treatments-xml/data/00/72/34/007234A2730D5C3A888A6870E9E39AC5.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.47.9076" ID-PMC="PMC4389086" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-47-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFF7B10CC8797526FFC9FFA3FFEED14B" ID-PubMed="25878553" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576277" ModsDocID="1314-2003-47-1" checkinTime="1451251570853" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Stehmann, Joao Renato &amp; Giacomin, Leandro L." docDate="2015" docId="007234A2730D5C3A888A6870E9E39AC5" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 47: 1-48" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 47" docPubDate="2015-03-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.47.9076" docTitle="Solanum apiahyense Witasek, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien Math. - Naturwiss. Kl. 79: 343. 1910." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFF7B10CC8797526FFC9FFA3FFEED14B" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFF7B10CC8797526FFC9FFA3FFEED14B" masterDocTitle="New species, additions and a key to the Brazilian species of the Geminata clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668141325645" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>New species, additions and a key to the Brazilian species of the Geminata clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Brazil</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Stehmann, Joao Renato</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Botanica, Laboratorio de Sistematica Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270 - 901, MG, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Giacomin, Leandro L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Botanica, Laboratorio de Sistematica Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270 - 901, MG, Brazil &amp; (current address) Instituto de Ciencias e Tecnologia das Aguas and Herbario HSTM, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Para - UFOPA, Av. Mendonca Furtado, 2946, Santarem, CEP 68040 - 050, PA, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2015-03-10</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>47</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.47.9076</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182228382" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:007234A2730D5C3A888A6870E9E39AC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/007234A2730D5C3A888A6870E9E39AC5" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName LSID="007234A2-730D-5C3A-888A-6870E9E39AC5" authority="Witasek, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien Math. - Naturwiss. Kl. 79: 343. 1910." authorityName="Witasek, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien Math. - Naturwiss. Kl. 79: 343. 1910." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">Solanum apiahyense Witasek, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien Math.-Naturwiss. Kl.79: 343. 1910.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Photograph of living plants of Solanum amorimii, Solanum apiahyense and Solanum filirhachis. A Immature fruit of Solanum amorimii (Giacomin et al. 1962) B Flowers of Solanum amorimii (Amorim et al. 5210) C Inflorescence with flower and fruit of Solanum apiahyense (Giacomin et al. 1086) D Habit of Solanum apiahyense (Giacomin et al. 1086) E Inflorescence, flower and leaves of Solanum filirhachis (Giacomin et al. 1854) F Fruit (immature) of Solanum filirhachis (Giacomin et al. 1854). Photographs: A (S. Knapp), B (A. M. Amorim), C-F (L. L. Giacomin)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figures 1C, D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Lectotype specimen of Solanum apiahyense (Puiggari s. n., WU). Reproduced with permission of the University of Vienna." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">, 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Brazil. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo. Apiahy, Feb 1891(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">J.I. Puiggari 3711</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: WU [WU0037965]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Small erect shrubs, to 50 cm tall, often rhizomatous with a horizontal woody branch bearing several adventitious roots; young stems moderate to densely pubescent, with 4-8-celled hyaline trichomes to 2 mm long; new growth drying dark, densely pubescent; bark of older stems pale gray, glabrescent, not exfoliating. Sympodial units 3-plurifoliate, normally not geminate, if geminate, with leaves differing only in size. Leaves simple, 3.4-11 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-4 cm, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, membranous, slightly discolorous, shiny green adaxially when fresh, drying pale green beneath, dark above, not shiny, both surfaces moderate to densely pubescent with hyaline simple uniseriate trichomes 1-2 mm long with up to 5 cells, sometimes with a multicellular base (but see comments); primary veins 5-7 pairs, the midrib and primary veins darker abaxially, raised; base attenuate to acute, slightly decurrent onto the petiole, mostly symmetric; margins entire, not revolute, ciliate with antrorse hyaline trichomes; apex attenuate to acuminate; petioles 2.5-15 mm long, densely pubescent, with trichomes like those of the stems and leaves. Inflorescences 1.7 to 3.3 cm long, mostly lateral or less often strictly opposite the leaves, unbranched, with 3-5 flowers, moderate to densely pubescent, with hyaline trichomes like those of the stems and leaves; peduncle 4-15 mm long; pedicels 5 to 11 mm long, articulated at base; pedicel scars closely spaced 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ca.</emphasis>
1 mm apart. Buds globose to slightly elongate, the corolla mostly included in the calyx tube, exserted only just before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube up to 1 mm long, conical, getting reflexed, the lobes up to 0.9 mm long in flower, to 1.7 mm long in fruit, approximately 1.6 mm wide, acuminate and discretely keeled, adaxially, glabrous or papillose, covered with tiny 1-2-celled glandular trichomes, abaxially densely pubescent, with trichomes as those of the stem, or sometimes even longer, with 2.5 mm, and normally 5-6 cells. Corolla 1.5-1.7 cm in diameter, white, stellate, membranous, lobed from 2/3 to 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 7.5-9 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, reflexed at anthesis, deltate to lanceolate, glabrescent adaxially, abaxially sparsely pubescent, with 3-4-celled delicate simple trichomes of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ca.</emphasis>
0.5 mm along 
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
midvein, with tufts of few celled tiny trichomes less than 0.1 mm long on the tips and margins. Stamens 3.2-3.6 mm long; filament tube 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ca.</emphasis>
0.5 mm long, the free portion of the filaments up to 0.6 mm long equal in length or slightly unequal, and when so, one filament slightly longer (barely visible in dried material), glabrous; anthers 2.6-2.8 mm long, 1.6-1.8 mm wide, ellipsoid, slightly connivent, yellow, slightly sagittate at the base, the pores directed introrsely, opening into longitudinal slits at maturity. Ovary glabrous; style 4.2-5 mm long, white, straight, glabrous; stigma capitate, light green. Fruit a globose berry 0.7-1.4 cm in diameter (immature?), dull green, drying dark, the pericarp glabrous and not markedly shiny; fruiting pedicels 1.2-2 cm long, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ca.</emphasis>
0.7 mm in diam. at the base, to 1.1 mm at the apex, with a slight constriction at the receptacle; calyx lobes in fruit somewhat enlarged. Seeds approximately 70 per fruit, known only from very young fruits, possibly flattened and with a marginal wing when fully developed.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Lectotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Puiggari s. n.</emphasis>
, WU). Reproduced with permission of the University of Vienna.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
In the Serra do Mar mountain range in the Brazilian states of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
, Santa Catarina and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo (Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution of Solanum apiahyense." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a rare and inconspicuous shrub of the understory and edges of well preserved and secondary fragments of the montane Brazilian Atlantic rainforest (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Floresta 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ombrófila">Ombrofila</normalizedToken>
Densa
</emphasis>
of 
<bibRefCitation author="Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica" journalOrPublisher="Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 271" refId="B9" refString="Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, IBGE, 2012. Manual tecnico da vegetacao brasileira. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, Rio de Janeiro: 1 - 271" title="Manual tecnico da vegetacao brasileira" year="2012">IBGE 2012</bibRefCitation>
; Mata 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Atlântica">Atlantica</normalizedToken>
), from 600 to 900 m. Although most collections are from well preserved sites, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not exclusively associated with shaded environments. The species is also found along unpaved roadsides close to the type locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fertile specimens are known from September to February. Mature fruits were observed only in October.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The epithet refers to the type locality, the city of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Apiaí">Apiai</normalizedToken>
in southern 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo state.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2014)">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Preliminary conservation status (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee" journalOrPublisher="Standards and Petitions Subcommittee" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B10" refString="IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11. Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf [on 12 Nov 2014]" title="Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2014">IUCN 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Endangered (EN) B1; B2 ab (ii, iii, iv). EOO 3,208 km2 (EN); AOO 16 km2 (EN). Although the species occurs in a wide latitudinal range, it is locally rare, and is known from only six localities. None of the known populations are from within protected areas.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described more than a century ago (
<bibRefCitation author="Witasek, J" journalOrPublisher="Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="40 - 375" refId="B24" refString="Witasek, J, 1910. Solanaceae. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 79: 40 - 375" title="Solanaceae. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien." volume="79" year="1910">Witasek 1910</bibRefCitation>
), has not been assigned to any infraspecific group of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
so far. Recent phylogenetic analysis using molecular data (
<bibRefCitation author="Giacomin, LL" journalOrPublisher="Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B7" refString="Giacomin, LL, 2015. Solanum L. clado Brevantherum (Solanaceae): Sistematica e Diversidade. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil" title="Solanum L. clado Brevantherum (Solanaceae): Sistematica e Diversidade" year="2015">Giacomin 2015</bibRefCitation>
) has shown it to be closely related to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trachytrichium" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachytrichium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Solanum trachytrichium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was previously assigned to the Geminata clade (
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Flora Neotropica" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 405" refId="B12" refString="Knapp, S, 2002a. Solanum section Geminata (G. Don) Walpers (Solanaceae). Flora Neotropica 84: 1 - 405" title="Solanum section Geminata (G. Don) Walpers (Solanaceae)." volume="84" year="2002 a">Knapp 2002a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="405 - 458" publicationUrl="10.3417/2006159" refId="B14" refString="Knapp, S, 2008. A revision of the Solanum havanense species group (section Geminata (G. Don) Walp. pro parte) and new taxonomic additions to the Geminata clade (Solanum: Solanaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 95 (3): 405 - 458, DOI: 10.3417/2006159" title="A revision of the Solanum havanense species group (section Geminata (G. Don) Walp. pro parte) and new taxonomic additions to the Geminata clade (Solanum: Solanaceae)." url="10.3417/2006159" volume="95" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
) and to its own subsection when originally described (subsect. 
<taxonomicName genus="Silicosolanum" lsidName="Silicosolanum" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Silicosolanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bitter; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="10 - 15" publicationUrl="10.1002/fedr.19190160103" refId="B2" refString="Bitter, G, 1919. Solana nova vel minus cognita XVII. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 16: 10 - 15, DOI: 10.1002/fedr.19190160103" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita XVII." url="10.1002/fedr.19190160103" volume="16" year="1919">Bitter 1919</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="10 - 15" publicationUrl="10.1002/fedr.19190160103" refId="B2" refString="Bitter, G, 1919. Solana nova vel minus cognita XVII. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 16: 10 - 15, DOI: 10.1002/fedr.19190160103" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita XVII." url="10.1002/fedr.19190160103" volume="16" year="1919">Bitter (1919)</bibRefCitation>
based this on the unusual trichome morphology of hooked cells arising from a flattened multicellular base that give the leaves a feeling of sandpaper in herbarium specimens. Although molecular data support a close relationship between 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trachytrichium" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachytrichium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Solanum trachytrichium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the affinities of this clade are not clear-cut. Data from combined markers place it as sister to all other Geminata clade species, but with low support. In analyses of individual markers, it emerges as sister to either the Brevantherum or Geminata clades depending upon the marker used (
<bibRefCitation author="Giacomin, LL" journalOrPublisher="Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B7" refString="Giacomin, LL, 2015. Solanum L. clado Brevantherum (Solanaceae): Sistematica e Diversidade. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil" title="Solanum L. clado Brevantherum (Solanaceae): Sistematica e Diversidade" year="2015">Giacomin 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Morphologically</pageBreakToken>
both taxa are easy to distinguish from most other Geminata species, and have the following assemblage of characters: both are small shrubs with leaves mostly not geminate, they have leaf trichomes with an expanded multicellular base and relatively large flowers (&gt;1.5 cm in diameter). Among them, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trachytrichium" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachytrichium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum trachytrichium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easy to distinguish: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trachytrichium" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachytrichium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum trachytrichium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a unique scabrous indumentum on the leaf surfaces and stems, composed of short unicellular hooked trichomes on a mound-like multicellular base, while in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the surface is not rough to the touch, and although some trichomes with multicellular bases can be seen on leaves, these are translucent, very long (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ca.</emphasis>
2 mm) and mostly 5-7-celled. These long trichomes of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily seen on the new growth, while 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trachytrichium" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachytrichium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum trachytrichium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trichomes are not visible to the naked eye. In addition, the flowers of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are slightly smaller, 1.5-1.7 cm in diameter versus 1.6-2.2 cm in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trachytrichium" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachytrichium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum trachytrichium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
In the past, the epithet 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been applied to more than one species of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Witasek" authorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inornatum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inornatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum inornatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (part of the Brevantherum clade; 
<bibRefCitation author="Giacomin, LL" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 87" publicationUrl="10.3897/phytokeys.38.7055" refId="B8" refString="Giacomin, LL, Stehmann, JR, 2014. Three new species of Solanum (Brevantherum Clade) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. PhytoKeys 38: 69 - 87, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.38.7055" title="Three new species of Solanum (Brevantherum Clade) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." url="10.3897/phytokeys.38.7055" volume="38" year="2014">Giacomin and Stehmann 2014</bibRefCitation>
) by various 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxonomists, although they are now known to not be closely related. Although members of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Witasek" authorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inornatum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inornatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum inornatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (e.g., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Witasek" authorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inornatum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inornatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum inornatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Witasek, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giacomin &amp; Stehmann" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bradei" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bradei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum bradei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Giacomin &amp; Stehmann and relatives) and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar in habit and in having pubescence of long, translucent trichomes, they can be readily distinguished by close examination of the trichomes; those of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are multicellular with 5-7(8) cells while those of members of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Witasek" authorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inornatum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inornatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum inornatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group are mostly 3-celled (probably representing modified stellate hairs, 
<bibRefCitation author="Giacomin, LL" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 87" publicationUrl="10.3897/phytokeys.38.7055" refId="B8" refString="Giacomin, LL, Stehmann, JR, 2014. Three new species of Solanum (Brevantherum Clade) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. PhytoKeys 38: 69 - 87, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.38.7055" title="Three new species of Solanum (Brevantherum Clade) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." url="10.3897/phytokeys.38.7055" volume="38" year="2014">Giacomin and Stehmann 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Fruiting specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum apiahyense" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiahyense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum apiahyense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have peduncles longer than 1 cm and the pedicels are strongly apically expanded and constricted just beneath the calyx lobes (see Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Photograph of living plants of Solanum amorimii, Solanum apiahyense and Solanum filirhachis. A Immature fruit of Solanum amorimii (Giacomin et al. 1962) B Flowers of Solanum amorimii (Amorim et al. 5210) C Inflorescence with flower and fruit of Solanum apiahyense (Giacomin et al. 1086) D Habit of Solanum apiahyense (Giacomin et al. 1086) E Inflorescence, flower and leaves of Solanum filirhachis (Giacomin et al. 1854) F Fruit (immature) of Solanum filirhachis (Giacomin et al. 1854). Photographs: A (S. Knapp), B (A. M. Amorim), C-F (L. L. Giacomin)." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1C</figureCitation>
), while in the species of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Witasek" authorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inornatum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inornatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum inornatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species, the peduncles do not exceed 1 cm and the pedicels are never apically expanded with a distal constriction. Examination of trichomes with a 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
hand lens will allow easy identification of both flowering and fruiting material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The type material found at WU (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Puiggari 3711</emphasis>
) consists of a single sheet, and does not match the photograph of a dried specimen in the original publication (
<bibRefCitation author="Witasek, J" journalOrPublisher="Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="40 - 375" refId="B24" refString="Witasek, J, 1910. Solanaceae. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 79: 40 - 375" title="Solanaceae. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien." volume="79" year="1910">Witasek 1910</bibRefCitation>
: tab. 30, fig. 2). It should therefore be treated as an isotype (
<bibRefCitation author="Mentz, LA" journalOrPublisher="Pesquisas, Botanica" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 327" refId="B11" refString="Mentz, LA, Oliveira, PL, 2004. Solanum (Solanaceae) na regiao sul do Brasil. Pesquisas, Botanica 54: 1 - 327" title="Solanum (Solanaceae) na regiao sul do Brasil." volume="54" year="2004">Mentz and Oliveira 2004</bibRefCitation>
). As no further material could be found in other possible herbaria where J.I. Puiggari deposited his collections, the specimen at WU is here designated as a lectotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="specimens examined">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
BRAZIL. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
:
</emphasis>
Mun. Cerro Azul, Serra Paranapiacaba, 20 Nov 1970 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
G. Hatschbach &amp; O. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guimarães">Guimaraes</normalizedToken>
25528
</emphasis>
(MBM, RB); Mun. Doutor Ulysses, Barra do Teixeira, 16 Sep 2006 (fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">J.M. Silva</emphasis>
(HUFU, MBM, RB). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Santa Catarina:</emphasis>
Mun. Vidal Ramos, Mina Bugre, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="35" value="-27.359722">27°21'35&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="12" value="-49.32">49°19'12&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 598 m, 22 Sep 2009 (fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. Korte &amp; A. Kniess 243</emphasis>
(BHCB, FURB). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo:
</emphasis>
Mun. Bom Sucesso de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itararé">Itarare</normalizedToken>
, Estrada de terra para Bom Suceso de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itararé">Itarare</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Próximo">Proximo</normalizedToken>
a 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mineração">Mineracao</normalizedToken>
de ouro 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Judas (3 km 
<normalizedToken originalValue="após">apos</normalizedToken>
), 
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="south" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="13.19" value="-24.320332">24°19'13.19&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="49.49" value="-49.21375">49°12'49.49&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 891 m, 11 Oct 2009 (fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L.L. Giacomin et al. 1097</emphasis>
(BHCB, BM, NY, RB); Mun. Bom Sucesso de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itararé">Itarare</normalizedToken>
, Estrada Bom Sucesso de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itararé">Itarare</normalizedToken>
, 2 km antes da 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mineração">Mineracao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Judas, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="south" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="13" value="-24.320278">24°19'13&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="04" value="-49.217777">49°13'04&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 15 Dec 1997 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">J.M. Torenzan et al. 647</emphasis>
(IAC, ESA, FUEL, SPSF, UEC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>