treatments-xml/data/03/85/55/03855567400AFFA0D8277406698E75D8.xml

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<mods:title id="E23C18489CE5032CD603339A7C99459D">First record of Ciocalypta (Demospongiae: Halichondrida) from Brazil, southwestern Atlantic, with the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C336B7FA400AFFA4D8277406680E7502" box="[264,781,1314,1340]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="D0DB531D400AFFA4D8277406680E7502" bold="true" box="[264,781,1314,1340]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9583863400AFFA4D8277406680E7502" bold="true" box="[264,781,1314,1340]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400AFFA4D82774066AC77502" box="[264,452,1314,1340]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9583863400AFFA4D82774066AC77502" bold="true" box="[264,452,1314,1340]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ciocalypta alba</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26B8518400AFFA4D8E47406692B7502" box="[459,552,1314,1340]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
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, 
<figureCitation id="1317F8F4400AFFA4DBB5740669AA7502" box="[666,681,1314,1340]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1116,1140]" captionTargetBox="[451,1116,330,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[445,1123,326,1112]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ciocalypta sp. nov., (Holotype, MCNPOR 5056). a. Specimen fixed and preserved in alcohol (Scale bar = 1.5 cm); b. Fistule skeleton; c. Basal skeleton (Scale bar = 400 m). d. Oxeas (Scale bar = 200 m)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168776/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</figureCitation>
; Tab. I)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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.
</emphasis>
MCNPOR 5056, 
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de Coral, SC, 
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– 
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, 
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depth, colls. C. Lerner &amp; J.P. Cauduro Filho, 
<date id="FF92C2B1400AFFA4DBE474BC684E758C" box="[715,845,1432,1458]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="2001-03-08">08.iii.2001</date>
.
</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="54975AD3400AFFA4D81774E56AB475E5" box="[312,439,1473,1499]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
MCNPOR 5060, 
<collectingCountry id="F33BA4E1400AFFA4DB8874E669D775E2" box="[679,724,1474,1500]" name="Iceland" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ilha</collectingCountry>
de Coral, SC, 
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– 
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, 
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depth, coll. C. Lerner &amp; J.P. Cauduro Filho, 
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; 
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501, Saco das Anchovas, Ilhabela, São Sebastião, SP, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1882B6400AFFA4DB76773069E77610" box="[601,740,1554,1582]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" precision="1" value="-23.9201">23º55.206'S</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1882B6400AFFA4DBDB7730688E7610" box="[756,909,1554,1582]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" precision="1" value="-45.298935">45º17.936'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
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depth, coll. E. Hajdu, 
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; 
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555, Ponta do Frade, Ilhabela, São Sebastião, SP, 
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– 
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, 
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depth, coll. M. LeBlanc, 
<date id="FF92C2B1400AFFA4DA11774E68C376BA" box="[830,960,1642,1668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="1997-06-18">18/vi/1997</date>
; 
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779, 781, 
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da Serraria, Ilhabela, SP, 
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– 
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, 
<quantity id="4CD44994400AFFA4DA0A77B0685A7690" box="[805,857,1684,1710]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="m" value="20.0">20m</quantity>
depth, coll. E. Hajdu, 
<date id="FF92C2B1400AFFA4DD4D77B06FD67690" box="[1122,1237,1684,1710]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="1996-01-11">11/i/1996</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400AFFA4D8177799696B76C1" blockId="1.[264,1323,1389,1871]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B9583863400AFFA4D8177799695B76E9" bold="true" box="[312,600,1725,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Comparative material.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400AFFA4DB4E779A685D76E9" box="[609,862,1726,1751]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="penicillus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400AFFA4DB4E779A685D76E9" box="[609,862,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ciocalypta penicillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
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1171 (dredged off Roscoff, 
<collectingCountry id="F33BA4E1400AFFA4D82777C16A5876C1" box="[264,347,1765,1791]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">France</collectingCountry>
, det. C. Lévi, 
<date id="FF92C2B1400AFFA4D8D077C1695876C1" box="[511,603,1765,1791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="1992-04">iv.1992</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C336B7FA400AFFA4D817762968487771" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B93E471400AFFA4D817762968487771" blockId="1.[264,1323,1389,1871]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B9583863400AFFA4D81776296ABB7719" bold="true" box="[312,440,1805,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400AFFA4D8EC762A69807719" box="[451,643,1806,1831]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9583863400AFFA4D8EC762A69807719" box="[451,643,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ciocalypta alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26B8518400AFFA4DBA0762969E17719" box="[655,738,1805,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
possesses neatly transparent fistules with small habit (up to 
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), and a single category of oxeas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B95838634009FFA7D82775196A89746B" bold="true" box="[264,394,1085,1109]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Location of São Paulo State (A) and Santa Catarina State (B), with the collecting localities indicated: a, Ponta do Frade, Ilhabela; b, Saco das Anchovas, Ilhabela; c, Ilha da Serraria, Ilhabela; d, Ilha de Coral, Florianópolis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C336B7FA4009FFA6D81775C968837569" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<emphasis id="B95838634009FFA7D81775C96AD37539" bold="true" box="[312,464,1261,1287]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</emphasis>
Specimens with firm consistency, hispid, with a basal mass with a variable number of slender conical fistules ranging from 
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in height, and up to 
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in thickness (
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a). The fistules are fused in a thin base ca. 
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high which is covered by some milimetres of fine sediment. Colour of the fistules and the base is white­yelowish alive, and whitish in alcohol. The surface has a translucent appearance, through which the central spicular axis is clearly visible. Oscules and pores inconspicuous, even 
<emphasis id="B95838634009FFA7DDB574926FE175F1" box="[1178,1250,1462,1487]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">in situ</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B95838634009FFA7D81774F96AA975C9" bold="true" box="[312,426,1501,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Fistules, cavernous (
<figureCitation id="1317F8F44009FFA7DB8374FA69F675C6" box="[684,757,1502,1528]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1116,1140]" captionTargetBox="[451,1116,330,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[445,1123,326,1112]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ciocalypta sp. nov., (Holotype, MCNPOR 5056). a. Specimen fixed and preserved in alcohol (Scale bar = 1.5 cm); b. Fistule skeleton; c. Basal skeleton (Scale bar = 400 m). d. Oxeas (Scale bar = 200 m)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168776/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
b) — Ectosomal skeleton tangential to the surface, easily detachable, formed by oxeas. Axial choanosomal skeleton constituted by a dense, central, longitudinal spicule bundle. Extra­axial tracts ramifying from the centre towards the ectosome, where they form subectosomal brushes. Little or no spongin present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E4714009FFA7D817778269F67706" blockId="2.[264,1323,1261,1848]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Base, cavernous (
<figureCitation id="1317F8F44009FFA7DB237782695776FE" box="[524,596,1702,1728]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1116,1140]" captionTargetBox="[451,1116,330,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[445,1123,326,1112]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ciocalypta sp. nov., (Holotype, MCNPOR 5056). a. Specimen fixed and preserved in alcohol (Scale bar = 1.5 cm); b. Fistule skeleton; c. Basal skeleton (Scale bar = 400 m). d. Oxeas (Scale bar = 200 m)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168776/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
c) — Dense, easily detachable ectosomal skeleton with spicules tangential to the surface. Choanosomal skeleton formed by criss­crossed oxeas basally; wherefrom bundles, mostly parallel, running towards the surface, originate. These bundles form brushes close to the surface.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF53B4F94008FFA6D82775786AEF7487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168776/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[451,1116,330,1101]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B93E4714008FFA6D82775786AEF7487" blockId="3.[264,1323,1116,1209]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D82775786A87744A" bold="true" box="[264,388,1116,1140]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF24008FFA6D8BC7579690B744A" box="[403,520,1117,1140]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D8BC7579690B744A" box="[403,520,1117,1140]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ciocalypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26B85184008FFA6DB2075796966744A" box="[527,613,1117,1140]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, (Holotype, MCNPOR 5056). a. Specimen fixed and preserved in alcohol (Scale bar = 1.5 cm); b. Fistule skeleton; c. Basal skeleton (Scale bar = 400 m). d. Oxeas (Scale bar = 200 m).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B93E4714008FFA6D817743068837569" blockId="3.[264,1323,1300,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D81774306A9C7510" bold="true" box="[312,415,1300,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="1317F8F44008FFA6D89C74316AFC7511" box="[435,511,1301,1327]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1116,1140]" captionTargetBox="[451,1116,330,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[445,1123,326,1112]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ciocalypta sp. nov., (Holotype, MCNPOR 5056). a. Specimen fixed and preserved in alcohol (Scale bar = 1.5 cm); b. Fistule skeleton; c. Basal skeleton (Scale bar = 400 m). d. Oxeas (Scale bar = 200 m)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168776/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
d; Table 1). Oxeas — straight (rarely) or slightly curved at centre (often): length 156­ 
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D8C1741969197568" box="[494,538,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">413</emphasis>
­874 µm, width 2­ 
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6DBC0741968217568" box="[751,802,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">10.2</emphasis>
­20 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C336B7FA4008FFA6D8177440695A75F1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B93E4714008FFA6D8177440695A75F1" blockId="3.[264,1323,1300,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D8177440697A7540" bold="true" box="[312,633,1380,1406]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Distribution and Ecology.</emphasis>
Known from 
<collectingCountry id="F33BA4E14008FFA6DA307441684E7541" box="[799,845,1381,1407]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ilha</collectingCountry>
de Coral, Santa Catarina state, and Ilhabela, São Sebastião, São Paulo state. The specimens were collected at 
<quantity id="4CD449944008FFA6DD6F74A96FA57599" box="[1088,1190,1421,1447]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="18.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="12.0">12–25 m</quantity>
depth. The base is covered by sediment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C336B7FA4008FFA6D81774F868BD7621" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B93E4714008FFA6D81774F868BD7621" blockId="3.[264,1323,1300,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D81774F86AC775C8" bold="true" box="[312,452,1500,1526]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species is named after the colour white­yelowish alive of the fistules and the base, and the translucent appearance of the surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C336B7FA4008FFA6D817770869AF7731" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B93E4714008FFA6D817770869AF7731" blockId="3.[264,1323,1300,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D81777086AB27678" bold="true" box="[312,433,1580,1606]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks.</emphasis>
We recognize five species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF24008FFA6DA0F770968A27678" box="[800,929,1581,1606]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6DA0F770968A27678" box="[800,929,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ciocalypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Atlantic ocean, viz. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF24008FFA6DC3F770969917651" authority="Wells, Wells &amp; Gray, 1960" authorityName="Wells, Wells &amp; Gray" authorityYear="1960" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibbsi">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6DC3F77096A4C7650" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. gibbsi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD99804008FFA6D878777169917651" author="Wells" box="[343,658,1621,1647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Wells H. W., Wells M. J. &amp; Gray I. E. (1960) Marine Sponges of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Science Society, 76 (2), 200 - 245." type="journal article" year="1960">Wells, Wells &amp; Gray, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(North Carolina); 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF24008FFA6DA4377716FDA7651" authority="Bowerbank, 1864" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1864" box="[876,1241,1621,1647]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="penicillus">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6DA4377716F037650" box="[876,1024,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. penicillus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD99804008FFA6DD2777716FDA7651" author="Bowerbank" box="[1032,1241,1621,1647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="6" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1864) A Monograph of the British Spongidae. Volume, Ray society, London, xx + 290 + XXXVII pp." type="book" year="1864">Bowerbank, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(originally NE and NW Atlantic, Caribbean, besides Mediterranean and several localities in the Indo­Pacific area); 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF24008FFA6D8C1778169907680" box="[494,659,1701,1726]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="polymastia">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D8C1778169907680" box="[494,659,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. polymastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Von 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD99804008FFA6DBF1778168B17681" author="Lendenfeld" box="[734,946,1701,1727]" pageId="3" pageNumber="7" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1888) Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sidney, Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 260 pp." type="book" year="1888">Lendenfeld, 1888</bibRefCitation>
; Patagonia, besides E 
<collectingCountry id="F33BA4E14008FFA6DD9077816E287681" box="[1215,1323,1701,1727]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33BA4E14008FFA6D81577E96ADD76D9" box="[314,478,1741,1767]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF24008FFA6D8DC77E9697976D8" box="[499,634,1741,1766]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="porrecta">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D8DC77E9697976D8" box="[499,634,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. porrecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD99804008FFA6DBA577E968CC76D9" author="Topsent" box="[650,975,1741,1767]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l`Atlantique et de la Mediterranee, provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert 1 er de Monaco. Resultats des Campagnes scientifiques du Prince Albert I de Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, I - XI." type="journal article" year="1928">
Topsent, 1928; 
<collectingCountry id="F33BA4E14008FFA6DA6D77E968CC76D9" box="[834,975,1741,1767]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF24008FFA6DD3E77E96FE876D8" box="[1041,1259,1741,1766]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pseudoporrecta">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6DD3E77E96FE876D8" box="[1041,1259,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. pseudoporrecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Van 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD99804008FFA6D82777D169157731" author="Soest" box="[264,534,1781,1807]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Soest, R. W. M. Van &amp; Stentoft N. (1988) Barbados deep-water Sponges. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 70, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988</bibRefCitation>
; Caribbean).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C336B7FA4008FFA1D81776396FAA72AE" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B93E4714008FFA1D817763969DC71EB" blockId="3.[264,1323,1300,1887]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,284,470]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF24008FFA6D86E76396AC17708" box="[321,450,1821,1846]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D86E76396AC17708" box="[321,450,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ciocalypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ 
<emphasis id="B95838634008FFA6D8FC7639695C7708" box="[467,607,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">hyaloderma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD99804008FFA6DB48763968717709" author="Ridley" box="[615,882,1821,1847]" pageId="3" pageNumber="7" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot;. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5), 18, 325 - 351, 47 - 493." type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
(off the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, ca. 
<quantity id="4CD449944008FFA6D81D76616A877761" box="[306,388,1861,1887]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="1080.0">1080m</quantity>
depth) is considered misidentified if Erpenbeck &amp; Van 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD99804008FFA6DD3676616FC77761" box="[1049,1220,1861,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="7" refString="Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Soest R. W. M. Van (2002) Family Halichondriidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (eds). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 787 - 815." type="book chapter">Soest´s (2002)</bibRefCitation>
revision of diagnostic criteria is followed. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400FFFA1DBB8703868C47108" box="[663,967,284,310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="7" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot;, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 20 (59), i - lxviii, 1 - 275, I - LI." type="journal article">Ridley &amp; Dendy´s (1887)</bibRefCitation>
sponge has two widely divergent branches, and a neatly reticulated, well developed and very wide meshed ectosomal skeleton. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1D85170486AFC71BB" box="[382,511,364,389]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1D85170486AFC71BB" box="[382,511,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ciocalypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on the contrary, has conspicuous finger­shaped fistules, disposed side by side, and a &quot;tangential reticulation of intercrossing bundles&quot;, much denser and more confused than in 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DB3A709869DC71EB" box="[533,735,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">‘C’. hyaloderma.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400FFFA1D82773106FAA72AE" blockId="4.[264,1323,564,656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1D82773106A6C7272" bold="true" box="[264,367,564,588]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TABLE I</emphasis>
: Comparative micrometric data for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1DBDD7310689E7275" box="[754,925,564,587]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DBDD7310689E7275" box="[754,925,564,587]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ciocalypta alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26B8518400FFFA1DA8C731068EC7275" box="[931,1007,564,587]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Measures are given as smallest length – mean length – largest length/ smallest width – mean width – largest width, in micrometers. Oxeas, N = 100 for length measures and N = 20 for width measures per specimen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C336B7FA400FFFA1D83F7399695475AA" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B93E471400FFFA1D83F73996F3D72EA" blockId="4.[272,1086,701,724]" box="[272,1086,701,724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Specimens Óxeas</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400FFFA1D83F73D16FA17332" blockId="4.[272,1186,757,780]" box="[272,1186,757,780]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
MCNPOR 5056 
<typeStatus id="54975AD3400FFFA1D8EC73D169257332" box="[451,550,757,780]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
204­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DAE973D16F017332" box="[966,1026,757,780]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">430.3</emphasis>
­732/3­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DD7F73D16F7C7332" box="[1104,1151,757,780]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">10.2</emphasis>
­20
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400FFFA1D83F7209695475AA" blockId="4.[272,1180,813,836]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,1202,1868]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
MCNPOR 5060 
<typeStatus id="54975AD3400FFFA1D8EC72096923737A" box="[451,544,813,836]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
190­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DAE372096F0B737A" box="[972,1032,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">480.6</emphasis>
­874/2­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DD7872096F7B737A" box="[1111,1144,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9.1</emphasis>
­19 ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1D86E75976AE774F2" box="[321,484,1203,1228]" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Leucophloeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1D86E75976AE774F2" box="[321,484,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leucophloeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1D8D77597696774F2" box="[504,612,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">styliferus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400FFFA1DB427596682174F2" author="Stephens" box="[621,802,1202,1228]" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Stephens, J. (1915) Atlantic Sponges collected by the Scottish National Antartic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Endinburgh, 50 (2), 423 - 467, XXXVIII - XL." type="journal article" year="1915">Stephens, 1915</bibRefCitation>
was to be transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1DD7C75976FD774F2" box="[1107,1236,1203,1228]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DD7C75976FD774F2" box="[1107,1236,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ciocalypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the former genus is considered a synonym of the latter by Erpenbeck &amp; Van 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400FFFA1DD7B75FE6FEF74CA" author="Soest" box="[1108,1260,1242,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="7" refString="Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Soest R. W. M. Van (2002) Family Halichondriidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (eds). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 787 - 815." type="book chapter" year="2002">Soest (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. This species, nevertheless, does not conform to the diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1DAEB74276F467522" box="[964,1093,1283,1308]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DAEB74276F467522" box="[964,1093,1283,1308]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ciocalypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, due to its absolute absence of fistules. We suggest the South African (SE Atlantic) species to be provisionally placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1D8A17477693A7552" box="[398,569,1363,1388]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Hymeniacidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1D8A17477693A7552" box="[398,569,1363,1388]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hymeniacidon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, until a more comprehensive revision of other records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1D827745F6AA875AA" box="[264,427,1403,1428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Leucophloeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1D827745F6AA875AA" box="[264,427,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leucophloeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is undertaken.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400FFFA1D83F72416FA1741A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<table id="F92C16D1400F005AD83F72416FA0741B" box="[272,1187,869,1061]" gridcols="3" gridrows="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<tr id="351CE633400F005AD83F72416FA07342" box="[272,1187,869,892]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76CD8F4F400F005AD83F72416A547342" box="[272,343,869,892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MNRJ</th>
<th id="76CD8F4F400F005AD87172416AEA7342" box="[350,489,869,892]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">501 Paratype</th>
<th id="76CD8F4F400F005ADABA72416FA07342" box="[917,1187,869,892]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
156­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DAE372416F0B7342" box="[972,1032,869,892]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">335.9</emphasis>
­585/6­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DD7872416F7B7342" box="[1111,1144,869,892]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9.6</emphasis>
­18
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351CE633400F005AD83F72B96FA0738A" box="[272,1187,925,948]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76CD8F4F400F005AD83F72B96A54738A" box="[272,343,925,948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MNRJ</th>
<td id="76CD8F4F400F005AD87172B96AEA738A" box="[350,489,925,948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">555 Paratype</td>
<td id="76CD8F4F400F005ADABA72B96FA0738A" box="[917,1187,925,948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
185­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DAE972B96F01738A" box="[966,1026,925,948]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">447.5</emphasis>
­761/5­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DD7F72B96F7C738A" box="[1104,1151,925,948]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">10.9</emphasis>
­19
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351CE633400F005AD83F72F16FA073D3" box="[272,1187,981,1005]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76CD8F4F400F005AD83F72F16A5473D3" box="[272,343,981,1005]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MNRJ</th>
<td id="76CD8F4F400F005AD87172F16AEA73D3" box="[350,489,981,1005]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">779 Paratype</td>
<td id="76CD8F4F400F005ADABA72F16FA073D3" box="[917,1187,981,1005]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
174­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DAE872F26F0073D3" box="[967,1027,982,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">373.3</emphasis>
­728/5­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DD7E72F26F7F73D3" box="[1105,1148,982,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11.7</emphasis>
­19
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351CE633400F005AD83F75296FA0741B" box="[272,1187,1037,1061]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76CD8F4F400F005AD83F75296A54741B" box="[272,343,1037,1061]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MNRJ</th>
<td id="76CD8F4F400F005AD87175296AEA741B" box="[350,489,1037,1061]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">781 Paratype</td>
<td id="76CD8F4F400F005ADABA75296FA0741B" box="[917,1187,1037,1061]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
204­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DAE9752A6F01741B" box="[966,1026,1038,1061]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">410.9</emphasis>
­780/5­ 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DD7F752A6F7C741B" box="[1104,1151,1038,1061]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">10.0</emphasis>
­18
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C336B7FA400FFFA0D817748769BA7358" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B93E471400FFFA1D81774876F1176C2" blockId="4.[264,1323,1202,1868]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1D8177487690B7582" box="[312,520,1443,1468]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibbsi">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1D8177487690B7582" box="[312,520,1443,1468]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ciocalypta gibbsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1DBDE7487688C7582" box="[753,911,1443,1468]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DBDE7487688C7582" box="[753,911,1443,1468]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Halichondria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400FFFA1DA9074866F957582" box="[959,1174,1442,1468]" pageId="4" pageNumber="7" refString="Diaz, M. C., Pomponi S. A. &amp; Soest R. W. M. Van (1993) A systematic revison of the central West Atlantic Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera). Part III: Description of valid species. Recent Advances in Ecology and Systematics of Sponges, Scientia Marina, Barcelona, 57 (4), 283 - 306." type="journal article">
Diaz 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DD2F74876F3E7582" box="[1024,1085,1443,1468]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
(1993)
</bibRefCitation>
, but its possession of styles next to oxeas originally reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400FFFA1DA5574EE6F5475DA" box="[890,1111,1482,1508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Wells H. W., Wells M. J. &amp; Gray I. E. (1960) Marine Sponges of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Science Society, 76 (2), 200 - 245." type="journal article">
Wells 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DAEB74EF68FC75DA" box="[964,1023,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
(1960)
</bibRefCitation>
, besides the fistular habit, suggests it is more appropriate to keep the species in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1DD2974D76F847632" box="[1030,1159,1523,1548]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DD2974D76F847632" box="[1030,1159,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ciocalypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species differs from the new species described here by its apparently occasional possession of abundant styles and tendency for showing generally thinner megascleres (up to 12µm in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400FFFA1D827774E6AD776BA" author="Wells" box="[264,468,1642,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Wells H. W., Wells M. J. &amp; Gray I. E. (1960) Marine Sponges of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Science Society, 76 (2), 200 - 245." type="journal article" year="1960">
Wells 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1D87C774F6A8D76BA" box="[339,398,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
1960
</bibRefCitation>
; up to 10µm in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400FFFA1DBBC774E685776BA" author="Diaz" box="[659,852,1642,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="7" refString="Diaz, M. C., Pomponi S. A. &amp; Soest R. W. M. Van (1993) A systematic revison of the central West Atlantic Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera). Part III: Description of valid species. Recent Advances in Ecology and Systematics of Sponges, Scientia Marina, Barcelona, 57 (4), 283 - 306." type="journal article" year="1993">
Diaz 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DBFC774F680D76BA" box="[723,782,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
1993
</bibRefCitation>
; up to 20µm in the new species). Additionally, both species appear visually different because of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1DA9C77B76F1E7692" box="[947,1053,1683,1708]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibbsi">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DA9C77B76F1E7692" box="[947,1053,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. gibbsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
´s thicker, dull fistules, instead of the neatly transparent ones of the new species (similar to those of NE Atlantic 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1DC3F779F6A8A76C2" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pennicillus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DC3F779F6A8A76C2" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. pennicillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, cf. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400FFFA1D89277C6697176C2" author="Weinberg" box="[445,626,1762,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Weinberg, S. (1994) Deecouvir L'Atlantique, la Manche et la mer du Nord, Editions Nathan, Paris, 383 pp." type="book" year="1994">Weinberg 1994</bibRefCitation>
, p. 156, and Van Soest 
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1DAAC77C768BD76C2" box="[899,958,1763,1788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
2000).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400FFFA0D817762F6AB971C0" blockId="4.[264,1323,1202,1868]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1324,284,1510]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400FFFA1D817762F6932771A" box="[312,561,1803,1828]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="penicillus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400FFFA1D817762F6932771A" box="[312,561,1803,1828]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ciocalypta penicillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species known for the variability of its spicular complement, where styles and oxeas are variably abundant, sometimes occurring alone (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400FFFA0DDE176166A447108" author="Topsent" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Topsent, E. (1921) Sur les Ciocalypta Bow. Compte rendu de l`Association francaise pour l`avancement des sciences, 687 - 692." type="book chapter" year="1921">Topsent 1921</bibRefCitation>
). One striking difference between this and the new species is the consistently smaller habit of the fistules in the latter (up to 
<quantity id="4CD44994400EFFA0DBE3706068007160" box="[716,771,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="2.0">2cm</quantity>
), as opposed to fistules over 6, and up to 
<quantity id="4CD44994400EFFA0DDC670606E287160" box="[1257,1323,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="10.0">10cm</quantity>
high in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0D84C70486AFC71BB" box="[355,511,364,389]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="penicillus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0D84C70486AFC71BB" box="[355,511,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. penicillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0DB6C7048680C71B8" author="Bowerbank" box="[579,783,364,390]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1864) A Monograph of the British Spongidae. Volume, Ray society, London, xx + 290 + XXXVII pp." type="book" year="1864">Bowerbank 1864</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0DA33704868E571B8" author="Wells" box="[796,998,364,390]" pageId="5" pageNumber="8" refString="Wells H. W., Wells M. J. &amp; Gray I. E. (1960) Marine Sponges of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Science Society, 76 (2), 200 - 245." type="journal article" year="1960">
Wells 
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DA4A704868A271BB" box="[869,929,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
1960
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0DADC70486FAA71B8" author="Weinberg" box="[1011,1193,364,390]" pageId="5" pageNumber="8" refString="Weinberg, S. (1994) Deecouvir L'Atlantique, la Manche et la mer du Nord, Editions Nathan, Paris, 383 pp." type="book" year="1994">Weinberg 1994</bibRefCitation>
; Van Soest 
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0D82770B06A477193" box="[264,324,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
2000). Additionaly, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0DB1470B069D27193" box="[571,721,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="penicillus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DB1470B069D27193" box="[571,721,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. penicillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses more cavernous fistules and thicker and conspicuous secondary tracts of megascleres (ca. 
<quantity id="4CD44994400EFFA0DA56709868D371E8" box="[889,976,444,470]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="215.0">215 m</quantity>
; cf. ERPENBECK &amp; VAN 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0D82770C06AAD71C0" author="SOEST" box="[264,430,484,510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" refString="Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Soest R. W. M. Van (2002) Family Halichondriidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (eds). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 787 - 815." type="book chapter" year="2002">SOEST, 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400EFFA0D8177328693E7248" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0D81773286941721B" box="[312,578,524,549]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="polymastia">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0D81773286941721B" box="[312,578,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ciocalypta polymastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(von 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0DBA7732868587218" author="Lendenfeld" box="[648,859,524,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1888) Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sidney, Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 260 pp." type="book" year="1888">Lendenfeld, 1888</bibRefCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DA47732868AA721B" box="[872,937,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0DA9D73286F527218" author="Cuartas" box="[946,1105,524,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" refString="Cuartas E. I. (1992) Poriferos intermareales de San Antonio Oeste, Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina (Porifera: Demospongiae). Neotropica, 38 (100), 111 - 118." type="journal article" year="1992">Cuartas 1992</bibRefCitation>
) has three categories of styles (130–180, 210–250 and 320–450µm long), which makes it only distantly related to the new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400EFFA0D81773A069BA7358" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0D81773A0692772A3" box="[312,548,644,669]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="porrecta">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0D81773A0692772A3" box="[312,548,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ciocalypta porrecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the new species by its possession of a dense, ectosomal, paratangential arrangement of spicule brushes supporting isolated tangential spicules, instead of the neat, tangential reticulation of spicule bundles in the new species. Topsent’s (1928) specimen differed further by its possession of slightly larger oxeas (up to 1000µm) and stout, dull fistules. The latter two characters were not observed in a Spanish specimen by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0D802726869B77358" author="Carballo" box="[301,692,844,870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Carballo, J. L. (2001) On the genus Coelocalypta (Porifera: Demospongiae) and other related fistulose halichondrid genera. Cathiers de Biologie Marine, 42, 255 - 262." type="journal article" year="2001">
Carballo (2001, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0DB23726869AB735B" box="[524,680,844,869]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Coelocalypta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DB23726869AB735B" box="[524,680,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coelocalypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C336B7FA400EFFA0D8177250698E75D8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B93E471400EFFA0D817725069CC7438" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0D8177250697973B3" box="[312,634,884,909]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pseudoporrecta">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0D8177250697973B3" box="[312,634,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ciocalypta pseudoporrecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from our new species due its possession of three categories of oxeas (260–480, 475–900, 100–1800µm long). Additionally, its shape is very distinct from that of the new species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0DBE372E06F0F73E3" box="[716,1036,964,989]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pseudoporrecta">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DBE372E06F0F73E3" box="[716,1036,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ciocalypta pseudoporrecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a subspherical base from which a single, hard fistule arises
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400EFFA0D817753069B87550" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The new species is thus considered well distinguished from other Atlantic congeners, with the exception of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0DB2975186999746B" box="[518,666,1084,1109]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="penicillus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DB2975186999746B" box="[518,666,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. penicillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from which it differs only marginally. Given the unlikelyness of conspecificity over such a large geographic distance, further supported from the realization that other species with alleged similar distributions, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0DD7D75A86AB174F0" authority="Schmidt, 1862" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nucula">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DD7D75A86E28749B" box="[1106,1323,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chondrilla nucula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0D82775906AB174F0" author="Schmidt" box="[264,434,1204,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" refString="Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meers, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, viii + 88 pp + 7 pp." type="book" year="1862">Schmidt, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F33BA4E1400EFFA0D8ED75906AE874F0" box="[450,491,1204,1230]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">DE</collectingCountry>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0D8DC759069F874F0" author="LAUBENFELS" box="[499,763,1204,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1956) Preliminary discussion of the sponges of Brazil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Oceanografia Biologica, Sao Paulo, (1), 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1956">LAUBENFELS, 1956</bibRefCitation>
; MURICY 
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DAAB759068BB74F3" box="[900,952,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
., 1991), 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0DD0E75906A9E74C8" authority="Nardo, 1847" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1847" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrosiidae" genus="Chondrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reniformis">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DD0E75906E2874F3" box="[1057,1323,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chondrosia reniformis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0D82775F86A9E74C8" author="Nardo" box="[264,413,1244,1270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" refString="Nardo, G. D. (1847) Osservazioni anatomiche sopra l'animale marino detto volgarmente Rognone di mare. Atti del Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti, 6, 267 - 268." type="journal article" year="1847">Nardo, 1847</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(SOLÉ­CAVA 
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DB7875F8698874CB" box="[599,651,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
., 1981), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0DA0275F86F6774C8" authority="Grant, 1826" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[813,1124,1244,1270]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DA0275F868CE74CB" box="[813,973,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cliona celata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0DAF875F86F6774C8" author="Grant" box="[983,1124,1244,1270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" refString="Grant, R. E. (1826) Notice of a New Zoophyte (Cliona celata Grant) From the Frith of Forth. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1, 78 - 81." type="journal article" year="1826">Grant, 1826</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(MOTHES­DE­ 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0D82774206ACD7520" author="MORAES" box="[264,462,1284,1310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" refString="Mothes-de-Moraes, B. (1985) Manual de tecnicas para a preparacao de colecoes zoologicas. 2. Esponjas Marinhas. Sao Paulo, CNPq, 3 pp." type="book" year="1985">MORAES, 1985</bibRefCitation>
; MURICY 
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DB797420698A7523" box="[598,649,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
., 1991) are highly dubious identifications for the Western Atlantic (KLAUTAU 
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DB2374086942757B" box="[524,577,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
., 1999; LAZOSKI 
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DA077408685F757B" box="[808,860,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
., 2001), we feel confident in recognizing 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0D81A74706A887553" box="[309,395,1364,1389]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0D81A74706A887553" box="[309,395,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
´s status as a new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93E471400EFFA0D8177458698E75D8" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD9980400EFFA0D8177458692C75A8" box="[312,559,1404,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" refString="Hooper, J. N. A., Cook, S. D., Hobbs, L. J. &amp; Kennedy, J. (1997) Australian Halichondriidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): I. Species from the Beagle Gulf. In: Hanley, J. R., Caswell, G., Megirian, D. &amp; Larson, H. K. (eds) Proceedings of the Sixth International Marine Biological Workshop. The marine flora and fauna of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory and the Australian Marine Sciences Association, Darwin, pp. 1 - 65." type="book chapter">
Hooper 
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0D8B674586ACC75AB" box="[409,463,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
. (1997)
</bibRefCitation>
revised the Indo­pacific records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C9FF2400EFFA0DAF174586F5C75AB" box="[990,1119,1404,1429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9583863400EFFA0DAF174586F5C75AB" box="[990,1119,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ciocalypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, listing ten valid species, two of which were described as new species. The present paper is a complementary review of the Atlantic fauna.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>