FA64E35AA29757BAEBC586785C">Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="409116E9510ED1B14648A93367ACC532">Jayarajan, Aditi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E453E50D0387AEC96B4E6624DEBE7853">Deepak, V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="15E5AEF023AE8A81889F03B0A804EF93">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5FA6E127A54147C602F441BE91057A67">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C990685E4C2C3EC356682A009D69D49C">2018-09-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5638EC3744B90BFAC6454DD67F861A27">4482</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038E021DFFA4FFB04FA9F988FCCEFC4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5996680" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148421707" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5996680" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038E021DFFA4FFB04FA9F988FCCEFC4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E021DFFA4FFB04FA9F988FCCEFC4D" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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<subSubSection id="C33DE080FFA4FFB24FA9F988FC3FF99B" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA4FFB24FA9F988FDC0F9C6" blockId="20.[151,559,1556,1582]" box="[151,559,1556,1582]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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<heading id="D0D00467FFA4FFB24FA9F988FDC0F9C6" bold="true" box="[151,559,1556,1582]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA4FFB24FA9F988FDC0F9C6" authority="(Daudin, 1802)" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[151,559,1556,1582]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
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<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24FA9F988FDC0F9C6" bold="true" box="[151,559,1556,1582]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24FA9F988FE80F9C6" bold="true" box="[151,367,1556,1582]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Calotes versicolor</emphasis>
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(Daudin, 1802)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA4FFB24FA9F9C6FC3FF99B" blockId="20.[151,1437,1626,2012]" box="[151,976,1626,1651]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24FA9F9C6FE7FF99B" bold="true" box="[151,400,1626,1651]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Original description.</emphasis>
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Daudin, 1802. Hist. Nat., Rept. iii, 1802: 395, xliv.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33DE080FFA4FFB34FF9F9E2FCCDFDF0" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="422" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA4FFB24FF9F9E2FB8DF85F" blockId="20.[151,1437,1626,2012]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24FF9F9E2FE3DF97F" bold="true" box="[199,466,1662,1687]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Taxonomic comments.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA4FFB24EE4F9E3FD45F97F" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[474,682,1663,1687]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
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<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24EE4F9E3FD45F97F" box="[474,682,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Calotes versicolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described in 1802 by Daudin, based on specimens at MNHN. There is no mention of a precise locality or even a
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<typeStatus id="549C0DA9FFA4FFB24DD7F93FFCF6F953" box="[745,793,1699,1723]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">type</typeStatus>
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||
specimen. Later
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB6CEFAFFA4FFB24CDFF93EFB2BF953" box="[993,1220,1698,1723]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" refId="ref37909" refString="Smith, M. A. (1935) The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma; Reptilia and Amphibia. Fol. II. Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London, 440 pp." type="book">Smith (Smith 1935)</bibRefCitation>
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and other workers designated the type-locality to populations from
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<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA4FFB24DF4F95AFCBCF937" box="[714,851,1734,1759]" country="India" name="Puducherry" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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<collectingCountry id="F330F39BFFA4FFB24DF4F95AFCBCF937" box="[714,851,1734,1759]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Pondicherry</collectingCountry>
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</collectingRegion>
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on the east coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F330F39BFFA4FFB24B74F95AFB69F937" box="[1098,1158,1734,1759]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">India</collectingCountry>
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, Chennai (Madras), and Kolkata (Calcutta) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB6CEFAFFA4FFB24E42F977FDD9F8EB" box="[380,566,1770,1795]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" refId="ref38732" refString="Zug, G. R., Brown, H. H., Schulte, J. A. & Vindum, J. V. (2006) Systematics of the Garden Lizards, Calotes versicolor Group (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae), in Myanmar: Central Dry Zone Populations. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 57 (2), 35 - 68." type="journal article">
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Zug
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<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24E8BF977FE04F8EB" box="[437,491,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The specimen MNHN 2548, collected from
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<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA4FFB24B6AF976FB32F8EB" box="[1108,1245,1770,1795]" country="India" name="Puducherry" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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<collectingCountry id="F330F39BFFA4FFB24B6AF976FB32F8EB" box="[1108,1245,1770,1795]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Pondicherry</collectingCountry>
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</collectingRegion>
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by Leschenault, cannot be a
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<typeStatus id="549C0DA9FFA4FFB24E13F88CFE6BF8C0" box="[301,388,1808,1832]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA4FFB24E8AF893FD1EF8CF" authority="Daudin 1802" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[436,753,1806,1831]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
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<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24E8AF893FDA3F8CF" box="[436,588,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">C. versicolor</emphasis>
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Daudin 1802
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</taxonomicName>
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, because Leschenault visited
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<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA4FFB24B6FF892FB35F8CF" box="[1105,1242,1806,1831]" country="India" name="Puducherry" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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<collectingCountry id="F330F39BFFA4FFB24B6FF892FB35F8CF" box="[1105,1242,1806,1831]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Pondicherry</collectingCountry>
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</collectingRegion>
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only after 1816 (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB6CEFAFFA4FFB24FA0F8AEFE2FF8A3" box="[158,448,1842,1867]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" refId="ref33690" refString="Amarasinghe, A. A. T., Manthey, U., Stockli, E., Ineich, I., Kullander, S. O., Tiedemann, F., McCarthy, C. & Gabadage, D. E. (2009) The original descriptions and figures of Sri Lankan Agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae) of the 18 th and 19 th centuries. Taprobanica, 1 (1), 2 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.4038 / tapro. v 1 i 1.2771" type="journal article">
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Amarasinghe
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<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24E01F8AFFE95F8A3" box="[319,378,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">et al.</emphasis>
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2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB6CEFAFFA4FFB24EEBF8AEFD15F8A3" box="[469,762,1842,1867]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" refId="ref33690" refString="Amarasinghe, A. A. T., Manthey, U., Stockli, E., Ineich, I., Kullander, S. O., Tiedemann, F., McCarthy, C. & Gabadage, D. E. (2009) The original descriptions and figures of Sri Lankan Agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae) of the 18 th and 19 th centuries. Taprobanica, 1 (1), 2 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.4038 / tapro. v 1 i 1.2771" type="journal article">Amarasinghe et al (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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clarified that MNHN 2548 collected from
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<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA4FFB24BD0F8AEFA98F8A3" box="[1262,1399,1842,1867]" country="India" name="Puducherry" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F330F39BFFA4FFB24BD0F8AEFA98F8A3" box="[1262,1399,1842,1867]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Pondicherry</collectingCountry>
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||
</collectingRegion>
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by Leschenault is the
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<typeStatus id="549C0DA9FFA4FFB24E40F8C4FE3AF898" box="[382,469,1880,1904]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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||
of
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<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA4FFB24D37F8CBFC95F887" authority="Kuhl, 1820" authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1820" box="[521,890,1878,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tiedemanni">
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||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24D37F8CBFD0CF887" box="[521,739,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Agama tiedemanni</emphasis>
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Kuhl, 1820
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</taxonomicName>
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||
. Gowande et al (2016) synonymized
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<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA4FFB24A78F8CBFEFBF87B" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tiedemanni">
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||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24A78F8CBFEFBF87B" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Calotes tiedemanni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
and designated a
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||
<typeStatus id="549C0DA9FFA4FFB24ECFF8E7FDA5F87B" box="[497,586,1915,1939]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
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||
from
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||
<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA4FFB24DA6F8E6FCCEF87B" box="[664,801,1914,1939]" country="India" name="Puducherry" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F330F39BFFA4FFB24DA6F8E6FCCEF87B" box="[664,801,1914,1939]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Pondicherry</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
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||
without any comparison with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C0DA9FFA4FFB24BFEF8E7FAF8F87B" box="[1216,1303,1915,1939]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA4FFB24A78F8E7FEFCF85F" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tiedemanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24A78F8E7FEFCF85F" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Calotes tiedemanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. This
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C0DA9FFA4FFB24E64F83CFE5CF850" box="[346,435,1952,1976]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation was recently invalidated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB6CEFAFFA4FFB24C5FF802FBB8F85F" box="[865,1111,1950,1975]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" refId="ref34362" refString="Chaitanya, R., Giri, V. B. & Deepak, V. (2017) On the recent designation of a neotype for the taxon Calotes versicolor (Daudin, 1802) (Reptilia: Agamidae). Zootaxa, 4317 (3), 585 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4317.3.10" type="journal article">
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||
Chaitanya
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24CE5F83CFBE3F85F" box="[987,1036,1951,1975]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA4FFB34FF9F85FFCCDFDF0" blockId="20.[151,1437,1626,2012]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="422" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
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Currently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA4FFB24E7FF85FFDFDF833" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[321,530,1987,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
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<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24E7FF85FFDFDF833" box="[321,530,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Calotes versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is the most widely distributed species of the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA4FFB24B53F85FFB25F833" box="[1133,1226,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA4FFB24B53F85FFB28F833" box="[1133,1223,1987,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Calotes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Many researchers have mentioned the high level of morphological variation in this species across different populations and some have even considered it to be a species complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB6CEFAFFA5FFB34DFDFF20FC98FF3D" box="[707,887,188,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" refId="ref38732" refString="Zug, G. R., Brown, H. H., Schulte, J. A. & Vindum, J. V. (2006) Systematics of the Garden Lizards, Calotes versicolor Group (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae), in Myanmar: Central Dry Zone Populations. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 57 (2), 35 - 68." type="journal article">
|
||
Zug
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34DC7FF21FCC4FF3C" box="[761,811,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Recently two new species were described from dry zone populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34E96FF7CFDD5FF10" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[424,570,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34E96FF7CFDD5FF10" box="[424,570,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F330F39BFFA5FFB34D41FF7CFD03FF10" box="[639,748,224,248]" name="Myanmar" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
based on DNA sequence and morphological analysis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB6CEFAFFA5FFB34A6CFF7CFF18FEF5" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" refId="ref38732" refString="Zug, G. R., Brown, H. H., Schulte, J. A. & Vindum, J. V. (2006) Systematics of the Garden Lizards, Calotes versicolor Group (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae), in Myanmar: Central Dry Zone Populations. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 57 (2), 35 - 68." type="journal article">
|
||
Zug
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34AB6FF7DFF5BFEF4" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In our phylogenetic analyses, the southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA5FFB34DD8FE99FCAEFEF4" box="[742,833,261,284]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Western" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Western</collectingRegion>
|
||
Ghats population forms a distant cluster within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34ABCFE98FEE6FEA8" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34ABCFE98FEE6FEA8" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131CAF8EFFA5FFB34E64FEBBFE73FEA8" box="[346,412,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1893,1915]" captionTargetBox="[277,1367,216,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[185,1387,195,1896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pruned ML phylogeny of Draconinae showing the relationship of Calotes and its sister clades Monilesaurus, Psammophilus and Microauris. Western Ghats endemics are marked in red, Sri Lankan endemics in dark blue, Indo-Burmese species in light blue and species endemic to India excluding North-east and North West are marked in green, and other wide spread species are marked black. Dark circles indicate bootstrap support>75 and light circles indicate bootstrap support <75. Insert photo: representative species of the four genera endemic to Peninsular India." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1440676/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The studied specimens also show 0–5% genetic divergence across their distribution. This shows that the Indian population might also be a species complex (see Gowande, 2016). A phylogeographic study with thorough sampling across its range and a rigorous comparison of the available
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C0DA9FFA5FFB34B75FEECFB94FE60" box="[1099,1147,368,392]" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">type</typeStatus>
|
||
materials for the existing species and subspecies is necessary to resolve the complexity in this species. Since we did not study any historical
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C0DA9FFA5FFB34FA9FE24FF28FE38" box="[151,199,440,464]" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">type</typeStatus>
|
||
materials of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34E5BFE24FDD8FE38" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[357,567,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34E5BFE24FDD8FE38" box="[357,567,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Calotes versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or the synonyms, we consider the populations in this study as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34A21FE24FEE8FE1C" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34A21FE24FA9BFE38" box="[1311,1396,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Calotes</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34FA9FE40FEE8FE1C" box="[151,263,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The diagnosis is based on specimens collected from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA5FFB34C8AFE40FBF6FE1D" box="[948,1049,476,501]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Southern" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Southern</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA5FFB34B1AFE41FB90FE1C" box="[1060,1151,477,500]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Western" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Western</collectingRegion>
|
||
Ghats only and used to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34FC4FD9CFE04FDF0" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[250,491,511,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34FC4FD9CFEA0FDF0" box="[250,335,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Calotes</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34E44FD9CFE04FDF0" box="[378,491,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other distinct species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33DE080FFA5FFB34FF9FDB8FC87FAD8" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA5FFB34FF9FDB8FBF1FCD0" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34FF9FDB8FDFFFDD5" bold="true" box="[199,528,548,573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Diagnosis and comparison.</emphasis>
|
||
A medium to large sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34C79FDB8FC73FDD4" box="[839,924,548,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34C79FDB8FC73FDD4" box="[839,924,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Calotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SVL up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34B09FDB8FB4FFDD4" box="[1079,1184,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.94" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="mm" value="99.4">99.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) characterized by the posterodorsal orientation of lateral scales; antehumeral fold absent; 38-44 midbody scale rows; nuchal and dorsal crest well developed, continuous, extending till the start of tail in males; two well separated supratympanic spines; dorsal and lateral scales large, more or less distinctly keeled, ventral scales strongly keeled, mucronate; paired postmentals, first pair separated by 1–2 median scales; 15–22 subdigital lamellae under fourth finger, 21–25 subdigital lamellae under fourth toe; 10–12 supralabials and 9–11 infralabials; uniform, light brown or greyish above, juveniles and females with darker cross bars or blotches on lateral side, often with paired lighter dorsolateral stripes, gular pouch brick red and overall body reddish in breeding males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA5FFB34FF9FCD9FC87FAD8" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
From other members of Smith’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34D05FCD8FD21FCB4" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[571,718,836,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34D05FCD8FD21FCB4" box="[571,718,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34C17FCD8FB4DFCB4" box="[809,1186,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34C17FCD8FC22FCB4" authorityName=", Jerdon" authorityYear="1853" box="[809,973,836,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nemoricola">C. nemoricola</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34CE4FCD8FB4DFCB4" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[986,1186,836,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandisquamis">C. grandisquamis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34B8CFCD8FE1BFC68" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34B8CFCD8FAC9FCB4" authorityName="calotes (Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1202,1318,836,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calotes">C. calotes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34A0DFCD8FA77FCB4" baseAuthorityName="Hardwicke & Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1331,1432,836,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">C. minor</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34FA9FCF4FF10FC97" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[151,255,872,895]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maria">C. maria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34E32FCF4FE6DFC68" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1870" box="[268,386,872,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerdoni">C. jerdoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34EB0FCF4FE1BFC68" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[398,500,872,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emma">C. emma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34D10FCF4FD2BFC68" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1837" box="[558,708,872,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34D10FCF4FD2BFC68" box="[558,708,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. mystaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34DE8FCF4FC7FFC68" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[726,912,871,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34DE8FCF4FD1FFC97" box="[726,752,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34C20FCF4FC7FFC68" box="[798,912,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished by a combination of the following characters: smaller body size: adult SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34DDEFC10FC69FC4C" box="[736,902,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.66" metricValueMax="9.94" metricValueMin="7.38" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="mm" value="86.6" valueMax="99.4" valueMin="73.8">73.8–99.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n=9 (vs.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34CC6FC10FB4EFC4C" box="[1016,1185,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34CC6FC10FB72FC4C" authorityName=", Jerdon" authorityYear="1853" box="[1016,1181,908,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nemoricola">C. nemoricola</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
adult SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34A18FC10FF2AFC2F" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.234" metricValueMax="1.348" metricValueMin="1.1199999999999999" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="mm" value="123.4" valueMax="134.8" valueMin="112.0">112–134.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n=7, n=5; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34E4AFC2CFDADFC20" box="[372,578,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34E4AFC2CFDD1FC20" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[372,574,944,968]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandisquamis">C. grandisquamis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
adult SVL 110.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34C2CFC33FC6AFC2F" box="[786,901,943,968]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.365" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="mm" value="136.5">136.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n=5); 38–44 midbody scale rows (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34A07FC33FA73FC20" box="[1337,1436,943,968]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.874" metricValueMax="8.89" metricValueMin="6.858" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="in" value="31.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="27.0">27–35 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34FA9FC48FEB1FC04" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,350,980,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandisquamis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34FA9FC48FEB1FC04" box="[151,350,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. grandisquamis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34E53FC48FE3FFC05" box="[365,464,980,1005]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.254999999999999" metricValueMax="8.89" metricValueMin="7.62" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="in" value="32.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="30.0">30–35 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34EE9FC48FDA8FC04" authorityName="calotes (Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[471,583,980,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calotes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34EE9FC48FDA8FC04" box="[471,583,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. calotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, n=3;
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34DAEFC48FD1CFC05" box="[656,755,980,1005]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0032999999999999" metricValueMax="1.0922" metricValueMin="0.9144" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="in" value="39.5" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="36.0">36–43 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34DC4FC48FC4CFC04" box="[762,931,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34DC4FC48FC72FC04" authorityName=", Jerdon" authorityYear="1853" box="[762,925,980,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nemoricola">C. nemoricola</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34C94FC48FBE2FC05" box="[938,1037,980,1005]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5367000000000002" metricValueMax="1.6002000000000003" metricValueMin="1.4731999999999998" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="in" value="60.5" valueMax="63.0" valueMin="58.0">58–63 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34B2AFC48FB6EFC04" box="[1044,1153,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34B2AFC48FB95FC04" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[1044,1146,980,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maria">C. maria</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34BB6FC48FB04FC05" box="[1160,1259,980,1005]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2953999999999999" metricValueMax="1.4478" metricValueMin="1.143" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="in" value="51.0" valueMax="57.0" valueMin="45.0">45–57 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34BCCFC48FA8CFC04" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1870" box="[1266,1379,980,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerdoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34BCCFC48FA8CFC04" box="[1266,1379,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. jerdoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34A4CFC48FF20FBF8" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4478" metricValueMax="1.6509999999999998" metricValueMin="1.2446" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="in" value="57.0" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="49.0">49– 65 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34FE8FC64FED6FBF8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[214,313,1016,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34FE8FC64FED6FBF8" box="[214,313,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. emma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34E79FC6BFE45FBF8" box="[327,426,1015,1040]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3462" metricValueMax="1.4731999999999998" metricValueMin="1.2192" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="in" value="53.0" valueMax="58.0" valueMin="48.0">48–58 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34E8EFC64FDACFBF8" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1837" box="[432,579,1016,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34E8EFC64FDACFBF8" box="[432,579,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. mystaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34D47FC6BFD33FBF8" box="[633,732,1015,1040]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3716" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.2192" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="in" value="54.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="48.0">48–60 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34DDCFC64FCAAFBE7" baseAuthorityName="Hardwicke & Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[738,837,1016,1039]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34DDCFC64FCAAFBE7" box="[738,837,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); crescent-shaped patch of granular scales in front of the shoulder absent (vs. present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34D0DFB80FD38FBDC" authorityName=", Jerdon" authorityYear="1853" box="[563,727,1052,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nemoricola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34D0DFB80FD38FBDC" box="[563,727,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. nemoricola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34DD7FB80FB37FBDC" box="[745,1240,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34DD7FB80FC58FBDC" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[745,951,1052,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandisquamis">C. grandisquamis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34CF8FB80FBDFFBDC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[966,1072,1052,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emma">C. emma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34B7EFB80FB37FBDC" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1837" box="[1088,1240,1052,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystaceus">C. mystaceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34A28FB80FA64FBDC" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1870" box="[1302,1419,1052,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerdoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34A28FB80FA64FBDC" box="[1302,1419,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. jerdoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); nuchal and dorsal crest well developed, composed of almost equal spines (vs. nuchal spines much longer, dorsal crest reduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34E73FBF8FE02FB94" authorityName=", Jerdon" authorityYear="1853" box="[333,493,1124,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nemoricola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34E73FBF8FE02FB94" box="[333,493,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. nemoricola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34D1DFBF8FD69FB94" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[547,646,1124,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34D1DFBF8FD69FB94" box="[547,646,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. maria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; nuchal spines much longer than dorsal spines in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34B90FBF8FF09FB48" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34B90FBF8FA98FB94" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[1198,1399,1124,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandisquamis">C. grandisquamis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34ABCFBF8FF09FB48" authorityName="calotes (Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calotes">C. calotes</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34E23FB14FE6EFB48" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[285,385,1160,1184]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34E23FB14FE6EFB48" box="[285,385,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. emma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); two well separated supratympanic spines (vs. row of 3–4 compressed supratympanic spines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34F88FB30FEB6FB2C" authorityName=", Jerdon" authorityYear="1853" box="[182,345,1196,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nemoricola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34F88FB30FEB6FB2C" box="[182,345,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. nemoricola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34EABFB30FDB1FB2C" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[405,606,1196,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandisquamis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34EABFB30FDB1FB2C" box="[405,606,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. grandisquamis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 8–9 compressed spines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34C9FFB30FBFCFB2C" authorityName="calotes (Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[929,1043,1196,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calotes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34C9FFB30FBFCFB2C" box="[929,1043,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. calotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; two parallel rows of compressed supratympanic scales in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34E95FB4CFDE0FB0F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[427,527,1232,1255]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34E95FB4CFDE0FB0F" box="[427,527,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. maria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34D79FB4CFD56FB00" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1870" box="[583,697,1232,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerdoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34D79FB4CFD56FB00" box="[583,697,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. jerdoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; single well developed postorbital spine in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34B9BFB4CFAE5FB00" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[1189,1290,1232,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34B9BFB4CFAE5FB00" box="[1189,1290,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">C. emma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA5FFB34A1CFB4CFEE6FAE4" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34A1CFB4CFA98FB00" box="[1314,1399,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Calotes</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34FA9FB68FEE6FAE4" box="[151,265,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from its other
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA5FFB34D99FB68FD27FAE5" box="[679,712,1268,1293]" country="United Kingdom" name="Surrey" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Sri</collectingRegion>
|
||
Lankan congeners based on posterodorsal orientation of lateral scales and absence of oblique fold or pit in front of the shoulder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33DE080FFA5FFB04FF9FAA0FB42FD6C" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA5FFB34FF9FAA0FD13F908" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA5FFB34FF9FAA0FEB6FABD" bold="true" box="[199,345,1340,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on specimen CESL 182. A large sized adult male (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA5FFB34B76FAA0FB5BFABC" box="[1096,1204,1340,1364]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.94" pageId="21" pageNumber="422" unit="mm" value="99.4">99.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
), morphometric and meristic data are summarised in Appendix 2 & 3. General habitus moderately compressed. Head moderate (HL/ SVL ratio 0.22), slightly elongate (HW/HL ratio 0.95), maximum height slightly less than maximum width; snout pointed; rostral broader than high; nostrils in single nasal shield which is separated from rostral by two scales; mental shield narrower than rostral; two postmentals, first pair separated from each other by two small scales; genials keeled; gular sac small, composed of strongly keeled scales, slightly smaller than genials; scales on top of snout smooth except median row, which is keeled; scales on top of head heterogenous in size and shape, keeled; supraorbital scales keeled; canthus-rostralis and supraciliary edge sharp; two separated spines on posterior end of head, the anterior much longer, closer to the nuchal crest, posterior above tympanum; orbit diameter 87% of distance between anterior border of orbit and snout tip; tympanum exposed, its greatest diameter 42% of horizontal diameter of orbit; slightly keeled, scales between tympanum and orbit smooth, slightly enlarged; posterior region of jaws swollen; supralabials 11/10; infralabials 10/10.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA5FFB34FF9F970FB73F898" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">Nuchal and dorsal crest well developed, continuous; nuchal crest composed of 11 long, conical spines, the first being the smallest; dorsal crest composed of 33 curved spines till above the vent, slightly smaller than the nuchal spines; 36 longitudinal scale rows around midbody; dorsal and lateral scales sub-triangular, keeled, oriented postero-dorsally; ventrals strongly keeled, mucronate, smaller than dorsal and lateral scales.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA5FFB04FF9F8E0FE1FFF1F" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1436,151,933]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="21" pageNumber="422">
|
||
Limbs slender and covered with strongly keeled scales, similar to laterals, forming parallel longitudinal rows; scales under thighs weakly keeled; length of hindlimb ca. 75 % SVL; relative length of fingers 4>3>2>5>1, third and fourth finger almost equal; relative lengths of toes 4>3>5>2>1; fourth toe much longer than fifth finger; 21 subdigital lamellae under fourth finger; 25 subdigital lamellae under fourth toe; subdigital lamellae with sharp keels, bicarinate; slender, swollen at the base; dorsal and ventral tail scales mucronate, strongly keeled; tail broken, incomplete; tail length
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA6FFB04EA4FF7CFE03FF1F" box="[410,492,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA6FFB04FF9FE98FF3AFE1D" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04FF9FE98FEB0FEF5" bold="true" box="[199,351,260,285]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Colouration.</emphasis>
|
||
In life: dorsum and head uniform, greyish-brown with irregular darker patches towards the flank; each lateral scale with a darker blackish spot towards the base, followed by lighter grey edges; head laterally paler, whitish towards the cheeks; a small, thin darker stripe from posterior corner of the eye till end of orbit; legs with irregular dark crossbars; a black coloured patch above the shoulder, near throat; tympanum pale grey with many small black spots, ventral uniformly lighter, pale grey; tail with alternating dark and light bands. Representative image showing live colouration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131CAF8EFFA6FFB04D35FE2BFD8FFE38" box="[523,608,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1998,2020]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,698,1977]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[340,1247,697,1977]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lateral photograph showing live coloration of A. adult female C. calotes and B. adult male C. cf. versicolor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1440682/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
|
||
). In preservative: colouration mostly similar to that in life, except overall paler.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA6FFB04FF9FE63FB42FD6C" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04FF9FE63FD16FDF0" bold="true" box="[199,761,511,536]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Variation and secondary sexual characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
Meristic and morphometric data of four adult male and four adult female specimens are given in Appendix 2 & 3. The examined specimens agree with each other in general morphology and scalation. All the examined female specimens (CESL 0 48, CESL 163, CESL 306 and BNHM 374) have much smaller nuchal and dorsal spines compared to the males and lack a gular sac.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33DE080FFA6FFB04FF9FD13FDDEFD25" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA6FFB04FF9FD13FDDEFD25" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04FF9FD13FE8FFD40" bold="true" box="[199,352,655,680]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA6FFB04E57FD0CFDB0FD40" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[361,607,655,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04E57FD0CFE51FD40" box="[361,446,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Calotes</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04ED3FD0CFDB0FD40" box="[493,607,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E37DE9FFA6FFB04C09FD0CFC7DFD4F" box="[823,914,656,679]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Western" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Western</collectingRegion>
|
||
Ghats at elevations between
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA6FFB04BDDFD0CFAF1FD4F" box="[1251,1310,656,680]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" unit="m" value="70.0">70 m</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF1EEEFFA6FFB04A7BFD13FA73FD4F" box="[1349,1436,655,680]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" unit="m" value="1250.0">1250 m</quantity>
|
||
M.S.L. (See Appendix 1 for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33DE080FFA6FFB04FF9FD4BFCCEFC4D" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98B30BFFA6FFB04FF9FD4BFCCEFC4D" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04FF9FD4BFDF4FD18" bold="true" box="[199,539,727,752]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Ecology and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA6FFB04D1CFD44FCFAFD18" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[546,789,727,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04D1CFD44FD98FD18" box="[546,631,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Calotes</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04D9DFD44FCFAFD18" box="[675,789,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a diurnal lizard, semi-arboreal to arboreal in habit, and so far, has been recorded mostly in scrub, deciduous forests and plantations. Individuals were mostly seen perching on shrubs, hedges, gardens and along compound walls of houses in villages along forests.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA6FFB04B8FFCBCFA82FCD0" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[1201,1389,799,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04B8FFCBCFB24FCDF" box="[1201,1227,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">C.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04BC5FCBCFA82FCD0" box="[1275,1389,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has often been found within plantations and prefers open patches to forested areas. During this study, it was never recorded from primary evergreen forests. In some sites, they might occur syntopically in the same habitat as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27C888FFA6FFB04A43FCF5FF37FC4C" authorityName="Pal & Vijayakumar & Shanker & Jayarajan & Deepak" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Pal & Vijayakumar & Shanker & Jayarajan & Deepak" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04A43FCF5FF37FC4C" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">M. rouxii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A260D262FFA6FFB04FDEFC10FE8FFC4C" box="[224,352,908,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9536F19FFA6FFB04FDEFC10FEB6FC4D" bold="true" box="[224,345,908,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">comb. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
but tend to be restricted to forest edges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |