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<mods:title id="AE0B06BBD3A7EED85E38CB0CE5CD1AFA">Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebiagranifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic diversity</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A528A2EE6D266F498C56C15E35EEB113">Veeravechsukij, Nuanpan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DB810BE3D31BE7F9533A81C23CED0A76">Krailas, Duangduen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="565EC429D0C4BB736F34A1A3D786C056">Namchote, Suluck</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="68C69AC175C1367EB7809CF95F5B11F3">Neiber, Marco T.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="C16AB6912C0BC763BCCEFF9CCC7E8801" ID-CoL="54X82" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera Lamarck, 1816</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="20F52F024814E70B97D771217910117F" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" type="type material">
<paragraph id="129556CE46622C1C2890BAF0CCAD890B" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="627201398C7B2182240DDF13911967DF" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">4 syntypes (MHNG 1093/72/1-4).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6CC6EEFD0B141EA5B655749EBE81D06" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="82A009A7406FBD5B2E4481607747C03B" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A49374EE54B8C96451E1A01F9525F9C9" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">
Originally given as 
<normalizedToken id="80D23F052B0F46F31E66F6A1AA7B6FEA" originalValue="“Timor”">&quot;Timor&quot;</normalizedToken>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="8D2BA8660F459E0475BF201C2977F9B0" author="Lamarck, JBPA de Monet de" journalOrPublisher="L'auteur, Paris" pageId="24" pageNumber="485" title="Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome sixieme. 2 me. Partie." year="1822">Lamarck (1822)</bibRefCitation>
. This island, of which the western part is today a province of Indonesia (the eastern part, in contrast, forms the recently independent state of East Timor, or Timor Leste), was an important stop-over for major expeditions of discovery in the Indo-West-Pacific and Australia in particular (see 
<bibRefCitation id="D95A587AED2AB43CE348058DA88FB2F4" author="Glaubrecht, M" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen zur Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie" pageId="24" pageNumber="485" pagination="245 - 282" title="The &quot; experience &quot; of nature: From Salomon Mueller to Ernst Mayr, or The insights of travelling naturalists toward a zoological geography and evolutionary biology." volume="9" year="2002">Glaubrecht 2002</bibRefCitation>
). However, at that time and the time of collecting, around 1800, all expeditions known to us have anchored at the natural harbor of Kupang. Thus, we here restrict the type locality on this island to the vicinity of its western part (see Fig. 1). Nevertheless, we regard material collected recently by Vince Kessner elsewhere on this island of Timor and used in the present study as reference and for comparison as to qualify as topotypical material.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0E6A32851C1B1B60753AA805A683D025" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" type="taxonomy">
<paragraph id="2428B16BBF3DFA1683E6212B54AF1619" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Taxonomy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A7B8FAF5091900BA34513659A4029D9" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">
<bibRefCitation id="67371BEC6BEA4D5B4FE5AD74B4E2EEC6" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Lamarck (1816)</bibRefCitation>
depicted for the first time shells of this thiarid, creating the name 
<taxonomicName id="0959F4D79084D4ACE79F10038E74F1EC" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Melania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melania granifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Melania granifera</taxonomicName>
, however without any further description. Later, 
<bibRefCitation id="2B8EDFDB6E05834C1639DDE53904D817" author="Lamarck, JBPA de Monet de" journalOrPublisher="L'auteur, Paris" pageId="24" pageNumber="485" title="Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome sixieme. 2 me. Partie." year="1822">Lamarck (1822)</bibRefCitation>
described this new species and its shell morphology in more detail; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="9E66584E1EDB053BBB3503E6BDF38C4C" author="Mermod, G" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="24" pageNumber="485" pagination="23 - 97" title="Les types de la collection Lamarck au Museum de Geneve, mollusques vivants 3." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.75362" volume="59" year="1952">Mermod (1952</bibRefCitation>
: 75, fig. 137). 
<bibRefCitation id="25AEDAB2712741A757F124358C26901D" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Adams and Adams (1854)</bibRefCitation>
transferred 
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to its own genus 
<taxonomicName id="B38D66BC86E8118AE953D2683D62FB57" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Tarebia</taxonomicName>
. Many subsequent authors, though, referring to 
<bibRefCitation id="1F8DE4B3BFD6799945A252FECF911FE3" author="Lamarck, JBPA de Monet de" journalOrPublisher="L'auteur, Paris" pageId="24" pageNumber="485" title="Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome sixieme. 2 me. Partie." year="1822">Lamarck (1822)</bibRefCitation>
continue to use the generic allocation as &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="B3EEAF2C346FFD8AE6B3A71AEE731B9C" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Melania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melania" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Melania</taxonomicName>
&quot; 
<taxonomicName id="7E81E7AB8145D6AE2CBCB1D9FE60F4C0" genus="Cerithioidea" lsidName="Cerithioidea granifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" rank="species" species="granifera">granifera</taxonomicName>
; see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="55508F739A274A83059A60CDFA4D7793" author="Brot, A" journalOrPublisher="Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz" pageId="24" pageNumber="485" pagination="1 - 488" title="Die Melaniaceen (Melanidae) in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen." volume="1" year="1874 - 1879">Brot (1874-1879)</bibRefCitation>
in his widely used monography that was followed by most authors for nearly a century. However, the generic allocation remains vage, as e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="16DE38D932AC724AE489DA7BF170CFB5" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Benthem-Jutting (1937)</bibRefCitation>
either used 
<taxonomicName id="0CC093DA5FC38CEA9D782C240E7E865F" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Thiara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thiara" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Thiara</taxonomicName>
while she later employed 
<taxonomicName id="F91BB521E5450BAF8A3155AAC1EBDCB2" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Melanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanoides" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Melanoides</taxonomicName>
(see Benthem-Jutting 1956). 
<normalizedToken id="AFFF0F578FEF4BF1DB187ACA350626EF" originalValue="Starmühlner">Starmuehlner</normalizedToken>
(1976), in his thorough faunistic revision, provided an extensive list of synonyms for this taxon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="21A7801E7B1618D087ACADB4DE3EF8EC" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">
In addition, in the past some authors employed &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="AE560E5F76B8EF58A61198068886F739" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Melania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melania lineata" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lineata">Melania &quot; lineata</taxonomicName>
for shells found to exhibit spiral ridges and/or dark bands on its body whorls. Accordingly, 
<bibRefCitation id="88F36A774EC593E7BFDC3BC5588B1ED1" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Rensch (1934)</bibRefCitation>
divided 
<taxonomicName id="3D1714B0127EF2EEFAE4FAB7743D80A1" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Tarebia</taxonomicName>
into two subspecies, namely &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="548016B1BB6EBCA584770541B3DD0F9B" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Melania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melania" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Melania</taxonomicName>
&quot; 
<taxonomicName id="4937126E28EB88EE3657D78807E76EB6" genus="Cerithioidea" lsidName="Cerithioidea granifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" rank="subspecies" species="granifera" subspecies="granifera">granifera granifera</taxonomicName>
and &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="E84FC794E306ADBABB5A343C7343BE76" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Melania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melania" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Melania</taxonomicName>
&quot; 
<taxonomicName id="0E2EE25FE018DF3F5F0DFD8AAF860B65" genus="Cerithioidea" lsidName="Cerithioidea lineata" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" rank="species" species="lineata">granifera lineata</taxonomicName>
. In contrast, for Thailand, 
<bibRefCitation id="96D0F35391DB6277157EB61BB5E70637" author="Brandt, AM" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Molluskenkunde" pageId="23" pageNumber="484" pagination="1 - 423" title="The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand." volume="105" year="1974">Brandt (1974)</bibRefCitation>
considered and employed 
<taxonomicName id="A91A2723083CE95EAEFAD51C9CA3F50E" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
as the only congeneric species to exist there; as was also done by 
<bibRefCitation id="571D8A4266B4ECBD1ADBCA444B6D8F0E" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Glaubrecht (1996)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<subSection id="BDA919B1989683B2C94B8F72CB9E4AFE" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" type="biogeography">
<paragraph id="0CD8A7454F874D5C4A6593A93658C1A4" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Biogeography</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3938AE0C027E802B84A7FBE54FD739CA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">
The distributional range of 
<taxonomicName id="98EF2AAFA961696B20A9F7D9BDC8DDE3" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 1) extends from mainland Southeast Asia, with Thailand and 
<pageBreakToken id="F4D6C2CBE7EDD3D8118BE3467B48483A" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" start="start">Vietnam</pageBreakToken>
at its northern most margin, to the island of Taiwan and the Philippines. It also comprises, from the Malay Peninsula south and east, the region of the entire Sunda shelf area, with occurrences on the larger Sunda Islands Sumatra, Java and Borneo, as well as the islands of Nusa Tenggara (or Lesser Sunda islands), i.e. from Bali east to Timor. The species is also abundant in Wallacea, i.e. on Sulawesi and on several islands of the Moluccas (e.g. Halmahera, Ceram, Ambon). From there, it extends east into the Indo-West Pacific, with occurrences in western and eastern New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7A825257BFF19119D1D242C87AFB58C7" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
In Thailand, this species occurs in most lentic and lotic water bodies ranging throughout the various regions, provinces and river systems. There, 
<taxonomicName id="2BF5702C99594C06ED4BADE55E94B057" lsidName="T. granifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" rank="species" species="granifera">T. granifera</taxonomicName>
was found in both natural and artificial water bodies on a variety of substrata, such as e.g. sand, mud, rock (and, alternatively, concrete bridge foundations, concrete walls), on bottoms of reservoirs, irrigation canals and ornamental ponds. This species is usually found together with other thiarids, most often with 
<taxonomicName id="3F73A059A2AB28B7518CE18E1CA36DCF" lsidName="M. tuberculata" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" rank="species" species="tuberculata">M. tuberculata</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="9CDD5CA490BAF03EA3259EE682ED022C" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Mieniplotia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mieniplotia scabra" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scabra">Mieniplotia scabra</taxonomicName>
. We were not able to correlate any consistent ecological features that clearly distinguish either at particular locations or specific habitat and/or populations where 
<taxonomicName id="0AF30F5BBFD66C2F169EB6D3A60430D1" lsidName="T. granifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" rank="species" species="granifera">T. granifera</taxonomicName>
was found to occur. Thus, the ecological requirements of this taxon, in particular contrasting those to that of other thiarids, remain insufficiently known.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="21682A31477E6DC1A33A0B4D01A1FC81" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="471" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="E747A3431A314977C2ECCC68929D7BDF" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EDC5C47B1F138FB44BA69D785FF1B2F6" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">In the following we document here in detail the geographical origin of material studied from Thailand, in comparison with the syntypes as well as topotypical material from Timor as reference (see above). Data on other localities indicated in Fig. 2 to depict the extension of the entire distribution range of the species, will be provided and analysed elsewhere (Glaubrecht et al., in prep.).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9BA1BAC93FE7BBF840B772129B08D899" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Thailand:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1209E1EDE04B055D41AB34595423F2BD" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
Pai drainage (Salween river system): Mae Hong Son province: Pang Mapha district, Huai Pa Hung, 
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, 
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E
</geoCoordinate>
, 435 m (SUT 0515083, 03. V. 2015); Mueang Mae Hong Son district, Huay Nam Kong, 
<geoCoordinate id="5BA3440C6A111A58071133667701227E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="19.476112">
19°28 
<normalizedToken id="A9D49435760DFAF666E62312C911A4A8" originalValue="’34”">'34&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="7B7F440366B2FB6245F73A0BAF47C6B7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.117226">
098°07 
<normalizedToken id="D344102000B4C1348B277971661858D4" originalValue="’02”">'02&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 425 m (SUT 0515081, 03. V. 2015); Tham Pla, 
<geoCoordinate id="1A3FDBC10E0E786732E98E65B4976311" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="19.425278">
19°25 
<normalizedToken id="E89B71CC1348F1CD73C30C6F4550DBA4" originalValue="’31”">'31&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A5C49408D63C329C022F0A7B6B630DB7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="97.99083">
097°59 
<normalizedToken id="DF2DC77E629EC2371DE16D5042CCB974" originalValue="’27”">'27&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 300 m (SUT 0515077, 02. V. 2015); Pai River, 
<geoCoordinate id="E84AE6BEACF6264588FD6B9DDFB9380C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="19.365278">
19°21 
<normalizedToken id="79F6A000F26981CBD3C985E6425CFC91" originalValue="’55”">'55&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="2847056D8492541DCC6407FCE7E8DED4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="97.96972">
097°58 
<normalizedToken id="5B3E78ECEFFBA6F1258B2DEA17F37921" originalValue="’11”">'11&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 215 m (SUT 0515078, 02. V. 2015); Huay Sua Tao, 
<geoCoordinate id="3DA1873E5796D5705C09663EFC3E4787" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="19.258888">
19°15 
<normalizedToken id="FB88845FF391B6FC9D7C1252951D1633" originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="9930C3616FD76FEF15BC1C02B0D2FFDB" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="97.9125">
097°54 
<normalizedToken id="82DC8B25753A1DB7CD8753962893C90E" originalValue="’45”">'45&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 235 m (SUT 0515079, 02. V. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="61AE113384DFA169C772D8C41D942BE3" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
Moei drainage (Salween river system): Tak province: Tha Song Yang district, check point near Moei River, 
<geoCoordinate id="7B9BDCEEFE33FE342ED698597E6A1485" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.223057">
17°13 
<normalizedToken id="C15FF058824A49AF92547FE4BCD837AA" originalValue="’23”">'23&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D889C53A4FDE41F7A075BF37C76BB429" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.22611">
098°13 
<normalizedToken id="C4431B76006CA224A93CCE56C2F0376A" originalValue="’34”">'34&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 130 m (SUT 0515075, 02. V. 2015); Mae Salit Luang harbour, 
<geoCoordinate id="A321B9982E40F4FC538B7ACF45E9B380" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.434721">
17°26 
<normalizedToken id="C40ACDE50B3C2BBBF61CC00A96299CFA" originalValue="’05”">'05&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="80E0019D366A2DB4A9B9A7EB4FBFA7B5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.059166">
098°03 
<normalizedToken id="691E28F0397FF0DF15EF8C3EA5FD1270" originalValue="’33”">'33&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 110 m (SUT 0515076, 01. V. 2015); Mae Sot district, Ban Wang Takhian, 
<geoCoordinate id="1FC8F2C8351D6C92400B02369DC68BF0" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.710835">
16°42 
<normalizedToken id="A3B86935D6EA82CF1B4AFC5812FDE897" originalValue="’39”">'39&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="ACDB7EABD464E712087AF57883182719" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.50611">
098°30 
<normalizedToken id="94229C8C5F7B286C919E9CE0ABDE1870" originalValue="’22”">'22&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 195 m (SUT 0515073, 30. IV. 2015); Thong Dee harbour, 
<geoCoordinate id="27EFD07C27CBE574174F78C8C16AA6D3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.694166">
16°41 
<normalizedToken id="404BD758C96D8FB4245B6875778CE9EC" originalValue="’39”">'39&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="91D4BF27E417482FC14F58B06779249F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.517784">
098°31 
<normalizedToken id="13A9AE586AB716F186DA51B2395EF4D5" originalValue="’04”">'04&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 205 m (SUT 0515072, 30. IV. 2015); Ban Huay Muang, 
<geoCoordinate id="31D318C94FAB8A14E7C19549668F0A3F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.682777">
16°40 
<normalizedToken id="6679F9E48729029F7A2951059C5370EA" originalValue="’58”">'58&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="6F750CA43869D4278F48B945CC158A47" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.518616">
098°31 
<normalizedToken id="894A27A1D41535020DA0DB7DF26A0A35" originalValue="’07”">'07&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 200 m (SUT 0515074, 30. IV. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1872A757C544BF33E925DD88E07B4AC4" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
Ping drainage (Chao Phraya river system): Chiang Mai province: Chom Thong district, Mae Soy bridge, 
<geoCoordinate id="FDAE38887C38F82A1E924EF4CC3FA1E3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.289722">
18°17 
<normalizedToken id="11E29FA67E8E3C75774BE78FB50CAE8D" originalValue="’23”">'23&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="544E1EACF11566DDE1D1D8350ACB58D3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.651115">
098°39 
<normalizedToken id="6675021B813ECD692132E4C4338A0955" originalValue="’04”">'04&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 270 m (SUT 0514054, 24. VI. 2014); Ban Huay Phang, 18°17 
<normalizedToken id="C42D424556CCFD1AC8694B6B1CACA267" originalValue="’09”">'09&quot;</normalizedToken>
N, 098°39 
<normalizedToken id="3E0BE40C55D9D1F4CAF7A92FD05CD538" originalValue="’17’’">'17''</normalizedToken>
E, 260 m, SUT 0514050, 25. VI. 2014; Ban Mae Suai Luang, 
<geoCoordinate id="9DB2B28EED111A947527DB7B80D5E6E3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.284445">
18°17 
<normalizedToken id="711CE0F0438FFEB601994FACA65B152D" originalValue="’04”">'04&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="E70E0A5DCAEE25B27DFC4D0A1F3FFAAA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.65417">
098°39 
<normalizedToken id="EAFBF977E9C7DD3AC24C09F497103427" originalValue="’15”">'15&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 270 m (SUT 0514051, 25. VI. 2014); Ban Mai Saraphi, 
<geoCoordinate id="E51F2C51D453543C3D69A851C923CA8A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.27389">
18°16 
<normalizedToken id="7FAF7809BDBCFE02E8B87E07F36BA03F" originalValue="’26”">'26&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4C096F6E87C769967ECBEF19F1618E9D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.64833">
098°38 
<normalizedToken id="0BD8AA45E45CE16901651F4218DCCDBA" originalValue="’54”">'54&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 275 m (SUT 0514052, 25. VI. 2014); Tak province: Mueang Tak district, Ban Pak Huay Mae Tho, 
<geoCoordinate id="FC3FD8D3ECA36F9316BCD91D85C3FB15" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.874722">
16°52 
<normalizedToken id="603495CA2125AF94F4C8D6BF4E594230" originalValue="’29”">'29&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="8298892F4BC57E58A13617A97C5BE5DB" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.12056">
099°07 
<normalizedToken id="5376AD707C9A040ECF24C6AB377DF5E4" originalValue="’14”">'14&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 105 m (SUT 0516126, 10. III. 2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C6E14A4EE584A53CAFA7C1A537979C1" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
Wang drainage (Chao Phraya river system): Lampang province: Chae Hom district, Wang river, 
<geoCoordinate id="0BBABFB3BCD97CF14988E91BB3F1C75B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.93361">
18°56 
<normalizedToken id="376B8BF6AF4922228241CD8F8ABE0054" originalValue="’01”">'01&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47DAB778D5336F96B91CE165148D4B87" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.648605">
099°38 
<normalizedToken id="2E82F92A9E6926DFBDF3AE8EF7ADC4FA" originalValue="’55”">'55&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 375 m (SUT 0514045, 23. IV. 2014); Ban Thung Hang stream, 
<geoCoordinate id="FBCDE450054228AC8A190C7A1D11680C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.880001">
18°52 
<normalizedToken id="1E98BE7C77090DD43C7603946A531545" originalValue="’48”">'48&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="3C725417718F7172DACFCFBA4AE1ACC0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.66694">
099°40 
<normalizedToken id="3E20100C34D49D851FA05E7F189DFCC1" originalValue="’01”">'01&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 375 m (SUT 0514044, 23. IV. 2014); Huay MaeYuak, 
<geoCoordinate id="91673971545AFF65DEFE2F4408ADC33B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.777777">
18°46 
<normalizedToken id="78A08F26A167908A3BE63E3506E12C74" originalValue="’40”">'40&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="7C20E4F934C1CB5B8BEE5C49114152AE" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.644165">
099°38 
<normalizedToken id="277F2B3B194090696E34BCB4F0703A75" originalValue="’39”">'39&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 350 m (SUT 0514046, 22. IV. 2014); km. 40 + 075 bridge, 
<geoCoordinate id="2043B1F080859F4DBC5DB1497370BCE8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.704168">
18°42 
<normalizedToken id="DC256641A33CD724599B1B12C1432AAD" originalValue="’15”">'15&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="0A5FAB525558EFD8693F814CA413698D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.592224">
99°35 
<normalizedToken id="3877C19427A98C7929D0906F0DB6F5D5" originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 330 m (SUT 0516124, 09. III. 2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A46676CF5A0936947C686B3373D31E1B" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
Yom drainage (Chao Phraya river system): Phayao province: Chiang Muan district, Thansawan waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="51FEEE6686C95672D4515F094B1B948A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.856112">
18°51 
<normalizedToken id="129D5845D3F133D2378200E6355C03A2" originalValue="’22”">'22&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="93FA0FC72DC04152C187C104B8B4D4B2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.18584">
100°11 
<normalizedToken id="6123EBD9F7D7BFF4AB8481641DE4CD29" originalValue="’09”">'09&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 230 m (SUT 0516119, 08. III. 2016); Phrae province: Mueang Phrae district, Mae Nam Saai km 9/457 bridge, 
<geoCoordinate id="823807D34E89AE0A1C42279E2F83CF99" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.084167">
18°05 
<normalizedToken id="AC6CE885E94021577DC7CD7BB3111C76" originalValue="’03”">'03&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="05A96B9B628003DCA5672A1E70EFCF9A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.21667">
100°13 
<normalizedToken id="027925D6BB9F64376D2D142898CE9E53" originalValue="’00”">'00&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 170 m (SUT 0516108, 07. III 2016); Sung Men district, Mae Marn reservoir, 
<geoCoordinate id="2FA8F745D23F62B9873F0FA538893118" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.014166">
18°00 
<normalizedToken id="AA0168D3D7E6B359CD2BC08BBC46BB4A" originalValue="’51”">'51&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="77A8AED8AD72FBFFEC34D921937BDBF0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.13972">
100°08 
<normalizedToken id="11E5EC8DC217D48346492397B123ECD3" originalValue="’23”">'23&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 205 m (SUT 0516113, 07. III 2016); Sukhothai province: Si Satchanalai district, Tat Duen waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="02381A892D3349E0F55AE12941163E1F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.554443">
17°33 
<normalizedToken id="B9EE762B9960F3A8E66423AF07D303C0" originalValue="’16”">'16&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE566376CDFE3A85ADD276D689707C9C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.496666">
099°29 
<normalizedToken id="11E5B9611FD3D1C91DD8574009E614D2" originalValue="’48”">'48&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 135 m (SUT 0516103, 06. III. 2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="372717B323DF6E71A02892E239A83136" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
Nan drainage (Chao Phraya river system): Nan province: Bo Kluea district, Wa river, 
<geoCoordinate id="E61F55D10E39A3E2D7FF188C3713CF65" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="19.191666">
19°11 
<normalizedToken id="8C00126156A9AC8786702F488982008B" originalValue="’30”">'30&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="6FCB8D881E51953FB18E33B4A0C63DC5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.203606">
101°12 
<normalizedToken id="5F9EDA3FFC207371913016D1B0E7CB2E" originalValue="’13”">'13&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 715 m (SUT 0515090, 11. VI. 2015); Ban Luang district, Huay Si Pun reservoir, 
<geoCoordinate id="BBFD525A0F695B720B528E73F0652FC9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.862501">
18°51 
<normalizedToken id="B95CDAC777EB1FF977F4AC67FF0939F7" originalValue="’45”">'45&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE71E8654D9C4CD251F6C04813CE89E6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.476944">
100°28 
<normalizedToken id="557BA6C80339452A0FDC7A7ADE3F6A83" originalValue="’37”">'37&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 430 m (SUT 0516114, 08. III. 2016); Uttaradit province: Tha Pla district, Kaeng Sai Ngam, 
<geoCoordinate id="1DF15A2072D9B1DB64835EAE04E447DE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.872223">
17°52 
<normalizedToken id="C19ADBD719442C095996D3BA82025972" originalValue="’20”">'20&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="88A400D3BF4B5F8355B5C2A055A7CBCD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.30056">
100°18 
<normalizedToken id="C2C6927C7D8711AFEC72B861F8C78D35" originalValue="’02”">'02&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 255 m (SUT 0516112, 07. III 2016); Kaeng Wang Wua, 
<geoCoordinate id="B9B4507EC459D84A752E8C222D585674" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.875">
17°52 
<normalizedToken id="9CDB81E064765C149954E9769EE45A18" originalValue="’30”">'30&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="9D44AC300F3D08FA3D6E48B323BE5DAD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.30723">
100°18 
<normalizedToken id="383E9BE38BD7DA92E26F8F035F94747A" originalValue="’26”">'26&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 230 m (SUT 0513019, 28. VI. 2013); Huai Nam Re Noi, 
<geoCoordinate id="BFB947DDE028F61A03B2E1B6A772B621" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.880833">
17°52 
<normalizedToken id="62E526AE4FA7671424E0163D7102C63C" originalValue="’51”">'51&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="35575C9C3B02EF158694B7CFDC48C524" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.270836">
100°16 
<normalizedToken id="A9B898B508967D0691112CA37874BC64" originalValue="’15”">'15&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 270 m (SUT 0513023, 28. VI. 2013); Laplae district, Mae pool waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="E73C3460DEB51C1AB88D90381EC52FCD" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.728334">
17°43 
<normalizedToken id="873FBC3241199AEA4EF9FD0D438081F1" originalValue="’42”">'42&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="429CD223F0147BAA6343B90099B5BC44" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.98055">
099°58 
<normalizedToken id="E4B1DF0A8E0A83AB6B2E13B48360DCE9" originalValue="’50”">'50&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 125 m (SUT 0516109, 07. III. 2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DE9411AB756CA0BE4C5E0C22C8F14" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
Khek drainage (Chao Phraya river system): Phitsanulok province: Nakhon Thai district, Huai Nam Sai, 
<geoCoordinate id="87663B876552A4DD80B1094B9AC25A3B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.018888">
17°01 
<normalizedToken id="2A47143117E4B4A569C78E27374FA295" originalValue="’08”">'08&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="3329A8E77F0FE357671DA27A933387A3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.92667">
100°55 
<normalizedToken id="5BEFCB7D218DA5569C157C3EB300F7F3" originalValue="’36”">'36&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 215 m (SUT 0515086, 20. V. 2015); Ban Kaeng Lat, 
<geoCoordinate id="456120E0DBF581FC24E6974FF1AF8692" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.955833">
16°57 
<normalizedToken id="FF4E44EB19B2A5D2963296F86E27D35C" originalValue="’21”">'21&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="5A05444AF3ED5948A923DE044221195D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.92528">
100°55 
<normalizedToken id="C817A45B03C470DB6160B2500A1A7461" originalValue="’31”">'31&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 325 m (SUT 0515087, 20. V. 2015); Wang Thong district, Kaeng Sopha, 
<geoCoordinate id="D7774FAD07EAF668961C324E40A5B9E8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.870277">
16°52 
<normalizedToken id="47B4AAC24576C6BF483F8F073A81C6D8" originalValue="’13”">'13&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="ACC1971BD340F001DA8ECC62CC8F8125" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.83806">
100°50 
<normalizedToken id="1D4959CA25DFA5D859D3F1627E18E61B" originalValue="’17”">'17&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 415 m (SUT 0516118, 08. III. 2016); Poi waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="5D26018F8B963DAF6ECB11E1E88633CD" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.843334">
16°50 
<normalizedToken id="630006EB8B28F5CC006721DCD4903584" originalValue="’36”">'36&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="560F48B8FC69A72ED2A9A5BF34B12949" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.75445">
100°45 
<normalizedToken id="55B7A2F6C3CDBA7D49353CC6DE77C313" originalValue="’16”">'16&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 200 m (SUT 0515067, 08. II. 2015); Khao Kho district, Kaeng Wang Nam Yen, 
<geoCoordinate id="CC3F0233CB28A04729487C1D8FFA01D3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.623333">
16°37 
<normalizedToken id="73F73B13687C23ADB9F3F5EA143DE94E" originalValue="’24”">'24&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="9D64B74330D726640FACD715CD6060C3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.900276">
100°54 
<normalizedToken id="9143F837A3780E59D128B50D01486555" originalValue="’01”">'01&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 710 m (SUT 0516121, 09. III. 2016); Rajapruek resort, 
<geoCoordinate id="F2FC8FF5B65974DB8B25517EAA67201A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.600279">
16°36 
<normalizedToken id="9ABC22096AA1CCBE8E58307AB01F5623" originalValue="’01”">'01&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A38956C1C03DA4F1AC965C9C738FB23A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.90833">
100°54 
<normalizedToken id="0A17EA3F79014A229F06EA72B4A7DA0E" originalValue="’30”">'30&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 705 m (SUT 0516120, 09. III. 2016); Phetchabun province: Khao Kho district, Huai Sa Dao Pong, 
<geoCoordinate id="8F1ED991F7278E8EC585D5CF03ECA6D7" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.573334">
16°34 
<normalizedToken id="43E7056A14F8DF420D8B369781763F73" originalValue="’24”">'24&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="743BED4DD9CD7EA54C06992D0CC88815" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.99">
100°59 
<normalizedToken id="5E3D5640EFF76C7F8EBAAC47F537FD97" originalValue="’24”">'24&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 320 m (SUT 0516123, 10. III. 2016); Kaeng Bang Ra Chan, 
<geoCoordinate id="FA0498CA0588984ECA793615D25C84E2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.547777">
16°32 
<normalizedToken id="0C9D304BACCE8EB6CB612AF14D26EAC1" originalValue="’52”">'52&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="ECC42C3C0274F59B78162AB3CAA39D7F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.90083">
100°54 
<normalizedToken id="AE3FF71BD99203D44297D559E99A6481" originalValue="’03”">'03&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 600 m (SUT 0515088, 21. V. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7A4151604B2B7C3FD90FFB99136A425E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
Pa Sak drainage (Chao Phraya river system): Phetchabun province: Lom Sak district, Than Thip waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="E9C84A12A02ADD17575A4B79CB36473D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.662777">
16°39 
<normalizedToken id="BBAE1EE26A149416A1E5A8D091AD5F2D" originalValue="’46”">'46&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="F791264B300FA103F7353B8EB344BC73" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.13611">
101°08 
<normalizedToken id="10B9D386FFEE1508B038956222EC9199" originalValue="’10”">'10&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 375 m (SUT 0516130, 11. III. 
<pageBreakToken id="4600A0E4D02470020EE4893A1487F965" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" start="start">2016</pageBreakToken>
); Khao Kho district, Samsipkhot waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="C754813A2A2DFD4034221B30BE9E6DA0" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.540556">
16°32 
<normalizedToken id="CFAECB2E8D205B2A28B43BF8DA2431F9" originalValue="’26”">'26&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="9CD222C509AD08EE95FFD104EED248C7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.08278">
101°04 
<normalizedToken id="DAF909361E462F542253B76CA23DF8FA" originalValue="’58”">'58&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 385 m (SUT 0516129, 11. III. 2016); Wichian Buri district, Ban Wang Ta Pak Moo 13, 
<geoCoordinate id="1982DB146DDA10C327C89368375DCC00" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="15.798334">
15°47 
<normalizedToken id="220A96A6D95F9CCBE158159316306016" originalValue="’54”">'54&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="68104DB1CCC0EF14E61A96A759F11834" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.23555">
101°14 
<normalizedToken id="3E96750D7E2A2D082F9A653D23095010" originalValue="’08”">'08&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 120 m (SUT 0514041, 27. VI. 2014); Huai Leng, 
<geoCoordinate id="85300C24445CB68C219605319FD2791B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="15.797778">
15°47 
<normalizedToken id="1F2A50DFF513E635989F7E217704B4B0" originalValue="’52”">'52&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A2C7C4FA575EC4A2720EA6BEDD3E1761" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.23167">
101°13 
<normalizedToken id="BC0EB83DB9BB215A2690E7C62AB8AAA7" originalValue="’54”">'54&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 115 m (SUT 0514042, 27. VI. 2014); Ban Wang Tian, 
<geoCoordinate id="E2618C46A28190BC178ADB676BF5CA06" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="15.791667">
15°47 
<normalizedToken id="1386DB372E0C8D487CF8845A51583CB5" originalValue="’30”">'30&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="E4038297D777CD04E620CFB309C83BEE" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.22528">
101°13 
<normalizedToken id="EA5A1A7A22E7F32C6E63E4835D0FE4F2" originalValue="’31”">'31&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 120 m (SUT 0514040, 27. VI. 2014); Huay Range reservoir at Ban Wang Ta Pak, 
<geoCoordinate id="E6505F5B8A6BADF819A60E9AC84ADAAD" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="15.788611">
15°47 
<normalizedToken id="0DC0E97F236391DB69C9691D8461475F" originalValue="’19”">'19&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="74F8A3BC9F126DAAAE2BD6797A88437B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.251945">
101°15 
<normalizedToken id="138CC9204FA124D65CCB97EF95B2DA96" originalValue="’07”">'07&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 140 m (SUT 0514043, 27. VI. 2014); Lop Buri province: Phatthan Nikhom district, Suanmaduea waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="E28D7AEF62525FB11A53D5FB4DDF2367" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="14.92">
14°55 
<normalizedToken id="D5C05FA8D433EBFDE7CE4858E5CE73C0" originalValue="’12”">'12&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="0A9A8CF99D822AD7887B35F87ADFBFB6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.21972">
101°13 
<normalizedToken id="2668F35A4B1A48F500DE8CE84699EAB3" originalValue="’11”">'11&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 135 m (SUT 0516132, 26. IV. 2016); Sara Buri province: Muak Lek district, Dong Phaya Yen waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="191A48E53037FD6FEBB815453B469B7B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="14.735001">
14°44 
<normalizedToken id="78CECC659354C746626F7EF432C14B4A" originalValue="’06”">'06&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="543B6B70FDA8D16B8DA7DB78720CEF62" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.19195">
101°11 
<normalizedToken id="7CFF4352EBFFA42E62ED511B9B8F48F0" originalValue="’31”">'31&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 155 m (SUT 0516133, 26. IV. 2016). Nakhon Sawan province: Mueand Nakhon Sawan district, Bungboraped, 
<geoCoordinate id="257EC7243AA4151AF21207A5B28AE8AB" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="15.683333">
15°41 
<normalizedToken id="EAA980E060132B1F121E4DBD05C8E95C" originalValue="’00”">'00&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="DF2292F569234DA82D69600893AAE461" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.24972">
100°14 
<normalizedToken id="F8463458CFAD7BFEB95EA66DE2A49B86" originalValue="’59”">'59&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 30 m (SUT 0516127, 10. III. 2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F0EE4DB83985E723C74765FCA75E0F8" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
Loei drainage (Mekong river system): Loei province: Phu Ruea district, Pla Ba waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="FAE7C43C8E6288450B0FA7A87C321BBD" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.390278">
17°23 
<normalizedToken id="3BA4C55923EF900A1BAC394C51D82FC9" originalValue="’25”">'25&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CF27393E7095AF04A07B3EEA552576C1" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.37417">
101°22 
<normalizedToken id="F0B5C60C7A7192801287B166B9B06643" originalValue="’27”">'27&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 665 m (SUT 0515068, 07. II. 2015); Phu Luang district, km. 50/350 at Loei River, 
<geoCoordinate id="F73EB912E93316762A2B5420CF317A07" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.077223">
17°04 
<normalizedToken id="E3C0AAD8554FE1ED64A6A6F4E2470861" originalValue="’38”">'38&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EC4B0E0B98D2D8EB4F7088FF283884C3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.48917">
101°29 
<normalizedToken id="7BDB0C861CBF4F38F383A49C80C7C29E" originalValue="’21”">'21&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 675 m (SUT 0516125, 10. III. 2016); Tatkoktup waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="8B43BF8B8992D4732A0632149DE8D3F8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="17.051111">
17°03 
<normalizedToken id="A2C3F9D57F426F5E9CB036A65FC6337F" originalValue="’04”">'04&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="855530518D23608DAE8B952AFA69FFE5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.527504">
101°31 
<normalizedToken id="86FE1D867D6A14E06C12691B91B4E4B8" originalValue="’39”">'39&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 690 m (SUT 0516128, 10. III. 2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED36B1EE03A50061218AAED76D46358A" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
Chee drainage (Mekong river system): Khon Kaen province: Mueang Khon Kaen district, Bueng Thung Sang, 
<geoCoordinate id="F7A826366362108A52C0CBA3E81CE8A1" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="16.579445">
16°34 
<normalizedToken id="7557BDDE2E3045EBFBDD59E25A5B2390" originalValue="’46”">'46&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A7670062F67C17A80E9F2DC4F97A46EE" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="102.83972">
102°50 
<normalizedToken id="46AFDA9788E2442D1F71C3CEBC76ED6D" originalValue="’23”">'23&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 170 m (SUT 0515064, 05. II. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="577EE297F0F6E51F9C416AB35DB1E5D3" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
Moon drainage (Mekong river system): Nakhon Ratchasima province: Pak Thong Chai district, Lamphraphloeng reservoir, 
<geoCoordinate id="9F2820F339B323DB15516BF691F15641" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="14.592222">
14°35 
<normalizedToken id="1F1EEE48C19F7B643608A79CD85A65A0" originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="2A9E4F1977B3C451E2E4BAFD1CED4CF8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.84167">
101°50 
<normalizedToken id="7B6A183F056E6B9CC23377EC88B6895A" originalValue="’30”">'30&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 260 m (SUT 0516131, 22. III. 2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4E0D597256315F34D6F6A3CBDCDB0F2F" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
Khwae drainage (Mae Klong river system): Kanchanaburi province: Thong Pha Phum district, Hindad hot spring, 
<geoCoordinate id="6DA716A21D76B0A47BE7B8213FE397CD" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="14.623889">
14°37 
<normalizedToken id="C9D2B3D2A2E4E42623326D29EA6216DF" originalValue="’26”">'26&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="13A86A014EC285C0FBD1EA4BF4790D76" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.72806">
098°43 
<normalizedToken id="0B2CA223EC61243C8D1AE663BC45DCE6" originalValue="’41”">'41&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 160 m (SUT 0515091, 27. VI. 2015); Sai Yok district, Sai Yok Yai waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="D4440BC6D138CD87CF3D0515B7C08F7C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="14.434167">
14°26 
<normalizedToken id="3959CB5560E0B6639CD7FC26C451E72F" originalValue="’03”">'03&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CA5E84861AF9661736FA52D33B84CD44" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.854164">
098°51 
<normalizedToken id="700D9C37E85A1B7724F6AA3BA6903D50" originalValue="’15”">'15&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 105 m (SUT 0515092, 27. VI. 2015); Sai Yok Noi waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="DA79AA3991DC9DD7F0F4EA8646A71E4F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="14.241112">
14°14 
<normalizedToken id="14E5856830BD9A70104D3565DB4528AF" originalValue="’28”">'28&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A561FE14483C992D23E796D2B19EA8AC" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.06556">
099°03 
<normalizedToken id="7BDCC0E4787AC9DC7777B209B12236B7" originalValue="’56”">'56&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 115 m (SUT 0515093, 27. VI. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2CE44DAFB5AF2D7A1945E7F40B050E0B" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
Phachi drainage (Mae Klong river system): Kanchanaburi province: Dan Makham Tia district, Ban Thung Makham Tia, 
<geoCoordinate id="C43365CBC456D6E5EAF092D6ABF8489D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.905">
13°54 
<normalizedToken id="C509E31053A3A80B461BD0D588926C40" originalValue="’18”">'18&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4AB1054D9F3EE8591DEE8208B7FCEE72" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.38555">
099°23 
<normalizedToken id="F0B8FC33389F56EB0D105652B5175F24" originalValue="’08”">'08&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 45 m (SUT 0515061, 17. III. 2015); Ban Ta Pu, 
<geoCoordinate id="CCED3DF40865B24133B147FD0959679A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.8550005">
13°51 
<normalizedToken id="66D54F66E174D0A5DE53E26EB1BC2B13" originalValue="’18”">'18&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="6548182A7AB7CB3C5B0DA52233EFC7E0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.38306">
099°22 
<normalizedToken id="6EABE3F7CEA029DD4FCBECF9959A7692" originalValue="’59”">'59&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 55 m (SUT 0515060, 17. III. 2015); Ban Nong Phai, 
<geoCoordinate id="77C69C7B304BCD0D27ACBD7657A8E7E6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.779166">
13°46 
<normalizedToken id="53F37642788936B101EB1C18F573FD33" originalValue="’45”">'45&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="2FB4E12821A2AD8A6FC6EE243662ADCC" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.424164">
099°25 
<normalizedToken id="36418CF9FC83A76C472259A79F5F53FD" originalValue="’27”">'27&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 70 m (SUT 0515059, 17. III. 2015); Ratchaburi province: Chom Bueng district, Phachi River bridge, 
<geoCoordinate id="F4A2D11F9D88744337A49727E0F71511" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.7502775">
13°45 
<normalizedToken id="BFBAB7E65267F1E7C91D4C97DD8CDD0C" originalValue="’01”">'01&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="53B3F173C675E1D5C7F8BDD1E8502AA3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.440834">
099°26 
<normalizedToken id="40263D1E57BC9CA248E01B362D191F65" originalValue="’27”">'27&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 65 m (SUT 0515058, 17. III. 2015); Ban Dan Thap Tako, 
<geoCoordinate id="1A3DAA428296DDFE4C08AD4E3F8B7229" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.691112">
13°41 
<normalizedToken id="E94FB9A73D7CC093D6B89B7695F9F7F9" originalValue="’28”">'28&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="9EC7D810AB5AC15694B5FA193C406978" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.48555">
099°29 
<normalizedToken id="29BD7A942562D6A11EF4561C10F858E1" originalValue="’08”">'08&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 80 m (SUT 0515057, 17. III. 2015); Ban Pa Wai, 
<geoCoordinate id="754AAA9689A0CFC7DD4A8D6661CD1F44" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.616667">
13°37 
<normalizedToken id="62BC9396FBD825DEA88101EEA8C78BCB" originalValue="’00”">'00&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="0BD81606EB6D78B7AF259D7FE4BF1205" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.41028">
099°24 
<normalizedToken id="76BCF7FCDB6D676B224D5BD043242C9F" originalValue="’37”">'37&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 75 m (SUT 0515056, 17. III. 2015); Suan Phueng district, Lum Nam Phachi, 
<geoCoordinate id="EC8A5BC1603E31DE4138B815134CCC08" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.548334">
13°32 
<normalizedToken id="ED071B2D86E875161C8980D33F145153" originalValue="’54”">'54&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A1C96F8668F001DDF05643850FDCF1BD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.361664">
099°21 
<normalizedToken id="A7C4DD92C6EC17ACCAB72F3C553193F7" originalValue="’42”">'42&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 110 m (SUT 0515070, 23. I. 2015); Huai Ban Bor, 
<geoCoordinate id="79E83E0DA82F0F80AD5A1C138AB2B735" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.535278">
13°32 
<normalizedToken id="6953CAF6B82F49FBAB8C937D670CF3EF" originalValue="’07”">'07&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A7121A1A608ACAB57E1D3216679CF1D3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.342224">
099°20 
<normalizedToken id="A5FCEF595745858A33B086212AA0C36D" originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 135 m (SUT 0515071, 23. I. 2015); Huay Nueng, 
<geoCoordinate id="7890D50BCD1084396E474E197CC13B32" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.547778">
13°32 
<normalizedToken id="5EF4C737D701EE06D8445FB0DEE11611" originalValue="’52”">'52&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="AA5C47CB218188F98CEC5FF0D77BDA42" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.29278">
099°17 
<normalizedToken id="03AD10448E6870651646C781765465C4" originalValue="’34”">'34&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 155 m (SUT 0515069, 23. I. 2015); Suan Phueng district, Ban Purakom, 
<geoCoordinate id="080D51473F1B1625D404FDC4344B6794" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.324722">
13°19 
<normalizedToken id="968B7F9B8B3A2AB653C72288E4C762C8" originalValue="’29”">'29&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="E0198F4C6AF0BAFD16AFF80D96E161DC" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.23944">
099°14 
<normalizedToken id="91D8A260160EB1ABB7F0870E7D1023FD" originalValue="’22”">'22&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 275 m (SUT 0515066, 23. I. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="749A53249C6BA0D1EFA92AAB3DEA04A8" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
Mae Klong river system: Nakhon Pathom province: Mueang Nakhon Pathom district, pond on campus of Silpakorn University, 
<geoCoordinate id="046256E692DCFD43535927862F2F27A8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="13.816944">
13°49 
<normalizedToken id="4A216DDAB4FE08D656E25A658BEC2C50" originalValue="’01”">'01&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="5521B125EE04557906A5DA0FF89E0B4D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.04111">
100°02 
<normalizedToken id="CAD343FE79F0629A4E66FD8E9CEBFA6C" originalValue="’28”">'28&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 80 m (SUT 0515055, 13. I. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A4545E8BEDCA878C85CE34FA1DFEFB9F" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
Gulf of Thailand: Rayong province: Mueang Rayong district, Mae Rumphueng beach (Mae Rumphueng canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="1321615C05EFD7B85C31838AC04C7600" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="12.630556">
12°37 
<normalizedToken id="6A3F716AA96CFCCDB0712DD016721794" originalValue="’50”">'50&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="764939DA75341E525A3797A77F654F2C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="101.343056">
101°20 
<normalizedToken id="91E269DE0705AF11587EFE4819D1DABA" originalValue="’35”">'35&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 10 m (SUT 0516135, 28. IV. 2016); Phetchaburi province: Cha-am district, Khlong Cha-am (Cha-am canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="4587440DE8B84B1964EEB1A336861CF9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="12.800834">
12°48 
<normalizedToken id="780B4820545CFFE108B98F69D46C54BF" originalValue="’03”">'03&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="6CFE811B30803464B6D66F01B7449301" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.98139">
099°58 
<normalizedToken id="C7D05658CFB6D5536C04E96FAEFA1AF3" originalValue="’53”">'53&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 20 m (SUT 0513032, 16. X. 2013); Prachuap Khiri Khan province: Mueang Prachuap Khiri Khan district, Khlong Bueng reservoir, 11°55 
<normalizedToken id="745DA3DFBF1B1687D9C49ECF07D5E4C0" originalValue="’29”">'29&quot;</normalizedToken>
N, 099°42 
<normalizedToken id="348CED85551DD2D6F8941B8B6562318F" originalValue="’40.9”">'40.9&quot;</normalizedToken>
E, 70 m (SUT 0516146, 11. V. 2016); Huai Yang district, Khlong Huai Yang (Yang canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="5435666B5A40FAFE271CBC1186A60B82" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="11.61389">
11°36 
<normalizedToken id="63DF5D437C1FC3A99CB9C68C4D896BDA" originalValue="’50”">'50&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="2E5727BACB55EA3A1F418B911528B6A4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.668884">
099°40 
<normalizedToken id="45C0E66C553E3E0B7F7659E12F453E7C" originalValue="’08”">'08&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 55 m (SUT 0514037, 23. XI. 2014); Bang Saphan district, Kar on waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="463A209B253A498539DD3F818F1271A8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="11.4372225">
11°26 
<normalizedToken id="E823434777C6E8F1AC3416FC0B43112A" originalValue="’14”">'14&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="E2383CB7BA7FC0A668B84F3FED5FE795" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.4425">
099°26 
<normalizedToken id="226DD9283E3FCD2BC076BBDFC89AE128" originalValue="’33”">'33&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 55 m (SUT 0514038, 23. XI. 2014); Chumphon province: Tha Sae district, Krapo waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="DE947461EED4129A88D4660ECA9AC9B1" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="10.741389">
10°44 
<normalizedToken id="6DBD07F3AE0E94155BA75E3A6294EB2F" originalValue="’29”">'29&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CA5304D198789C31954D0974F10443D8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.21527">
099°12 
<normalizedToken id="9381AA18C6A409FA5BBE91865C8BDB8A" originalValue="’55”">'55&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 75 m (SUT 0511149, 2. VII. 2011); Surat Thani province: Tha Chang district, Khlong Tha Sai (Takhoei canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="27606DD5E642FB65940CBF7DEBBF7C0F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="9.211111">
09°12 
<normalizedToken id="6F60CA03454E3920C3AD7D0928DE795C" originalValue="’40”">'40&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B1379F4173E7462595599F988175244" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.19889">
099°11 
<normalizedToken id="4178D2012A89B29868B0C6D56FF1022D" originalValue="’56”">'56&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 10 m (SUT 0516147, 04. VI. 2016); Phunphin district, Ban Tung Ao (Ta Khoei canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="9BFED60290DBE93F7F214BB273DCD542" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="9.207222">
09°12 
<normalizedToken id="4DF5BB938DF5D9B8C36678BC644DAA99" originalValue="’26”">'26&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="2A18FD3120B079742D4C2C8C65CF21E0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.20722">
099°12 
<normalizedToken id="C6F1033E8DD9474981C3443090CBF93D" originalValue="’26”">'26&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 5 m (SUT 0516148, 04. VI. 2016); Don Sak district, Vibhavadi waterfall (Tha Thong canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="DE337E8B76D51DFA8FA1D1A17D22A15A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="9.135278">
09°08 
<normalizedToken id="3DB665C7673C996FB6D3CA23CDD4F0D3" originalValue="’07”">'07&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="BDD0E0E925CBD72216AA1E4DC514DBE8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.67555">
099°40 
<normalizedToken id="1847ABE9038D453EC558CBCD4ABB3E89" originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 25 m (SUT 0516142, 09. V. 2016); Ban Na San district, Dat Fa waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="003DAA56B4FF4127E064F33109925483" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="8.871944">
08°52 
<normalizedToken id="C848097888E73F08622F6973D823E183" originalValue="’19”">'19&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="F2104FF192DDA46AE5BCE02669FB22DD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.43305">
099°25 
<normalizedToken id="C030D502B9E18E5E4B98D41AE07E0097" originalValue="’59”">'59&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 80 m (SUT 0514048, 22. XI. 2014); Khlong Klai (Nong Noi canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="E3EF1336F379D667C9E47E2956F24092" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="8.801945">
08°48 
<normalizedToken id="63D69CDA31FB22C292471731BBA2E339" originalValue="’07”">'07&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A1B011C5E8C8805E68805635E83FBE8A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.44583">
099°26 
<normalizedToken id="7151DE9ECB937E13914DDF2E4A6942A4" originalValue="’45”">'45&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 110 m (SUT 0516137, 9. V. 2016); Nakhon Si Thammarat province: Nopphitam district, Khlong Prong (Klai canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="2ECC0C964171A0B07F9B7A19B7CE578D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="8.789722">
08°47 
<normalizedToken id="9F29E62BBC7B09A4F1D6621D076F6827" originalValue="’23”">'23&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C525ABA9FB335BEC127F3439AEBA1510" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.63694">
099°38 
<normalizedToken id="6CDE990C36182B1157BACF2BF9DECDB7" originalValue="’13”">'13&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 100 m (SUT 0516139, 09. V. 2016); Krung Ching waterfall, 
<geoCoordinate id="5320432255DA729962577347716FFB34" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="8.721389">
08°43 
<normalizedToken id="62C43357961E6DC393E0EA19375135A9" originalValue="’17”">'17&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="F6175EDBD3CBF0A799A7D6F657E1F0F2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.67083">
099°40 
<normalizedToken id="3E303B0274DA56257978B7ADE1CA6EA5" originalValue="’15”">'15&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 195 m (SUT 0516145, 09. V. 2016); Phatthalung province: Si Banphot district, Khlong Tha Leung (Tha Nae canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="2E199970B527EBA2879B82951ED4598B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="7.713333">
07°42 
<normalizedToken id="C6FC2EA81E0EB392B3086014CEB938CF" originalValue="’48”">'48&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C80283B6BA7A648F08251AA7BF3B141B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.85944">
099°51 
<normalizedToken id="4B5FB4C7416E85F6344DAC34441E011D" originalValue="’34”">'34&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 70 m (SUT 0516138, 08. V. 2016); Songkhla province: Singhanakhon district, Khlong Sathing Mo (Songkhla lake), 
<geoCoordinate id="BAE4A1AC3C07A281F5F3926C18ABD668" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="7.2269444">
07°13 
<normalizedToken id="FF15506CE79DCC2425EFC2F778B767EA" originalValue="’37”">'37&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="75C8C1E0E2A09AE1C33CAE615BDE17E9" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.528336">
100°31 
<normalizedToken id="BADFE05AF8D2CFDA68090B8AC449C7B3" originalValue="’42”">'42&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 10 m (SUT 0516144, 08. V. 2016); Khlong Hoi Khong district, Khlong La reservoir, 
<geoCoordinate id="5AC234438F1B3C6A165360AA624F01F8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="6.8747225">
06°52 
<normalizedToken id="D9576DA0E203C47F088A598BACF73112" originalValue="’29”">'29&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="6453A5753D51B1DC0723647F5FE71A3B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.33">
100°19 
<normalizedToken id="2E160EA125A7CD964A5FC8323EB290E7" originalValue="’48”">'48&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 60 m (SUT 0516141, 07. V. 2016); Khlong Cham Rai reservoir, 
<geoCoordinate id="3229A388EFB6F15ADA6DBD849BC09C49" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="6.825">
06°49 
<normalizedToken id="542EE399E514C1DE1A7EE96659B9F5B5" originalValue="’30”">'30&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="FA29112EF0882D8B57E000101CF8B776" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.33055">
100°19 
<normalizedToken id="D0F9718EAF66402E0FBC2DCFE5302934" originalValue="’50”">'50&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 55 m (SUT 0516143, 07. V. 2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B7BB6DD962AB23534BE4F413ED0804F" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
Andaman Sea: Krabi province: Mueang Krabi district, Khlong Sai (Khlong Sai canal), 08°10 
<normalizedToken id="C83FE0B322FFEB00527BAAD312CB131A" originalValue="’20.8’’">'20.8''</normalizedToken>
N, 098°47 
<normalizedToken id="3EA7E34C2E9EDFB00928A38E20899A14" originalValue="’38’’">'38''</normalizedToken>
E, 25 m (SUT 0515097, 30. X. 2015); Wang Than Thip (Wang Than Thip canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="AAF043FAAD827EE69970E4333C1A7D20" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="8.16361">
08°09 
<normalizedToken id="278649F4FF04BE71269279BC4586F7F2" originalValue="’49”">'49&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1E7F75004F7A1BFBEF02E2ACE40EA41F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.7975">
098°47 
<normalizedToken id="BAFE8A68E630D7F7B716EB93B6E5B60E" originalValue="’51”">'51&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 20 m (SUT 0515098, 30. X. 2015); Trang province: Yan Ta Khao district, Khlong Palian (Palian canal), 
<geoCoordinate id="D117E2599D4741FE62A6367BBA04090D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="7.3697224">
07°22 
<normalizedToken id="D16DBDB9C93055D10994C396F1C4C6DD" originalValue="’11”">'11&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="BC8DFD1C86D18AF0021871FF7D26A559" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="99.68">
099°40 
<normalizedToken id="4139DAFCE184727C51485F5CB74F71BF" originalValue="’48”">'48&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 20 m (SUT 0515095, 29. X. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5600D2723ECB327246458801ABD041C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="471" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
Timor Leste: Manatuto district, W bank of Laclo river near Condae, ca. 4 km WSW of Manatuto, 
<geoCoordinate id="8589EA1C2C2BF8ABABE3511B5CAFF0A3" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.525556">
08°31 
<normalizedToken id="7BE73363DF1616239D68B24967DE05F8" originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="23331CB69F5F679B50187D27995DB429" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="125.98055">
125°58 
<normalizedToken id="E78A74D7B7C56D1D43A2A936AA2B89E5" originalValue="’50”">'50&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 35 m (ZMH 119364, 21 VI. 2012); south coast, 3.8 km N of Nancuro beach, 4.7 km SE of Natarbora, 
<geoCoordinate id="10368D1CF0CD602A10DC66CBAFFBDF76" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-9.008611">
09°00 
<normalizedToken id="B189B7FBB1884D141A67141A8BA0DB62" originalValue="’31”">'31&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="02154F1253215BE0DFCA9ADB7A011332" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="126.0625">
126°03 
<normalizedToken id="17B35EA9741D7DE920097A9B86B0F666" originalValue="’45”">'45&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 20 m (ZMH 119359, 13. XI. 2011); 3.4 km N of Nancuro beach, 5 km SE of Natarbora, 
<geoCoordinate id="63D98E1863D6D33B7525371AF145D73A" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-9.0125">
09°00 
<normalizedToken id="64A9C7E12F543B456BB680981C4B56CC" originalValue="’45”">'45&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="110E3412E559A930BDE163FE83BFB0DA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="126.063614">
126°03 
<normalizedToken id="1C9F1E2C22EB83E58539BFA5ED63AA5D" originalValue="’49”">'49&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 20 m (ZMH 119358, 13. XI. 2011); 2.5 km N of Nancuro beach, 5.7 km SE of Natarbora, 
<geoCoordinate id="0E16BF5C77B3C96E1D83F85A24668E4B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-9.019722">
09°01 
<normalizedToken id="176FC57514FC0B95809E3A81818847FE" originalValue="’11”">'11&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="3AD00D591CCE0E4B20CFAC0A861B3C57" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="126.06612">
126°03 
<normalizedToken id="84FD2D4F8402E4DD7AA0CF7427922123" originalValue="’58”">'58&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 15 m (ZMH 119354, 13. XI. 2011); Baucau district, NE of Baucau, Watabo beach, 
<geoCoordinate id="3C921E6F954FC36B7E4E7E872DACDB3B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.443334">
08°26 
<normalizedToken id="18F70CBDA171376B52EB4EB09D672264" originalValue="’36”">'36&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1C79187BE2FF5A1481A6367947EB87B6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="126.46972">
126°28 
<normalizedToken id="DADD4C5E61E09828C13919996BCC3859" originalValue="’11”">'11&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 20 m (ZMH 119357, 
<pageBreakToken id="E35C480E2A265A6734912D23EF8AABF1" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" start="start">9</pageBreakToken>
. XI. 2011); Lautem district, Ira-Ara village, Lutu-Ira, 
<geoCoordinate id="570C0CB97DCD243D3EC71F3570D5AD54" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.342222">
08°20 
<normalizedToken id="576824162FCBD804223E700723546D97" originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="5A31462108612B5029EC6932D8D1B6E5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="127.01889">
127°01 
<normalizedToken id="3042312C0DE55E769967D07EE75BD6F1" originalValue="’08”">'08&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 100 m (ZMH 119356, 23. V. 2011); near the Baucau/Lautem district border marker, 11.8 km NE of Laga, 
<geoCoordinate id="AE7925329144779AF171D2767504122C" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.426389">
08°25 
<normalizedToken id="470E89D8360464B464701055F41742E5" originalValue="’35”">'35&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="48C0CE38AD9A5D79B67A7BEE27B5BBC0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="126.69528">
126°41 
<normalizedToken id="00C613428195A6977DCC10D40CC0E13B" originalValue="’43”">'43&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 5 m (ZMH 119353, 10. XI. 2011); Bobonaro district, north coast, 0.5 km from the mouth, Large seasonal stream in Batugade, 
<geoCoordinate id="C11E2F06FA75A531016F10C50DC4C825" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.946389">
08°56 
<normalizedToken id="5E739F0228B45E3AEAE43644FEC957E0" originalValue="’47”">'47&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="6C2D211BD1B8A2830F50A4A65E3E9F16" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="124.97444">
124°58 
<normalizedToken id="E82D9503A4CA9F48532505F8A72CF9EC" originalValue="’28”">'28&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 10 m (ZMH 119362, 20. V. 2012); Viqueque district, Ossu subdistrict, near village Usu Decima, Wai-eu-Lau, 
<geoCoordinate id="93A6AD463F8B90EE54D9EDF488F9DE01" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.743334">
08°44 
<normalizedToken id="A77B2EE6C3C86702BCE7904326CF15E2" originalValue="’36”">'36&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B51B5B8856CC9A85477C0FB814E16BA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="126.380554">
126°22 
<normalizedToken id="ADFF89D638F2F5FA8D248B6432F89026" originalValue="’50”">'50&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 670 m (ZMH 119355, 13. V. 2011); spring in the village, Loihuno, 
<geoCoordinate id="9F428B8CB7CCA84B241AF10F61E0DF63" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.784722">
08°47 
<normalizedToken id="E57C13CF383E48772707446CAED73E9D" originalValue="’05”">'05&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="187834BF434533323FD3FCA2D67BE885" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="126.37556">
126°22 
<normalizedToken id="26291957E94AC29EC849CB0FFB24BA8A" originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 255 m (ZMH 119360, 11. XI. 2011); spring in the village, Loihuno, 
<geoCoordinate id="D4BF67A6665EDC938649294CF9050E5F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.784722">
08°47 
<normalizedToken id="D05C78AFBEDF65437F6CFD72A8CF9D9F" originalValue="’05”">'05&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="AEF780C9ECE9F1437C03F4CB8E869A67" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="126.37556">
126°22 
<normalizedToken id="668DBF780014207058BD58E27BCA5F3A" originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 255 m (ZMH 119363, 17.V. 2012); Manufahi district, south coast, Fatuhcahi village, Wetetefuik creek, 
<geoCoordinate id="34A2F843B9F68A333282FFF1D1402A01" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-9.033334">
09°02 
<normalizedToken id="E4A437C60FF718A31F36B48BEADF46E1" originalValue="’00”">'00&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="65C91B85ED5115A17036D88E34DCEF6B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="125.99333">
125°59 
<normalizedToken id="D1A4A9B140D5F3BD4E2B4B1A89A028E6" originalValue="’36”">'36&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 30 m (ZMH 119361, 12 XI. 2011).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="F6F00E13289CC88DE7048B49DDCF4F49" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" type="phylogenetic analyses">
<paragraph id="5F0BA7F8F85302A21D90DB8D7E5E948E" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Phylogenetic analyses</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C01319CD0E394EF48E302C0E66D4459C" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
The final alignment of the cox1 sequences had a length of 658 base pairs (bp) and that of the 16S sequences 781 bp. Genetic p-distances for cox1 sequences of specimens determined as 
<taxonomicName id="F2E031746A51420BF4DA8DE6A34441AB" lsidName="T. granifera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" rank="species" species="granifera">T. granifera</taxonomicName>
from Thailand ranged from 0% to 14.7%, whereas all cox1 sequences obtained from specimens from Timor Leste were identical.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DDF45B795B8B117436CA11439D363247" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">For 16S sequences, p-distances among specimens from Thailand ranged from 0% to 10.4% and for Timor Leste, pairwise p-distance between specimens were very low, ranging from 0% to 0.1%.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BAE248214BB9B005649998E9532750E7" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
All three phylogenetic analyses recovered two deeply divergent clades of specimens assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="8936EF185F29E87B40B5336B96263749" lsidName="T. granifera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" rank="species" species="granifera">T. granifera</taxonomicName>
(clades A and B, Fig. 4), with high to very high support (clade A, PP: 1.00, BS (ML): 95, BS (MP): 100; clade B, PP: 1.00, BS (ML): 90, BS (MP): 100). Genetic p-distances between these two clades were distinctly higher than p-distances within either clade A or clade B, 13.8% for cox1 and 10% for 16S sequences. Genetic p-distances within clade A were with 0% to 3.34% for cox1 and 0% to 1.44% for 16S sequences rather low.
</paragraph>
<caption id="958D9B1EA221F51A8729B9CBAA59DEB5" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
<paragraph id="2C5C07696C7C8C0061F553DAB7226F3F" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
Figure 4. Bayesiam 50% majority-rule consensus tree showing two major mitochondrial clades in 
<taxonomicName id="8CC791D9B7520B0D65F3DA9389413F66" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816). Numbers at the nodes correspond to posterior probabilities (left), maximum likelihood (middle) and maximum parsimony (right) bootstrap values. At the tips of the tree voucher numbers (see material list in the main part of the text), country codes (THA: Thailand; TIM: Timor Leste; IDN: Indonesia) and the river where specimens were collected are indicated. The inset map shows the distribution of mitochondrial clades in Thailand (clade A: blue dots; clade B: magenta dots) and major river systems. The letters 
<normalizedToken id="48A1D64F401082A910D3B8580965E24D" originalValue="a–c">a-c</normalizedToken>
in the map refer to localities, for which climatic data were available (see also Fig. 12). The inset with box plots shows the altitudinal distribution of mitochondrial caldes A and B, respectively.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="86339B50BC4F582978DDC312C85B2577" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
All specimens from Timor Leste were included in clade A together with specimens mostly from the southern to southern-central parts of Thailand (Fig. 4), viz. those from the provinces Songkhla, Trang, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Surat Thani, Chumphon, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi, Ratchaburi, Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Sara Buri and Nakhon Sawan. But this clade included also specimens from the northern part of the country, viz. Chang Mai, Lampang, Phrae and Phitsanulok, and specimens from Nakhon Ratchasima and Rayong in northeast to eastern Thailand. Within clade A, relationships among specimens were generally not well-supported (Fig. 4). However, there is a general pattern that Thai specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E26C1350CAF87FD3B8FE7F21ABD8610D" lsidName="T. granifera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" rank="species" species="granifera">T. granifera</taxonomicName>
assigned to clade A were more frequent in the southern part of the country.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8EEC338D4B39F2CFFE4C7A5F86146160" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
In contrast, specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E17C0A2921FCA408340441F30DEA345F" lsidName="T. granifera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" rank="species" species="granifera">T. granifera</taxonomicName>
assigned to clade B were more frequent in the northern part of Thailand, i.e. the majority of specimens in this clade originate from the northern to north east Thai provinces, such as Chang Mai, Mueang Mae Hong Son, Phayao, Lampang, Nan, Uttaradit, Tak, Sukhothai, Phitsanulok, Phetchabun and Loei, while only few specimens in this clade are from the southern-central Thai provinces Phatthalung, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Surat Thani, Ratchaburi, Kanchanaburi and Lop Buri. Almost all specimens assigned to clade B were placed in a polytomy in the tree shown in Fig. 4. Corresponding to the results of the phylogenetic analyses, genetic p-distances within clade B were very low, with 0% to 0.46% for cox1 and 0% to 0.52% for 16S sequences.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E5FD7F1F67E38102C149667AB40C2148" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">When analysed by drainage systems, we found that all specimens from the north-western part of Thailand, which is drained through the Salween river system into the Andaman Sea, were included in clade B. Likewise, specimens from the headwaters of the Ping, Wang, Yom and Nan rivers belonging to the Chao Phraya system, with few exceptions, were assigned to clade B in the phylogenetic analyses. In the lower courses of northern to northern-central Thai drainages, such as e.g. the Chao Phraya and Mae Klong drainages that run into the Gulf of Thailand, specimens assigned to both clades are present.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D93C79CA83B0A27E7FDB5FB07B78A793" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Similarly, specimens belonging to both mitochondrial clades are present in the Mekong drainage, whereas specimens assigned to clade A predominate in the smaller rivers in the Thai parts of the Malay Peninsula to the north and south of the Isthmus of Kra that either drain into the Gulf of Thailand or the Andaman Sea (Fig. 4). Noteworthy are a few populations from the somewhat more elevated parts of the provinces Surat Thani (SUT 0516137), Nakhon Si Thammarat (SUT 0516139) and Phatthalung (SUT 0516138) on the Malay Peninsula that were assigned to clade B (Fig. 4).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A8742F7B4170AFE6C4F315A0ABB9A1E3" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
In contrast to this geographical pattern in 
<taxonomicName id="C832A1256E13CF7F9A4B5D980AFA68CD" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
, with broadly speaking an essentially southern clade A and an essentially northern clade B, we found no correspondence of specimens from the three morphotypes with the two genetically differentiated clades as outlined above as all morphs were present in both clades (data not shown).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="5822C2F1E8811B78979D06405FA1F9D7" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="472" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" type="haplotype networks, molecular species delimitation and dating">
<paragraph id="D5C6FBE9C546BBF6D8F8C89E1C253668" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Haplotype networks, molecular species delimitation and dating</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14C06B1EAB0DBFE7AE59809310ACA027" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Evolutionary relationships among haplotypes were inferred applying a median-joining network approach that showed the two mitochondrial clades A and B to be separated by&gt; 60 steps (cox1 and 16S; Fig. 5a, b), while within these clades haplotypes were separated by usually only a few steps (Fig. 5a, b).</paragraph>
<caption id="85C2A451F96A9A8CCFA5E5A56B10CFEE" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
<paragraph id="755DB99B972D920701B0E1E38A80CA51" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
Figure 5. Molecular analysis of 
<taxonomicName id="5A1CFD48DCD44558E5DCD954BA158AD4" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Tarebia</taxonomicName>
. 
<normalizedToken id="7615F129678C5CB06C9CCFB5BE69C8D7" originalValue="a–b">a-b</normalizedToken>
. Median-joining haplotype networks based on 16S (a) and cox1 (b) sequence data of 
<taxonomicName id="28ACE920A6CE96AAF95FF610D4DEAEB0" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816). The size of each circle represents the frequency of a haplotype and the colour refers to main mitochondrial clades obtained from the phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 4; blue: clade A, magenta: clade B). Tick marks between circles represent evolutionary steps. c. Results of the bGMYC analysis. Colouration of the matrix cells represents pairwise probabilities of conspecificity. d. Dated molecular tree (only unique haplotypes were included). Numbers at the nodes are node ages in Ma, bars represent 95% highest posterior probabilitiy intervals.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5ABD3C1BD84B8D2B9F025301F580AD74" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="472" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
The ABGD approach suggested that the 
<taxonomicName id="070FC508E01DA490F5F38C4AB830830B" lsidName="T. granifera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" rank="species" species="granifera">T. granifera</taxonomicName>
clades A and B could be classified as two species for prior intraspecific divergences (d) of the combined cox1 and 16S data set of d ≥ 0.0077. The bGMYC analysis (Fig. 5c) recovered a probability of conspecifity of less than 0.05 for specimen pairs belonging to both, the mitochondrial clades A and B. For specimen pairs assigned to clade A in the phylogenetic analyses a probability of conspecifity of more than 0.7 was recovered, with most pairs having a probability of conspecifity of more than 0.95. All specimen pairs assigned to clade B in the phylogenet 
<pageBreakToken id="D2C95426AA1EB524D259AD19DE905FEA" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" start="start">ic</pageBreakToken>
analyses were assigned a probability of conspecificity of more than 0.95 in the bGMYC analysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F34ADE0D62E5337465D6A3620C4B8FE4" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
The results of the BEAST analysis assuming a strict molecular clock and a divergence rate of 1% per million years (Fig. 5d) suggests, following the split of 
<taxonomicName id="3773DE35A825A4B00F6C25AC7141149C" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Tarebia</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="44458315336EA49524CDA61DC1A31281" genus="Cerithioidea" lsidName="Cerithioidea granifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rank="species" species="granifera">granifera)</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="165DF9839716AD785B1FCC5ECDEBA065" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Thiara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thiara" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Thiara</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="3C6DD6C00C7C7E117B8785B501E666A2" genus="Cerithioidea" lsidName="Cerithioidea amarula" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rank="species" species="amarula">amarula</taxonomicName>
) at about 7.1 million years ago (Mya), a separation of the mitochondrial clades A and B at about 5.3 Ma BP (95% highest posterior density interval (HPD): c. 6.5-4.0 Mya). The diverification within clade A is suggested to have started c. 0.65 Mya (95% HPD: 0.95-0.45 Ma BP), while the slitting within clade B occurred presumably c. 0.33 Mya (95% HPD: 0.50-0.25 Mya).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="965748BDBA798DF54886242C2376312B" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" type="shell morphology">
<paragraph id="4F69F019731B0AE53BCA330925DEACF3" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">Shell morphology</paragraph>
<paragraph id="09C12D42D99B2D626BD770F404047E95" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
The shells of 
<taxonomicName id="A1AF279A5FF23306625DDB57C1720407" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 2), which are often of greenish or brownish colour, are medium-sized, with 12 to 44 mm, of elongately ovate-conoidal or turreted shape, much shorter than 
<taxonomicName id="FF404A3B827690CAA678E7950D610EC0" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Melanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanoides" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Melanoides</taxonomicName>
and rather thick, the body whorl being greater in length than half the entire length of the shell. The spire is usually sharp, the whorls are not much convex, almost flat in the spire. The sculpture consists of spiral grooves and tubercles on the whorl. The shape of the aperture is oval with sharp peristome and curved columella; the umbilicus is closed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="68F893F221E1C49E57F67365160D092F" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
As shown in Fig. 2 
<taxonomicName id="7776794FCAD2502132BC71E9245A516A" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
exhibits a wide phenotypical spectrum of shell morphology, which varies with respect to size and shape and in particular in sculpture and colouration including banding patterns. We separated, based on superficial 
<normalizedToken id="931EFECEAFA20749428EAA4B4B2518DD" originalValue="“Gestaltwahrnehmung”">&quot;Gestaltwahrnehmung&quot;</normalizedToken>
of morphologically distinct shells, three groups called morphs A, B and C here, without implying morphotypes in the sense of species under a respective species concept, but for convenience only and to fasciliate further research into the potential correlation of phenotypical and genetic proprinquity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="61F37201D835790BA395D97255B26448" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
Starting off from the type series of 
<taxonomicName id="6163D2C2F82DC77832FDEB4873524549" lsidName="T. granifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rank="species" species="granifera">T. granifera</taxonomicName>
from Timor (Fig. 2a) and comparing to topotypical material collected in Timor Leste (Fig. 2 
<normalizedToken id="DB42F85A66BA8027B5F8E0B68DFA3A53" originalValue="t–y">t-y</normalizedToken>
) we distinguished based on phenotype only three major morphologies, comprising a combination of several distinct features, which taken together allows to differentiate the three morphs. The first (morph A) is similar to and characteristic by shell features also visible in the Timor types (Fig. 2 
<normalizedToken id="8855B329A27233B22D98E9C14646D4D4" originalValue="b–g">b-g</normalizedToken>
), with shell shape ovate-conoidal to moderately turreted and rather thick; the apex is pointed and often eroded; the colour is highly variable, ranging from yellowish-brown to dark brown and even nearly black. The number of whorls is mostly between 3 and 7, with a high spire and regularly increasing size. The body whorl is large and measures about half the length of the shell. The sculpture consists of spiral grooves and tubercles on the whorl, the suture is shallow. Next we separated those shells as morph B which agree to features similar to the description of 
<taxonomicName id="CF2372A416171430BA9AC85E91E90E99" lsidName="T. lineata" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rank="species" species="lineata">T. lineata</taxonomicName>
(Gray, 1828), as shown in Fig. 2(h-m), with the shell being moderately thick and elongately or ovate-conoidal, with 3-9 whorls and the body whorl being two-thirds of the shell. The colour is mostly yellowish-brown to dark brown. The sculpture of these shells were found to have small brown spiral ridges on the whorl, sometimes built as rows of tubercles. Morph C is represented by shells which combine features from both of the former morphs, but were differentiated here primarily due to the pronounced banding pattern (Fig. 2 
<normalizedToken id="C25320719F926BDF4D6B24616AAC1DE9" originalValue="n–s">n-s</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C73A3AAC917CAB807962213BB453FD00" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
We were not able to find any correlation of shell morphology with molecular genetic clusters as described above, or any other geographical or ecological factor matching these distinct phenotypes in 
<taxonomicName id="D0E430202DF1D5C90646C3976CC88FCD" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="DDE644C541AC4790370F676696D8AE71" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" type="biometry">
<paragraph id="32B5C1D8262561A7E5E794D44DC0074F" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">Biometry</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2861820A541814689AD366C6497995D9" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
For ranges and mean values of measured shell parameters for the different predefined groups, i.e. shell morphs/geographic groups or genetic clades, see Table 2. For all but one of the shell parameters tested, at least one group was present that was not normally distributed (Shapiro-Wilk-test, p &lt;0.05). The exception was the length of the last three whorls (l3w). Here, normally distributed data was found in every tested shell morph/geographic group (Shapiro-Wilk-test, p&gt; 0.05). Hence, we conducted an ANOVA, scoring significant (p &lt;0.05) followed by a Bonferroni-corrected LSD-test. The latter found significant differences (p &lt;0.025) between the means of morph B and C. For all other parameters we performed a Kruskal-Wallis-rank sum test, significant (p &lt;0.05) for shell height and width, but not for the index of lw3/w (p&gt; 0.05). Hence, the latter was found to contain no differences between groups. For shell height, a subsequent Bonferroni-corrected Dunn-test identified significant differences between the means of morph A and B (p &lt;0.025). The same test identified significant differences of means in shell width between morph B and C (p &lt;0.025). It has to be noted, however, that the ranges of all measured shell parameters widely overlap and, therefore, do not qualify as diagnostic characteristics (see boxplots in Fig. 6 
<normalizedToken id="8C2CA549C73774D2C769D666FB2D5D72" originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F03AB487860C3BBC855DE65171968B2E" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<paragraph id="5322F21D75BE8C371836CAD9FB51870D" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
Table 2. Biometric data for different shell morphs/geographic groups (see also Figs 2, 8, 9) and mitochondrial clades (see Figs 4, 8, 9) of 
<taxonomicName id="8E73B196D04BC8F4FA11A95920E11D8C" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FA7F9EF6A85E85BFCFB9B79B6A167D36" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<table id="AFA030C5206ED371AFE4AF355619352C" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<tr id="6607993A1E163FF168E8B92220875713" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<th id="2711AAAB684872DF688B6D9D7B2BEFB3" colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Min</th>
<th id="369D8DB4C44E88B50C4772812072DC59" colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Max</th>
<th id="68B95D38F62EBFC4B0CE58153EB4F54D" colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Mean</th>
<th id="15FA663E012259ADEA2E76544799C2A5" colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Median</th>
<th id="619CF51182939926447560ABA438B041" colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Standard deviation</th>
</tr>
<tr id="7BECE8D7FAA3F970B72DFAA4F5537DFC" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<td id="9E0E92918F4E748928A552860C9A6117" colspan="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Height</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BC11A49F171EED059E15A6EE0C0E8BCE" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<td id="2A5E37A8787110A7F5903C55586E1029" colspan="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Width</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B3722A01AA5848A946CFE78D4BC252FD" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<td id="DAF35E85E4038CB847CD7236D4F18426" colspan="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Aperture height</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4B1A9FDDC7C72DA152363E207171D0EC" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<td id="A9662D4196B8ECBCE6B1CCA62E0845A4" colspan="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Aperture width</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4FB335AEB9CEF4FDCAF20EF99BA09383" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<td id="A698C6882DAD8AC61FADA465E5342FA3" colspan="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Last whorl height</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1E20F2BA9DF287640B516B8373CC803E" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<td id="01D337423D21F545D6A30B64CD900D1C" colspan="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Last three whorls height</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A5166238A61B61E0982259AE9CECE834" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<td id="A4DE81405431BA50CB46C2AE0CCBC386" colspan="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">H/W</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3BB59C7B7EC7C7A67090185AE6E46922" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<td id="E51842E3658E9FED936E6D50211E8A67" colspan="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" rowspan="1">Last three whorls/width</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="CD232D1E5A4BA0E052F7E0BFC7031B76" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<paragraph id="C9957BC8153AC95BCA7480486C4CAFD7" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
Figure 6. Results of biometric (
<normalizedToken id="E5AC99A840CE5C24FFA2D723F59C2BF3" originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
) and geometric morphometrics study (e), for four different morphs (A,B,C,Timor) of 
<taxonomicName id="D927562B2105867876C5A4D7957C8D56" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816). Boxplots of (a) shell height, (b) shell width, (c) height of the last three whorls and (d) index of height of last three whorls agaianst shell width. Significant differences between groups are indicated by bars above the boxplots (e) Relative variance in shell shape along PC1 and PC2. Colour corresponding planes indicate the spread of each morph in the data set.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CBC29EED6B79A1929D2B974784BB35EC" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
Between genetic clades at least one of the groups was found to be not normally distributed (Shapiro-Wilk-test, p &lt;0.05) for shell width and l3w/w. By contrast normal distribution was found for lw3 and shell height. Subsequent Levene-testing identified the height and l3w data sets as homoscedastic (p&gt; 0.05), hence a two-sample t-test was performed, identifying significant differences (p &lt;0.025) between the means for the two clades for lw3 and no significant differences for shell height. For shell width and l3w/w a Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed, revealing significant differences (p &lt;0.025) for the mean of both shell parameters. However, similar to the situation when comparing the different shell morphs/geographical groups, it has to be noted that the ranges of all measured shell parameters widely overlap and, therefore, do not allow to derive diagnostic characteristics for the two main clades found in the phylogenetic analyses (see boxplots in Fig. 7 
<normalizedToken id="83AE3E621DECB02044BC3C4C00BBC33D" originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="1DC927D4C43DCFDF4BACE554A095B235" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<paragraph id="0D02EE89122BAE9A1B416424AFEB4285" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
Figure 7. Results of biometric (
<normalizedToken id="79BCDB7C9CCDCE6F4454583B1D491A9B" originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
) and geometric morphometrics study (e), for the two mitochondiral clades of 
<taxonomicName id="E87F5730B7C9B959B7936936EB58D77E" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816) found in this study. Boxplots of (a) shell height, (b) shell width, (c) height of the last three whorls and (d) index of height of last three whorls agaianst shell width. Significant differences between groups are indicated by bars above the boxplots (e). Relative variance in shell shape along PC1 and PC2. Colour corresponding planes indicate the spread of each morph in the data set.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2961B35FCE16A614E3B480B6305A3574" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" type="geometric morphometrics">
<paragraph id="65C3544B6E39AFA01FF515788A60590C" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">Geometric morphometrics</paragraph>
<paragraph id="88004C451EEF55F320FEAB81E20F72C9" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
A principal component analysis (PCA) identified the first six major axes to account for a relevant proportion of 
<pageBreakToken id="4768FDD7C3982DE07893C813FAFD0D05" pageId="12" pageNumber="473" start="start">variance</pageBreakToken>
(p&gt; 0.05) (PC1: 0.303; PC2: 0.181; PC3: 0.117; PC4: 0.090; PC5: 0.058; PC6: 0.052), explaining a cumulative proportion of 0.801 of variance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66894DF749F91916AA532A4C0DB0D0EE" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">Principal components (PC) 1-6 had all at least one group that proved to be not normally distributed (Shapiro-Wilk-test, p &lt;0.05). Subsequent Kruskal-Wallis-testing was significant (p &lt;0.05) in PC1-5 and not significant in PC6. Hence, no further testing was done for PC6. The Bonferroni-corrected Dunn-test identified the mean value for specimens from Timor to be significantly different (p&gt; 0.025) from all other morphs on PC1. By contrast, examining PC2 and PC4 with the same test, proved morph A and B to be the only groups not significantly different (with regard to mean values) from one another. Finally, on PC3 and PC5 the Bonferroni-corrected Dunn-Test revealed the mean value of morph C not to be significantly different from all other groups, but the means of morph A and B to be significantly different to that of the specimens from Timor.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="501C5620754D041BC9B24E505A4ACD3A" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">Finally, when morph C was integrated into morph B (since these were only differentiated on the basis of slight differences in banding pattern), PC1-5 supported only the group consisting of specimens from Timor to have significantly different means from all other specimens (data not shown). The scatter plot in Fig. 6e shows the distribution of PC1 vs. PC2, illustrating that all predefined groups widely overlap, which indicates that a clear separation is not possible on the basis of shell shape.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D4E01D3C3E152F9C7C2566A145D0E0B" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">
For PC1 and PC3-6 at least one of the groups (clade A/clade B) was not normally distributed (Shapiro-Wilk-test, p&gt; 0.05). Hence, we conducted Wilcoxon singed rank tests for all these PC, with none showing significant differences between groups (p&gt; 0.05). By contrast, in PC2 both groups showed normally distributed data. Therefore, Levene-testing based on deviations from the mean followed and was found significant (p &lt;0.05). Accordingly, we conducted 
<normalizedToken id="576F88A3B04ECA51C0F300252404F9CF" originalValue="Welch’s">Welch's</normalizedToken>
two sample t-test, revealing significant differences between the means of the two clades on PC2. The scatter plot in Fig. 7e shows the distribution of PC1 vs. PC2, illustrating that the clusters of specimens assigned either to clade A or clade B widely overlap, which indicates that a clear separation is not possible on the basis of shell shape.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="924F5C993C4B119D0DD9BF2514C03B0B" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="12" pageNumber="473" type="brood pouch content">
<paragraph id="9E41956C2F2E3CEC42048352FE8730B8" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">Brood pouch content</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB79FCA03A9BB98D524C9507C405C9EA" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">
Females of 
<taxonomicName id="AD0B81351BFCCD6023DAD090B8E94E85" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="12" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
were found to contain embryos and shelled juveniles in their 
<normalizedToken id="E7541BD67634CD54530FBDD9DCA4D52C" originalValue="“marsupium”">&quot;marsupium&quot;</normalizedToken>
, or subhemocoelic brood pouch, situated in the neck region as in other thiarids studied so far. They usually release crawling juveniles with shells comprising several whorls that are built before hatching from the brood pouch. In this study, we found the snails to possess brood pouches filled with all ontogenetic stages, ranging from early to late embryos and six additional size classes of juveniles, with shells measuring between less than 0.5 to more than 3 mm (see Figs 8-10a).
</paragraph>
<caption id="D4678E5DE52F784C2AD38AB52B5C6E3C" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">
<paragraph id="6EF0EC771FCB53D78E785D0FD7999ED9" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">
Figure 8. Frequency of ontogenetic stages in the subhemocoelic brood pouches of female 
<taxonomicName id="66BA51DCD00585C2AAB0A593BCECEB53" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="12" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816) (morph B) depending on occurrence in Thailand. Blue dots: mitochondrial clade A; pink dots: mitochondrial clade B. Size classes are assigned different colours in the pie charts (see legend) and rivers are coloured according to drainage systems; numbers at the pie charts refer to the total number of dissected specimens and the number of gravid females (in parentheses). The small letters refer to the stations Chiang Mai (a), Ko Samui (b) and Phuket (c) for which meteorological data representing the different climatic regions of Thailand were analysed (see Fig. 12).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="116940DCB05D08374468955D743F027A" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="474" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">
The frequency of these different size classes in the subhemocoelic brood pouch of the total of n = 1,007 dissected 
<pageBreakToken id="D9F01A99D05CB6D954BF988266F88D25" pageId="13" pageNumber="474" start="start">females</pageBreakToken>
of 
<taxonomicName id="B55F894A34710914C8C0AFD577540722" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="13" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
from a total of 107 populations from Thailand (n = 95) and Timor Leste (n = 12) is shown as to their geographic occurrence for the two mitochondrial clades A (n = 42) and B (n = 53) as well as the predefined morphs A, B and C in Figs 8 and 9 
<normalizedToken id="23BA35ECB7786EA2ABB99E940E7FB0E0" originalValue="a–c">a-c</normalizedToken>
. Although the content of the brood pouch varied considerably among individuals and populations, no geographic pattern could be observed, neither for the populations within Thailand nor for those from Timor Leste. We were also unable to find any specific pattern in the distribution of the eight ontogenetic stages in correlation with the two genetic clades A and B or for the different predefined shell morphs (Figs 8, 9).
</paragraph>
<caption id="10B4510127097EC2F8295BAA843B2395" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">
<paragraph id="DE3F7C677A20C98A90D73718A1F52B44" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">
Figure 9. Frequency of ontogenetic stages in the subhemocoelic brood pouches of female 
<taxonomicName id="13E9AA92D11335E6CFC69382DC3D9543" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="13" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816) depending on occurrence in Thailand and Timor Leste. a. Morph A in Thailand; b. Morph C in Thailand; c. Timor Leste. Blue dots: mitochondrial clade A; pink dots: mitochondrial clade B. Size classes are assigned different colours in the pie charts (see legend) and rivers are coloured according to drainage systems; numbers at the pie charts refer to the total number of dissected specimens and the number of gravid females (in parentheses).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5EDA82BD1D930D812250001315DDF78F" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">
In all examined populations, the number of early and late embryonic stages was above 50%, in most cases even above 75%; see Fig. 10a for the composition of the brood pouch contents according to the three morphs A-C, and see Fig. 10c for those of the two mitochondrial clades. Nevertheless, in nearly all populations shelled juveniles of the size between less than 0.5 to more than 3.0 mm were present in the 
<normalizedToken id="0E22EB551438C022A442C4BB6C18DC98" originalValue="female’s">female's</normalizedToken>
brood pouches; with the only exception for females (n = 1 and 9) from two populations of morph A and C, both in locations in the south in streams draining to the Gulf of Thailand (see Fig. 9a, b).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8F10F7830211A0DAE3028B819F08841C" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">
<paragraph id="55141FA1114F7CB11C53894DE7581201" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">
Figure 10. Composition of contents of the subhemocoelic brood pouches of female 
<taxonomicName id="8993C9AE3E6C5D48115138E7E78B8A8A" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="13" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816) (a, c) and proportions of gravid animals, i.e. those with filled brood pouch, versus non-gravid specimens (b, d) from Thailand and Timor Leste. a. Composition of contents of the brood pouches for morph A, B and C from Thailand (THA) and specimens from Timor Leste (see Figs 1, 8 and 9). b. Proportion of gravid vs. non-gravid specimens for morph A, B and C from Thailand and specimens from Timor Leste. c. Composition of contents of the brood pouches for mitochondrial clades A and B, respectively (see also Figs 4, 8, 9). d. Proportion of gravid vs. non-gravid specimens for mitochondrial clades A and B, respectively. For colour coding, see the inset legends.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="719E94D867B0EDE3E136DE4FE65BC13B" pageId="14" pageNumber="475">
<pageBreakToken id="9569864A7B1D844D40D8C7E74B266799" pageId="14" pageNumber="475" start="start">When</pageBreakToken>
considering the overall distribution of different size classes in the different morphs/geographic clusters or mitochondrial clades, the resulting histograms (Fig. 10a, c) all show essentially the same composition of ontogenetic stages, which suggests the presence of the same reproductive strategy in all investigated groupings. The overall ratio of non-gravid vs. gravid specimens was 164:943 (= 17.4%). Among the 255 dissected specimens assigned to morph A, 21 snails were found to be non-gravid (= 8.2%), while among the 652 dissected snails assigned to morph B, in 123 of these no offspring was observed (= 18.9%). For morph C, the ratio of non-gravid vs. gravid specimens was 11:128 (= 8.6%) and that ratio for specimens from Timor Leste was 9:72 (= 12.5%) (Fig. 10b). Considering the two main mitochondrial clades, similar values were observed (Fig. 10d), with the proportion of gravid females well above 85%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7249BB18CED4BB96E78C916178B29F8D" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="14" pageNumber="475">
We also compared the size class composition of offspring in the subhemocoelic brood pouches of 
<taxonomicName id="B8A7A451E865A2C837F2D4BB75C85FE3" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia" pageId="14" pageNumber="475" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Tarebia</taxonomicName>
populations from different drainage systems. Although considerable variation was present among the rivers and streams of the 17 drainage systems in Thailand (Fig. 11a), clear differences could not be observed. There is, however, one possible exception, i.e. females of 
<taxonomicName id="BEC30FBCB498F575F3CA4B795B90B4DC" lsidName="T. granifera" pageId="14" pageNumber="475" rank="species" species="granifera">T. granifera</taxonomicName>
from the Moei River in the Northwest of Thailand, where 
<pageBreakToken id="D1E84F736FC035BC5AB21CC9CD309F80" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" start="start">a</pageBreakToken>
very low amount of early embryonic stages and less later embryonic stages were found, while there was the largest proportion of larger shelled juveniles. Also, there is a slight trend for populations in streams and rivers in the south of Thailand, both draining into the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, to exhibit higher proportions of the earliest embryonic stages.
</paragraph>
<caption id="02809BBA69EFBDDDB053337F4A2AA4A6" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">
<paragraph id="CE752223414181EC26836B716F3AD4CE" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">
Figure 11. Composition of contents of the subhemocoelic brood pouches of female 
<taxonomicName id="B55DD234C3C0B948A7ACCEE5E6F604BE" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816) (a) and proportions of gravid animals, i.e. those with brood pouch containing juveniles or other stages, and non-gravid specimens (b) from Thailand grouped according to rivers. For colour coding, see the inset legends.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="224B22CE44D8BD7F1FDAA42BF234F72F" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="477" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">
The distribution of gravid vs. non-gravid specimens according to the 17 rivers systems exhibits some variation (Fig. 11b), albeit with usually (far) more gravid 
<pageBreakToken id="26472EE457FD806A872588CAC1067720" pageId="16" pageNumber="477" start="start">specimens</pageBreakToken>
present in all populations; but again with the exception of females from populations in the Northwest of Thailand, in particular from the rivers Moei, Ping and Pai. The populations in Moei River are in this respect exceptional because only there we found more non-gravid than gravid specimens. Conversely, all females from populations in the rivers Chao Phraya, Loei, Chee, Moon, Khwae, Mae Klong and from streams of the Andaman Sea were found to be gravid, with no non-gravid specimens at all detected in our samples.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A69314FA95DCB03BC5ABFA7C8A04CF0" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="16" pageNumber="477">
Whether reproduction is seasonal, or whether there is any influence of the month of collecting on our data, can currently not be answered with certainty. In an attempt to correlate reproduction (i.e. the frequency of gravid vs. non-gravid females) with climatic effects such as, for example, rainy season resulting in high water levels in rivers and streams, we have used published meteorological data (e.g. minimum/maximum temperature and precipitation) for stations representing the different climatic regions of Thailand, viz. Chiang Mai for northern inland region, Ko Samui for the Gulf of Thailand and Phuket for the Andaman Sea localities (see map in Fig. 8 for these locations). As is evident from Fig. 12, specimens collected in populations from inland places were to a high proportion gravid females at the end of winter (
<normalizedToken id="498D24B8D247A9399A275CB84EB1104F" originalValue="January–February">January-February</normalizedToken>
) and into the summer season (
<normalizedToken id="1BF566845F127A43AC7178ADB9BCEFF7" originalValue="March–June">March-June</normalizedToken>
). During this first half of the year the proportion of gravid females somehow reflect percipitation in so far, as there is a trend to be high when it is dry (see Fig. 12a); also the proportion of non-gravid females increases towards the rainy season in the North of Thailand (April/May). At localities in the Gulf of Thailand region, high numbers 
<pageBreakToken id="1D2ED7B16F24AF3B61E4BFC7051BB9BA" pageId="17" pageNumber="478" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
specimens with brood pouch content were found both during the little (
<normalizedToken id="F68982580815E133052405971D020EEC" originalValue="May–June">May-June</normalizedToken>
) and great (
<normalizedToken id="4032C2CEB8B78880434FCAA9E0B1C216" originalValue="Oct–Nov">Oct-Nov</normalizedToken>
.) rainy season; however, we lack sufficient collecting data for the dry season (Fig. 12b). For the Andaman Sea region, only specimens collected during the rainy season were available, reflecting in general the picture from the Gulf region, though; with ~25% non-gravid specimens at the beginning and only gravid specimens shortly after the peak of the rainy season (Fig. 12c).
</paragraph>
<caption id="0F39FCDC683DC38FB8D4DDA639B0FBFB" pageId="17" pageNumber="478">
<paragraph id="180088A1EB1D2AC5FE93F42A7F355805" pageId="17" pageNumber="478">
Figure 12. Proportions of gravid vs. non-gravid specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E3D12B197F243A53EA74637C9B9F61A8" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Tarebia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarebia granifera" pageId="17" pageNumber="478" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granifera">Tarebia granifera</taxonomicName>
(Lamarck, 1816) collected in different months within a given year, plotted on climate charts for localities that are representative for different climatic regimes in Thailand. (a) Chiang Mai for inland locations; (b) Ko Samui for the Gulf of Thailand; (c) Phuket for the Andaman Sea (see also Fig. 8). For colour coding, see the inset legend.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>