371 lines
52 KiB
XML
371 lines
52 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BEB3B32A38D9EAD82A08F787BAAE3A87">New genera and species of Maimetshidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea s. l.) from the Turonian of Botswana, with comments on the status of the family</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="57310DEAFC0161AD0C9F020546E61256">Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="19EB15163C0E7E616F58254CF9524669">Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123 Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997 Russia, and Natural History Museum, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0F633B989D7EB4FE45582A8F45BFD25B" type="email">rasna_us2002@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7BC428F48085992F071B5D1876BECAA7">Brothers, Denis J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="084836E4E0E5BDEBDEB6331B092167BC">School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, P. Bag X 01, Scottsville, 3209 South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8AEE48BD7E29EDF18454712449F5FC80" type="email">Brothers@ukzn.ac.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="C2848103BE4724818EB348DBA7D0DE31">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="48080675B8CD5ACD72D0D0A72C627317">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="73D6E53EB671946CDE64A3C1497BE857">2009-06-30</mods:number>
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<treatment id="D77F433F8A09FFCFFE4EFE0CFCCE046C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7668201" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209340887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7668201" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D77F433F8A09FFCFFE4EFE0CFCCE046C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D77F433F8A09FFCFFE4EFE0CFCCE046C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">
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<subSubSection id="17CCA1A28A09FFC9FE4EFE0CFCE901CF" box="[445,878,459,484]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5F69F2298A09FFC9FE4EFE0CFCE901CF" blockId="2.[445,878,459,484]" box="[445,878,459,484]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">
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<heading id="042145458A09FFC9FE4EFE0CFCE901CF" box="[445,878,459,484]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" reason="7">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FDE7FE0CFCE901CF" ID-CoL="CCC" authority="Rasnitsyn, 1975" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[532,878,459,484]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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Maimetshidae
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<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A09FFC9FD4AFE0CFCE901CF" author="RASNITSYN, A. P." box="[697,878,459,484]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref6480" refString="RASNITSYN, A. P. 1975. Hymenoptera Apocrita of the Mesozoic [Vysshie pereponchatokrylye mezozoya]. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences [Trudy Paleontologicheskogo instituta Akademii nauk SSSR] 147: 1 - 134. (in Russian)" type="journal article" year="1975">Rasnitsyn, 1975</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="17CCA1A28A09FFC9FF46FE35FDF3021D" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="5F69F2298A09FFC9FF46FE35FCC2022D" blockId="2.[181,1142,498,1671]" box="[181,837,498,518]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">
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<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FF46FE35FEBE022D" ID-CoL="CCC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[181,313,498,518]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="DE77D4388A09FFC9FEB1FE35FE74022D" author="RASNITSYN, A. P." box="[322,499,498,518]" page="73" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" year="1975">
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<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A09FFC9FEB1FE35FE74022D" author="RASNITSYN, A. P." box="[322,499,498,518]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref6480" refString="RASNITSYN, A. P. 1975. Hymenoptera Apocrita of the Mesozoic [Vysshie pereponchatokrylye mezozoya]. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences [Trudy Paleontologicheskogo instituta Akademii nauk SSSR] 147: 1 - 134. (in Russian)" type="journal article" year="1975">Rasnitsyn 1975: 73</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1988: 124;
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<treatmentCitation id="DE77D4388A09FFC9FD97FE35FCC6022D" author="RONQUIST, F. & RASNITSYN, A. P. & ROY, A. & ERIKSSON, K. & LINDGREN, M." box="[612,833,498,518]" page="33" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" year="1999">
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<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A09FFC9FD97FE35FCC6022D" author="RONQUIST, F. & RASNITSYN, A. P. & ROY, A. & ERIKSSON, K. & LINDGREN, M." box="[612,833,498,518]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" pagination="13 - 50" refId="ref6788" refString="RONQUIST, F., RASNITSYN, A. P., ROY, A., ERIKSSON, K. & LINDGREN, M. 1999. Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: a cladistic reanalysis of Rasnitsyn's (1988) data. Zoologica Scripta 28: 13 - 50." type="journal article" year="1999">
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Ronquist
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<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A09FFC9FD4FFE35FD6D022D" box="[700,746,498,518]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">et al.</emphasis>
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1999: 33
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5F69F2298A09FFC9FF46FDCDFDCE0235" blockId="2.[181,1142,498,1671]" box="[181,585,522,542]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="7FC6D5078A09FFC9FF46FDCDFDCE0235" box="[181,585,522,542]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">
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<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FF46FDCDFE210235" ID-CoL="CHF" authority="(Dinapsinae)" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" baseAuthorityName="Dinapsinae" box="[181,422,522,542]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae (Dinapsinae)</taxonomicName>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="DE77D4388A09FFC9FE5CFDCDFDC20235" author="SHAW, S. R." box="[431,581,522,542]" page="109" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" year="1988">
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<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A09FFC9FE5CFDCDFDC20235" author="SHAW, S. R." box="[431,581,522,542]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" pagination="101 - 113" refId="ref6839" refString="SHAW, S. R. 1988. Carminator, a new genus of Megalyridae (Hymenoptera) from the Oriental and Australian regions, with a commentary on the definition of the family. Systematic Entomology 13: 101 - 113." type="journal article" year="1988">Shaw 1988: 109</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5F69F2298A09FFC9FF46FDE5FDF3021D" blockId="2.[181,1142,498,1671]" box="[181,628,546,566]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">
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<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FF46FDE5FE1F021D" ID-CoL="CHF" authority="(Dinapsini)" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" baseAuthorityName="Dinapsini" box="[181,408,546,566]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae (Dinapsini)</taxonomicName>
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: Shaw 1990: 578; 2007.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="17CCA1A28A09FFC9FF46FD84FC900277" box="[181,791,579,604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="5F69F2298A09FFC9FF46FD84FC900277" blockId="2.[181,1142,498,1671]" box="[181,791,579,604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">
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<typeStatus id="806D4C8B8A09FFC9FF46FD84FF6A0277" box="[181,237,579,604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Type</typeStatus>
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genus:
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<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FEB7FD83FDFB0277" authority="Rasnitsyn, 1975" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[324,636,579,604]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A09FFC9FEB7FD83FE470277" box="[324,448,580,604]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Maimetsha</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A09FFC9FE3BFD84FDFB0277" author="RASNITSYN, A. P." box="[456,636,579,604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref6480" refString="RASNITSYN, A. P. 1975. Hymenoptera Apocrita of the Mesozoic [Vysshie pereponchatokrylye mezozoya]. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences [Trudy Paleontologicheskogo instituta Akademii nauk SSSR] 147: 1 - 134. (in Russian)" type="journal article" year="1975">Rasnitsyn, 1975</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(monobasic).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="17CCA1A28A09FFC9FF46FDAEFC1D04E9" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="5F69F2298A09FFC9FF46FDAEFC1D04E9" blockId="2.[181,1142,498,1671]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">
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Diagnosis: Head without ocular carina, without subantennal groove accommodating antennal base.Vertex with (in
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<typeStatus id="806D4C8B8A09FFC9FE04FD4EFDA10289" box="[503,550,649,674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">type</typeStatus>
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genus) or without longitudinal median sulcus.Antenna filiform, with scape not elongate, flagellomeres variable in number (known as at least 14 to 17). Mandible with four teeth (mandibles perhaps rarely asymmetrical, with 4 and 3 teeth). Pronotum short medially, mesoscutum with notauli and medial sulcus, axillae meeting anterior to scutellum or separated by prescutellar impression. Propodeum areolate. Forewing with costal space moderate to wide; vein C and pterostigma present; basal sections of RS and M subequal in length, not continuously aligned (not forming smooth basal vein); marginal cell closed, wide (not triangular), moderately short to moderately long; cells 2rm and/or 3rm closed; cell 1mcu closed, small, distant from 2rm (by at least 0.7× length of
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<quantity id="982E5FCC8A09FFC9FDE2FC6EFDB303E9" box="[529,564,937,962]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
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–cu); cell 2mcu open (at most delimited by spectral
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<quantity id="982E5FCC8A09FFC9FF46FC0EFF5F03C9" box="[181,216,969,994]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
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–cu crossvein); 1cu–a antefurcal. Hind wing with no posterobasal lobe; with 4 or 5 distal hamuli; basal cell (1rm) closed; free apex of RS stub-like, short; free apices of M and Cu short or absent, that of A absent. Legs unmodified, with trochantelli, spurs 1-2- 2, tarsomeres 5-5-5, claws with preapical tooth. Metasoma rather short, compact, not much sculptured, attached low on propodeum, with first segment forming small articulatory ring, second segment the longest, apical sternum of female elongate, nearly reaching metasomal apex. Ovipositor external but not long, sheaths shorter than metasoma, not fitting tightly to ovipositor (often preserved loose).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="17CCA1A28A09FFC8FF46FB09FDEF04FC" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5F69F2298A09FFC8FF46FB09FE20012C" blockId="2.[181,1142,498,1671]" lastBlockId="3.[144,1104,206,263]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">
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Genera included:
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<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FE74FB09FD4C04CC" authority="Rasnitsyn, 1977" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[391,715,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A09FFC9FE74FB09FD8204CD" box="[391,517,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Maimetsha</emphasis>
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||
Rasnitsyn, 1977
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<typeStatus id="806D4C8B8A09FFC9FD2DFB09FC9604CC" box="[734,785,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">type</typeStatus>
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genus) from the Santonian of northern Siberia;
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<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FE85FB29FCEB052C" authority="Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski, 2000" authorityName="Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski" authorityYear="2000" box="[374,876,1262,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Andyrossia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A09FFC9FE85FB29FE74052D" box="[374,499,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Andyrossia</emphasis>
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Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski, 2000
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FC61FB29FE27050C" authority="Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski, 1998" authorityName="Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Arossia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A09FFC9FC61FB29FC60052D" box="[914,999,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Arossia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A09FFC9FC1FFB29FE27050C" author="RASNITSYN, A. P. & JARZEMBOWSKI, E. A. & ROSS, A. J." pageId="2" pageNumber="192" pagination="329 - 391" refId="ref6731" refString="RASNITSYN, A. P., JARZEMBOWSKI, E. A. & ROSS, A. J. 1998. Wasps (Insecta: Vespida = Hymenoptera) from the Purbeck and Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of southern England and their biostratigraphical and paleoenvironmental significance. Cretaceous Research 19: 329 - 391." type="journal article" year="1998">Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, nom. preocc.) from the Barremian of the Weald Clay (southern
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<collectingCountry id="27C1B2B98A09FFC9FF46FAE9FE90056C" box="[181,279,1326,1351]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">England</collectingCountry>
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);
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<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FEDBFAE9FCD9056C" authority="Perrichot, Nel & Neradeau, 2004" authorityName="Perrichot, Nel & Neraudeau" authorityYear="2004" box="[296,862,1326,1351]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Guyotemaimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A09FFC9FEDBFAE9FE76056D" box="[296,497,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Guyotemaimetsha</emphasis>
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Perrichot, Nel & Néradeau, 2004
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Albian of southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="27C1B2B98A09FFC9FEEBFA89FEE2054C" box="[280,357,1358,1383]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
(based on their figures and description), and the three new genera described below from the Turonian of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="27C1B2B98A09FFC9FD9AFAA9FD5D05AC" box="[617,730,1390,1415]" name="Botswana" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, all mid- and late Cretaceous in age. The undescribed fossil from the Albian Álava amber in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="27C1B2B98A09FFC9FCFAFA49FCCF058C" box="[777,840,1422,1447]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FBF4FA49FF5B05EC" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1887" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trigonalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A09FFC9FF08FA69FE4E05EC" author="DELCLOS, X. & ARILLO, A. & PENALVER, E. & BARRON, E. & SORIANO, C. & LOPEZ DEL VALLE, C. & BERNARDEZ, E. & CORRAL, C. & ORTUNO, V. M." box="[251,457,1454,1479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" pagination="135 - 149" refId="ref6153" refString="DELCLOS, X., ARILLO, A., PENALVER, E., BARRON, E., SORIANO, C., LOPEZ DEL VALLE, C., BERNARDEZ, E., CORRAL, C. & ORTUNO, V. M. 2007. Fossiliferous amber deposits from the Cretaceous (Albian) of Spain. Comptes Rendus Palevol 6: 135 - 149." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Delclòs
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A09FFC9FEA6FA69FE0C05ED" box="[341,395,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4F) also belongs here. Furthermore, based on the available characters, the incompletely preserved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FD9DFA09FC4605CC" authority="Rasnitsyn, 1977" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[622,961,1486,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Cretogonalys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A09FFC9FD9DFA09FC8305CD" box="[622,772,1486,1510]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Cretogonalys</emphasis>
|
||
Rasnitsyn, 1977
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Cenomanian of northern Siberia (Rasnitsyn 1977) also may be a member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FC23FA29FBF5062C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[976,1138,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Its asymmetrical mandibles with 3 and 4 teeth are more characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FC13F9C9FBF6060C" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1887" box="[992,1137,1550,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trigonalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the venation as far as is known is more typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FCF3F9E9FC25066C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[768,930,1582,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unfortunately, the metasomal base is insufficiently preserved to reveal the presence or absence of a small ring-like basal segment. If a genus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FDBCF9A9FD7706AC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[591,752,1646,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A09FFC9FD09F9A9FC1706AD" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[762,912,1646,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Cretogonalys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A09FFC9FD09F9A9FC1706AD" box="[762,912,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="192">Cretogonalys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from the other genera in having both 2rm and 3rm cells enclosed (the former not petiolate) and in its slender stature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F69F2298A08FFC8FF63FED9FDEF04FC" blockId="3.[144,1104,286,1239]" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">
|
||
Taxonomic position: The small ring-like first metasomal segment limits attribution of the family either to the superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FDEEFEF9FD33017C" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[541,692,318,343]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Stephanoidea">Stephanoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FD49FEF9FD5D017D" box="[698,730,318,342]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
(including Ceraphronoidea
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FBE0FEF9FBC0017D" box="[1043,1095,318,342]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">s.str.</emphasis>
|
||
) or to the infraorder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FE94FE99FDC2015C" box="[359,581,350,375]" infraOrder="Proctotrupomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" rank="infraOrder">Proctotrupomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
; this is additionally supported by the low metasomal articulation (excluding Evanioidea), distinct costal space (excluding Ichneumonoidea) and external ovipositor (excluding Aculeata). The wide, but not triangular, marginal cell excludes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FE61FE79FDE801FC" box="[402,623,446,471]" infraOrder="Proctotrupomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" rank="infraOrder">Proctotrupomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which additionally differs in having either the hind wing with no enclosed cells (all but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FD66FE19FCC401DC" box="[661,835,478,503]" class="Insecta" family="Mesoserphidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mesoserphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or a normal (not ringlike) first metasomal segment (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FE1DFE39FD18023C" box="[494,671,510,535]" class="Insecta" family="Mesoserphidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mesoserphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FC7AFE39FBA7023C" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[905,1056,510,535]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Stephanoidea">Stephanoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FBDBFE39FBCF023D" box="[1064,1096,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
, only the families forming the Ceraphronoidea
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FD59FDD9FD59021D" box="[682,734,542,566]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">s.str.</emphasis>
|
||
, viz., extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FC8BFDD9FB9A021C" box="[888,1053,542,567]" class="Insecta" family="Ceraphronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceraphronidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FF63FDF9FEA0027C" box="[144,295,574,599]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megaspilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and extinct (Cretaceous)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FDB1FDF9FBA4027C" authority="(Engel & Grimaldi 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Engel & Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[578,1059,574,599]" class="Insecta" family="Stigmaphronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Stigmaphronidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A08FFC8FCFCFDF9FB9C027C" author="ENGEL, M. S. & GRIMALDI, D. A." box="[783,1051,574,599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref6279" refString="ENGEL, M. S. & GRIMALDI, D. A. 2009. Diversity and phylogeny of the Mesozoic wasp family Stigmaphronidae (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea). Denisia 26: 53 - 68." type="journal article" year="2009">Engel & Grimaldi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are similar in having the first metasomal segment small and ring-like. All of those differ, however, in having the wing venation far more reduced (with no veins preserved beyond R and no enclosed cells), two foretibial spurs, and internal ovipositor. Of the remaining stephanoid families,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FE71FD79FDA502FC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[386,546,702,727]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar (except in the form of the first metasomal segment) to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FE6FFD19FDAD02DC" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1887" box="[412,554,734,759]" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trigonalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(except that the latter has the forewing with cell 2rm close to 1mcu and vein
|
||
<quantity id="982E5FCC8A08FFC8FE32FD39FE63033C" box="[449,484,766,791]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
|
||
–cu tubular, the ovipositor rudimentary and internalized, and several other modifications related to reproductive biology; see e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A08FFC8FC3FFCD9FEA2037C" author="CARMEAN, D. & KIMSEY, L." pageId="3" pageNumber="193" pagination="35 - 76" refId="ref6122" refString="CARMEAN, D. & KIMSEY, L. 1998. Phylogenetic revision of the parasitoid wasp family Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 23: 35 - 76." type="journal article" year="1998">Carmean & Kimsey 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FEACFCF9FE6B037C" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[351,492,830,855]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(particularly to its archaic Mesozoic subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FC04FCF9FF71035C" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleistogastrinae">Cleistogastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sometimes considered as a separate family, e.g., by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A08FFC8FCD6FC99FC24035C" author="SHAW, S. R." box="[805,931,862,887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" pagination="101 - 113" refId="ref6839" refString="SHAW, S. R. 1988. Carminator, a new genus of Megalyridae (Hymenoptera) from the Oriental and Australian regions, with a commentary on the definition of the family. Systematic Entomology 13: 101 - 113." type="journal article" year="1988">Shaw 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In comparison with the two subfamilies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FE3CFCB9FDD803BC" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[463,607,894,919]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FD9FFCB9FC8C03BC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[620,779,894,919]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FC68FCB9FBC803BC" box="[923,1103,894,919]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleistogastrinae">Cleistogastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
well developed notauli, more complete venation (forewing with 2rm enclosed and M+Cu tubular, hind wing with enclosed cells) and variable flagellomere number (14–17 or more, in contrast to always
|
||
<quantity id="982E5FCC8A08FFC8FE4CFC19FE7103DC" box="[447,502,990,1015]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
|
||
Megalyrinae;
|
||
<quantity id="982E5FCC8A08FFC8FD64FC19FD6C03DC" box="[663,747,990,1015]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.429" metricValueMax="4.826" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" unit="in" value="13.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="8.0">8–19 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FD02FC19FC2C03DC" box="[753,939,990,1015]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleistogastrinae">Cleistogastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In addition to the form of the first metasomal segment,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FDA5FC39FD72043C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[598,757,1022,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FC54FC39FBB2043C" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[935,1077,1022,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having the 1cu–a crossvein antefurcal.Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FD51FBD9FCB8041C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[674,831,1054,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FF5FFBF9FEBD047C" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[172,314,1086,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and particularly to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FDE5FBF9FD4A047C" box="[534,717,1086,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleistogastrinae">Cleistogastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all the similarities are of a plesiomorphic nature, while its own putative synapomorphies, and particularly the form of the first metasomal segment, link it to the Ceraphronoidea
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FCFFFBB8FCBC04BC" box="[780,827,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">s.str</emphasis>
|
||
. That is why we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FF63FB59FEAA049C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[144,301,1182,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as forming a morphological and possibly phylogenetic transition between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FF63FB79FEC304FC" box="[144,324,1214,1239]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleistogastrinae">Cleistogastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Ceraphronoidea
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FDC7FB78FDEF04FC" box="[564,616,1215,1239]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">s.str.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="17CCA1A28A08FFCFFF63FB29FCCE046C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F69F2298A08FFCFFF63FB29FCCE046C" blockId="3.[144,1104,1262,1671]" lastBlockId="4.[181,1142,206,1095]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">
|
||
Remarks:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A08FFC8FEF6FB29FE17052C" author="SHAW, S. R." box="[261,400,1262,1287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" pagination="101 - 113" refId="ref6839" refString="SHAW, S. R. 1988. Carminator, a new genus of Megalyridae (Hymenoptera) from the Oriental and Australian regions, with a commentary on the definition of the family. Systematic Entomology 13: 101 - 113." type="journal article" year="1988">Shaw (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1990, 2007; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A08FFC8FD64FB29FC2C052C" author="GRIMALDI, D. A. & ENGEL, M. S." box="[663,939,1262,1287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" refId="ref6362" refString="GRIMALDI, D. A. & ENGEL, M. S. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." type="book" year="2005">Grimaldi & Engel 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) synonymised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FF63FAC9FEA8050C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[144,303,1294,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(based on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FE47FAC8FDB6050C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[436,561,1295,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FE47FAC8FDB6050C" box="[436,561,1295,1319]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">Maimetsha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only) under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FD3FFAC9FCD8050C" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[716,863,1294,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Dinapsini. His only positive arguments were that “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FE1FFAE8FDEF056C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[492,616,1327,1351]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FE1FFAE8FDEF056C" box="[492,616,1327,1351]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">Maimetsha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized as having a more reduced pattern of forewing venation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A08FFC8FE2CFA89FD15054C" author="RASNITSYN, A. P." box="[479,658,1358,1383]" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref6480" refString="RASNITSYN, A. P. 1975. Hymenoptera Apocrita of the Mesozoic [Vysshie pereponchatokrylye mezozoya]. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences [Trudy Paleontologicheskogo instituta Akademii nauk SSSR] 147: 1 - 134. (in Russian)" type="journal article" year="1975">Rasnitsyn 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is in fact very similar to that of some modern megalyrids, such as
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FDFAFAA8FD0B05AC" box="[521,652,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">Ettschellsia</emphasis>
|
||
. In particular,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FCD8FAA8FC2005AC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[811,935,1391,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FCD8FAA8FC2005AC" box="[811,935,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">Maimetsha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has Rs curving towards the wing margin to form a short radial cell, very similar to the short radial cell that characterizes the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FE61FA68FE7005EC" authority="Ettschellsia" authorityName="Waterston" authorityYear="1922" box="[402,503,1455,1479]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" genus="Dinapsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FE61FA68FE7005EC" box="[402,503,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">Dinapsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FDF4FA68FD0B05EC" box="[519,652,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">Ettschellsia</emphasis>
|
||
lineage of dinapsine megalyrids. This indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FEDAFA08FE2205CC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[297,421,1487,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FEDAFA08FE2205CC" box="[297,421,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">Maimetsha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be classified in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FD22FA09FCE505CC" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[721,866,1486,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. … In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A08FFC8FC58FA08FBA005CC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[939,1063,1487,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A08FFC8FC58FA08FBA005CC" box="[939,1063,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="193">Maimetsha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the Rs of the hindwing is reduced to a short stub (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A08FFC8FD77FA29FCB1062C" author="RASNITSYN, A. P." box="[644,822,1518,1543]" pageId="3" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref6480" refString="RASNITSYN, A. P. 1975. Hymenoptera Apocrita of the Mesozoic [Vysshie pereponchatokrylye mezozoya]. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences [Trudy Paleontologicheskogo instituta Akademii nauk SSSR] 147: 1 - 134. (in Russian)" type="journal article" year="1975">Rasnitsyn 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); therefore, the genus can be assigned to the Dinapsinae [later Dinapsini] on the basis of this character.” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A08FFC8FBE3F9C9FE87066C" author="SHAW, S. R." pageId="3" pageNumber="193" pagination="101 - 113" refId="ref6839" refString="SHAW, S. R. 1988. Carminator, a new genus of Megalyridae (Hymenoptera) from the Oriental and Australian regions, with a commentary on the definition of the family. Systematic Entomology 13: 101 - 113." type="journal article" year="1988">Shaw 1988: 109</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both observations are correct but not very convincing because both characters represent a part of the miniaturization syndrome. This is a set of modifications resulting in the formation of a wide vein-free zone along the outer and posterior margins of the functional wing (joined fore- and hind wings in the case of the hymenopterons) which commonly accompanies evolutionary reduction of body size in winged insects (Rasnitsyn 1980). Both characters emphasised by Shaw (1990) as placing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFC98FEC9FC60010D" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[875,999,270,294]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A0FFFCFFC98FEC9FC60010D" box="[875,999,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="194">Maimetsha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Dinapsini (his characters 9 and 10) appear to us as possibly wrongly polarised, with the putative derived states involving development of veins otherwise lost; if so, the shared states would be symplesiomorphies. Opposed to these is a set of characters implying a possible sister-group relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFDB6FE49FD60018C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[581,743,398,423]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Megalyrinae (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFC16FE49FBF2018C" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[997,1141,398,423]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFEDBFE69FE5801EC" box="[296,479,430,455]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleistogastrinae">Cleistogastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This set includes a number of synapomorphies of Megalyrinae for characters which are plesiomorphic in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFD32FE09FCE401CC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[705,867,462,487]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, e.g., the head with subocular groove (absence of the groove demonstrated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFCF8FE29FC00022D" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[779,903,494,518]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A0FFFCFFCF8FE29FC00022D" box="[779,903,494,518]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="194">Maimetsha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A0FFFCFFC66FE29FBC1022C" author="RASNITSYN, A. P." box="[917,1094,494,519]" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref6480" refString="RASNITSYN, A. P. 1975. Hymenoptera Apocrita of the Mesozoic [Vysshie pereponchatokrylye mezozoya]. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences [Trudy Paleontologicheskogo instituta Akademii nauk SSSR] 147: 1 - 134. (in Russian)" type="journal article" year="1975">Rasnitsyn 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 87a, c, d), in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFEB8FDC9FD92020D" authorityName="Perrichot, Nel & Neraudeau" authorityYear="2004" box="[331,533,526,550]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Guyotemaimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A0FFFCFFEB8FDC9FD92020D" box="[331,533,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="194">Guyotemaimetsha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A0FFFCFFDD7FDC9FC97020C" author="PERRICHOT, V. & NEL, A. & NERAUDEAU, D." box="[548,784,526,551]" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" pagination="159 - 162" refId="ref6435" refString="PERRICHOT, V., NEL, A. & NERAUDEAU, D. 2004. A new, enigmatic, evaniomorphan wasp in the Albian amber of France (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 159 - 162." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Perrichot
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A0FFFCFFD66FDC9FD4A020D" box="[661,717,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="194">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2), and inferred in the new taxa described below), reduced and stabilized number of flagellomeres (12) (variable in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFF21FD89FEF2024C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[210,373,590,615]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lost notauli (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFD74FD89FCAD024C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[647,810,590,615]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), forewing with M+Cu lost as a tubular vein and 2r–m and 3r–m both lost (M+Cu tubular, 2r–m and 3r–m present in ground plan and never both lost in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFDB6FD49FD6F028C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[581,744,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and hind wing with M+Cu and A lost and no closed cells (M+Cu and A present, and cells rm and cua closed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFF46FD09FEDE02CC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[181,345,718,743]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Furthermore, there is a potential synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFC54FD09FBC102CC" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[935,1094,718,743]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Ceraphronoidea
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A0FFFCFFE89FD29FE2C032D" box="[378,427,750,774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="194">s.str</emphasis>
|
||
. in having the first metasomal segment reduced to a small articulatory ring (best described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A0FFFCFFDC8FCC9FCD3030C" author="PERRICHOT, V. & NEL, A. & NERAUDEAU, D." box="[571,852,782,807]" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" pagination="159 - 162" refId="ref6435" refString="PERRICHOT, V., NEL, A. & NERAUDEAU, D. 2004. A new, enigmatic, evaniomorphan wasp in the Albian amber of France (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 159 - 162." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Perrichot
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A0FFFCFFD54FCC9FD59030D" box="[679,734,782,806]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="194">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004: 161
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and visible in their photo, fig. 1B) (not so modified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFE19FCE9FDFF036C" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[490,632,814,839]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A0FFFCFFD8EFCE9FD1A036D" box="[637,669,814,838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="194">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
). This makes the proposal by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B478FD88A0FFFCFFC1AFCE9FBF7036C" author="SHAW, S. R." box="[1001,1136,814,839]" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" pagination="101 - 113" refId="ref6839" refString="SHAW, S. R. 1988. Carminator, a new genus of Megalyridae (Hymenoptera) from the Oriental and Australian regions, with a commentary on the definition of the family. Systematic Entomology 13: 101 - 113." type="journal article" year="1988">Shaw (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1990) to synonymise
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFE6CFC89FDBB034C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[415,572,846,871]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
under Dinapsini in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFCE3FC89FC1B034C" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[784,924,846,871]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A0FFFCFFC52FC89FC57034D" box="[929,976,846,870]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="194">s.str</emphasis>
|
||
. inappropriate. Shaw’s (1990) cladistic analysis included only characters relevant to his concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFF46FC49FEC4038C" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1889" box="[181,323,910,935]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(incidentally, there are three errors in his coding for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFC56FC49FBA6038D" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1977" box="[933,1057,910,934]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" genus="Maimetsha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DA22E3B8A0FFFCFFC56FC49FBA6038D" box="[933,1057,910,934]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="194">Maimetsha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which should be 100?002021?12?0??212). If the matrix were expanded in taxa and characters to include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFED5FC09FE5003CC" box="[294,471,974,999]" class="Insecta" family="Megalyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleistogastrinae">Cleistogastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Ceraphronoidea, as well as the other genera now assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFF26FC29FEF0042C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[213,375,1006,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we are confident that the results would differ; such an analysis is beyond the scope of this paper, however. Meanwhile, we prefer to retain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D689AA8A0FFFCFFC24FBC9FBF1040C" authorityName="Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="1975" box="[983,1142,1038,1063]" class="Insecta" family="Maimetshidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Maimetshidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a family in its own right, for the reasons outlined above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |