513 lines
78 KiB
XML
513 lines
78 KiB
XML
<document id="CA01035AAE7F3303C873F8BA912A28A6" ID-CLB-Dataset="26553" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4614.1.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="abdef4f8-71b7-4682-aa5e-fced474ffcc2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3241230" ID-ZooBank="501BC4C0-9222-4F4B-B751-70868764FFA9" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1559897366627" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kolesik, Peter & Wood, Alan R." docDate="2019" docId="03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4614.1.8.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4614 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Mitodiplosis graminis Kieffer" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="178" masterDocId="FF9BFFDBFF9FFFD8FF93500CFF9FFFE7" masterDocTitle="Redescription of Mitodiplosis graminis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a gall midge inhibiting the flowering of pyp grass Ehrharta villosa (Poaceae) in South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="173" pageNumber="174" updateTime="1698733658189" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A811E30D2F251BEBD21893F99B27C68C">
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<mods:title id="6237CAC895648BBCF043CF0D53C1C8A2">Redescription of Mitodiplosis graminis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a gall midge inhibiting the flowering of pyp grass Ehrharta villosa (Poaceae) in South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="772148DA1E234E0C6A2B91CEF81DB140" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="216D8D096DDDF3C927DCA8B282FD3D26">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="58FD8952D0C1F1A9871E3503ED0FDD04">Kolesik, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="75664345180D3606E8E2924234D1AEF6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3DABFA3B5CDA0B05B53A8BBAA99FF0DF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BB38B658A88115273E7DC416A3D797C7">Wood, Alan R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="77E561183C08B7C73D0A369EECA61E72">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="71C178B317FB30A988EAD8E6B7302F38">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C24690239C44A8449B7FC8E71B27D0AB">
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<mods:date id="4679A4E5EC5101DA4459243B5BAC9006">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FF1C72943288F25B6867282968B945E8">2019-06-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="44BB7B6BEBFF57907F08ED86B356D860">4614</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="48209ECE8B15EC1B7BD18AA3AE2EDB97" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="9B9E7B6454C48DDBE337F4A9C770257F">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="AE98F2A67AC18EE5A5A96E4AEF8ECA8F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="235C8D7B0A169C6AAE208D0826C3A49B" type="CLB-Dataset">26553</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="604062FA186A2A75BB853185CBC00F1C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4614.1.8</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157436162" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="178" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">
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<subSubSection id="C311653EFF9EFFD9FF0456EEFE60F91B" box="[151,511,1762,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9EFFD9FF0456EEFE60F91B" blockId="1.[151,511,1762,1824]" box="[151,511,1762,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">
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<heading id="D0FC81D9FF9EFFD9FF0456EEFE60F91B" bold="true" box="[151,511,1762,1789]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9EFFD9FF0456EEFE60F91B" ID-CoL="73LG6" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[151,511,1762,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
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<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9EFFD9FF0456EEFE60F91B" bold="true" box="[151,511,1762,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">
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<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9EFFD9FF0456EEFE00F91B" bold="true" box="[151,415,1762,1789]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">Mitodiplosis graminis</emphasis>
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Kieffer
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C311653EFF9EFFD9FF04570AFE94F8C7" box="[151,267,1798,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9EFFD9FF04570AFE94F8C7" blockId="1.[151,511,1762,1824]" box="[151,267,1798,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9EFFD9FF0C570AFE9DF8C7" box="[159,258,1798,1824]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" captionTargetBox-0="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetBox-1="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetBox-2="[176,1414,764,1804]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[151,1436,741,1841]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C311653EFF9EFFD9FF045746FA8AF814" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9EFFD9FF045746FDA1F884" blockId="1.[151,574,1866,1891]" box="[151,574,1866,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1B119BFF9EFFD9FF045746FDA1F884" box="[151,574,1866,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9EFFD9FF045746FDA5F884" ID-CoL="73LG6" authority="Kieffer, 1914: 516" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityPageNumber="516" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,570,1866,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
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<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9EFFD9FF045746FEE9F885" box="[151,374,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">Mitodiplosis graminis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AAA10A4FF9EFFD9FEEE5746FDA5F884" author="Kieffer, J. - J." box="[381,570,1866,1891]" page="516" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" year="1914">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FF9EFFD9FEEE5746FDA5F884" author="Kieffer, J. - J." box="[381,570,1866,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" pagination="514 - 517" refId="ref3841" refString="Kieffer, J. - J. (1914) Neue Gallmucken aus Sud-Afrika. Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, 40 (2), 514 - 517." type="journal article" year="1914">Kieffer, 1914: 516</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9EFFD9FF04579DFA8AF814" blockId="1.[151,1436,1937,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">
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<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9EFFD9FF04579DFF43F84C" bold="true" box="[151,220,1937,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">Types</emphasis>
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. Male and female, reared by Louis Péringuey from an unspecified gall on
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9EFFD9FBBF579DFB7AF84C" ID-CoL="38V4Z" baseAuthorityName="Fish & Victor" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[1068,1253,1937,1963]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
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<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9EFFD9FBBF579DFB7AF84C" box="[1068,1253,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">Ehrharta villosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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plants collected near
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<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9EFFD9FF5C57B9FE96F828" box="[207,265,1973,1999]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Town,
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<collectingCountry id="F31C7625FF9EFFD9FECE57B9FE72F828" box="[349,493,1973,1999]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="174">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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in or before 1914. The types are presumably lost (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FF9EFFD9FBB557B9FAA3F828" author="Gagne, R. J. & Jaschhof, M." box="[1062,1340,1973,1999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" refId="ref3697" refString="Gagne, R. J. & Jaschhof, M. (2017) A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. 4 th Edition. Digital. U. S. Department of Agriculture, c / o Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Available from: https: // www. ars. usda. gov / ARSUser- Files / 80420580 / Gagne _ 2017 _ World _ Cat _ 4 th _ ed. pdf (accessed 10 January 2019)" type="book" year="2017">Gagné & Jaschhof 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). We are note designating a
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<typeStatus id="54B08817FF9EFFD9FEF957D5FE5CF814" box="[362,451,2009,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="174" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
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as the species is easily recognizable and there is no doubt about its identity.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C311653EFF9DFFDAFF545094FCDCFEF8" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9DFFDAFF545094FCDCFEF8" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
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<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFF545094FEE4FF54" bold="true" box="[199,379,152,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Other material</emphasis>
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.
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<specimenCount id="9D0DFD3CFF9DFFDAFE1A5095FE6EFF54" box="[393,497,153,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" type="male">19 males</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D0DFD3CFF9DFFDAFE6F5095FDF3FF54" box="[508,620,153,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
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, 5 pupal exuviae,
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<specimenCount id="9D0DFD3CFF9DFFDAFCAB5094FC06FF54" box="[824,921,152,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
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pupae,
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<materialsCitation id="3B633CE8FF9DFFDAFC615095FCA0FEF8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2248479182" collectingDate="2018-06-22" collectionCode="ISAM, SAMA" collectorName="Alan R. Wood & Sedgefield" latitude="-34.026" location="lake Swartvlei" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="22.772" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-larva="6" stateProvince="Western Cape">
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<specimenCount id="9D0DFD3CFF9DFFDAFC615095FBD1FF54" box="[1010,1102,153,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" type="larva">6 larvae</specimenCount>
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, collected and reared by
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<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9DFFDAFAF55095FF67FF30" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Alan R. Wood</collectorName>
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from stem galls
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<collectedFrom id="38177548FF9DFFDAFE2250B1FDA3FF30" box="[433,572,189,215]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
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on
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9DFFDAFE4050B2FDA3FF30" baseAuthorityName="Fish & Victor" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[467,572,189,215]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
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<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFE4050B2FDA3FF30" box="[467,572,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">E. villosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</collectedFrom>
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collected near
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<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9DFFDAFD7050B1FCC1FF30" box="[739,862,189,215]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Sedgefield</collectorName>
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, at the edge of a sandy beach near the mouth of
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<location id="8ED4606EFF9DFFDAFAFD50B1FE9DFF1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99:8ED4606EFF9DFFDAFAFD50B1FE9DFF1C" latitude="-34.026" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="22.772" name="lake Swartvlei" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" stateProvince="Western Cape">lake Swartvlei</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9DFFDAFE8050EDFE19FF1C" box="[275,390,225,251]" degrees="34. 026" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" precision="55" value="-34.026">34. 026°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9DFFDAFE0150EDFE60FF1C" box="[402,511,225,251]" degrees="22.772" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" precision="55" value="22.772">22.772°E</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9DFFDAFD8050EDFC82FF1C" box="[531,797,225,251]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingDate id="EFF1E99DFF9DFFDAFCBA50EDFC37FF1C" box="[809,936,225,251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" value="2018-06-22">
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<date id="FFB51075FF9DFFDAFCBA50EDFC37FF1C" box="[809,936,225,251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" value="2018-06-22">22-vi-2018</date>
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</collectingDate>
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, deposited at
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<collectionCode id="ED1AAE70FF9DFFDAFBD050EDFB16FF1C" box="[1091,1161,225,251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">ISAM</collectionCode>
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(SAM-DIP-A015535 to SAM-DIP-A015555) and
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<collectionCode id="ED1AAE70FF9DFFDAFE2F5109FD94FEF8" box="[444,523,261,287]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" name="South Australia Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" type="Museum">SAMA</collectionCode>
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(29-005719 to 29-005735)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C311653EFF9DFFDCFF545124FEB2FDD8" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9DFFDAFF545124FAA7FEA4" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1187]" box="[199,1336,296,323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
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<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFF545124FEC6FEA4" bold="true" box="[199,345,296,323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Description.</emphasis>
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In addition to the generic characteristics, the species can be diagnosed by the following.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9DFFDAFF545141FD9FFE34" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
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<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFF545141FE93FE80" box="[199,268,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Adult.</emphasis>
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Head: clypeus and labrum with no setae, evenly covered with dense, long microtrichia; second palpal segment substantially narrower, 3.5–6.5x longer than first (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFCBA517DFCE5FE6B" box="[809,890,369,396]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Fig. 2h</figureCitation>
|
||
) with constriction at basal 1/3–1/2. Flagellomere with circumfilar loops
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9DFFDAFE0F5198FD93FE48" box="[412,524,404,431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" value="2013-01-15" valueMax="2013-01-01" valueMin="2013-01-15">1/15–1/13</date>
|
||
x height of total flagellomere length; on dorsal side regular, 1/11–1/
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9DFFDAFA835199FAB1FE48" box="[1296,1326,405,431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">9x</date>
|
||
height of flagellomere length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFE1251B5FE58FE34" box="[385,455,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
e–g).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9DFFDAFF5451D1FC1CFDFC" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFF5451D1FE9EFE10" box="[199,257,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Male</emphasis>
|
||
. Colour: head black, antennae, legs and terminalia grey, thorax brown, abdomen orangey red. Wing 5.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9DFFDAFF04520DFF72FDFC" box="[151,237,513,539]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, 1.8–2.0 mm wide (n=19), length/width ratio 2.6–3.2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9DFFDAFF545229FABAFD60" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFF545229FE9BFDD8" box="[199,260,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Head</emphasis>
|
||
. Antenna: scape widened distally, longer than pedicel, pedicel uniformly wide, shorter than wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFAFC5229FF2AFD84" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
|
||
); first and second flagellomere separated; flagellomere (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFCA95245FC35FD83" box="[826,938,585,612]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Figs 2e, f</figureCitation>
|
||
) with basal node slightly longer than wide, internode and neck slightly shorter than basal node, distal node twice as long as wide, of uniform width.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9DFFDAFF54529DFD40FCF0" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFF54529DFE87FD4C" box="[199,280,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
. Wing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFEE0529DFE21FD4B" box="[371,446,657,684]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9DFFDAFE34529DFE21FD4B" box="[423,446,657,684]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">2i</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) with rudimentary R
|
||
<subScript id="178F34F0FF9DFFDAFD3952AEFD2CFD57" attach="left" box="[682,691,674,688]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">S</subScript>
|
||
positioned half way between arculus and distal end of R
|
||
<subScript id="178F34F0FF9DFFDAFAA352AEFAA7FD57" attach="left" box="[1328,1336,674,688]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">1</subScript>
|
||
. Scutum and scutellum covered with dense, long microtichia. Tarsal claws: simple on all legs; dark at distal 1/3; straight at basal ¾, slightly bent and abruptly pointed at distal ¼; empodium 1.5 times longer than tarsal claws (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFB7852D5FAC9FD13" box="[1259,1366,729,756]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Figs 2j, k</figureCitation>
|
||
). First tarsal segment without ventro-apical spur (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFDE552F1FD4DFCF0" box="[630,722,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9DFFDAFD3952F1FD4DFCF0" box="[682,722,765,791]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9DFFDAFF54532DFAA0FBF4" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFF54532DFEAEFCDC" box="[199,305,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
. Sclerites entire, rectangular, with trichoid sensilla close to anterior margin. Sternites 2–8 with setae sparse, loosely arranged in anterior, medial, posterior and lateral bands. Tergites 1–8 with sparse setae evenly distributed through sclerite. Terminalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFDAB5365FDE1FC63" box="[568,638,873,900]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
b–d): gonostyle setulose at basal 1/3 dorsally and ventrally, dorso-distal claw ¼ length gonostyle length; ventro-distal area of gonostyle opposite distal claw covered with dense field of short setae; aedeagus slightly shorter than gonocoxite, substantially longer than cerci, slightly tapering distally, with two parallel rows of 12–16 asetose apical sensoria dorsally and ventrally; hypoproct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFBD753D9FB0BFC17" box="[1092,1172,981,1008]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Fig. 2d</figureCitation>
|
||
) nearly as long as cerci, blunt posteriorly, with small postero-lateral lobe on either side, as long as cerci, with several setae distally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9DFFDAFF545411FF6DFB44" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFF545411FE84FBD0" box="[199,283,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Female</emphasis>
|
||
. Wing
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9DFFDAFEE35411FE58FBD0" box="[368,455,1053,1079]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (n=1, wings in remaining two females folded),
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9DFFDAFBB75411FBE3FBD0" box="[1060,1148,1053,1079]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide), length/width ratio 3.0. Flagellomere (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFEFE544DFE5DFBBC" box="[365,450,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9DFFDAFE31544DFE5DFBBC" box="[418,450,1089,1115]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" unit="g" value="2.0">2g</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
): node 3.5 times as long as wide, 7 times as long as neck. Terminalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9DFFDAFB73544DFACFFBBC" box="[1248,1360,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" captionTargetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[222,1366,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Figs 2l, n</figureCitation>
|
||
): cerci slightly longer than wide, hypoproct twice as wide as long in dorsal view, 3 times shorter than cerci. Otherwise as in male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF74663DFF9DFFDAFF04577FFBF6F81F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" startId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" targetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9DFFDAFF04577FFBF6F81F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1907,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFF04577FFE8CF86B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1907,1932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Gall of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9DFFDAFEF5577FFDDAF86C" box="[358,581,1907,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFEF5577FFDDAF86C" box="[358,581,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">Mitodiplosis graminis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9DFFDAFDF8577FFC87F86C" box="[619,792,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9DFFDAFDF8577FFC8BF86C" baseAuthorityName="Fish & Victor" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[619,788,1907,1931]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">Ehrharta villosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF74663DFF9CFFDBFF045733FA13F800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241234/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="176" startId="3.[151,250,1855,1880]" targetBox="[235,1361,195,1823]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9CFFDBFF045733FA13F800" blockId="3.[151,1437,1855,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9CFFDBFF045733FE8DF8BF" bold="true" box="[151,274,1855,1880]" pageId="3" pageNumber="176">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9CFFDBFE8B574CFE68F8B0" box="[280,503,1856,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9CFFDBFE8B574CFE68F8B0" box="[280,503,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="176">Mitodiplosis graminis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a–f: male, g–n: female. (a) head, (b) terminalia in dorsal view, (c) gonostyle in ventral view, (d) hypoproct in dorsal view, (d) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (e) fifth flagellomere in dorsal view, (f) fifth flagellomere in ventral view, (g) fifth flagellomere in lateral view, (h) palpi of four separate specimens inside pupa, (i) wing, (j) tarsal claws with empodium and pulvilli in ventral view, (k) tarsal claw with empodium and pulvillus in lateral view of specimens inside pupa, (l) terminalia in ventral view (position of omitted setae indicated with arrows), (m) first tarsomere, (n) terminalia in lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9BFFDCFF545096FD99FEA4" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9BFFDCFF545096FE9DFF54" box="[199,258,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
. Colour of exuviae: anterior part brown, posterior grey; with adult present inside: abdomen red, remaining parts black (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9BFFDCFED950B1FE03FF3F" box="[330,412,189,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9BFFDCFD9B50B0FD11FF30" box="[520,654,188,215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="6.2" valueMin="5.8">5.8–6.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=5). Antennal base with large acute horn ventrally and small round, double-peaked horn dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9BFFDCFE7450EDFDA7FF1C" box="[487,568,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,764,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,741,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Fig. 3a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Facial horn cylindrical, 1.5 times wider than high (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9BFFDCFB1750EDFB49FF1B" box="[1156,1238,225,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,764,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,741,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Fig. 3b</figureCitation>
|
||
), surface pebbled (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9BFFDCFF0C5109FE8BFEC7" box="[159,276,261,288]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,764,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,741,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Figs 3a, d</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prothoracic spiracle strongly tapering, 3 times longer than wide at base, trachea ending at apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9BFFDCFAFC5109FF2BFEA4" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,764,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,741,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Fig. 3c</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdominal spiracles sessile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9BFFDCFF545142FED5FE10" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9BFFDCFF545142FE95FE80" box="[199,266,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
. Colour orangey red. Length 4.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9BFFDCFD1E5140FD7CFE80" box="[653,739,332,359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=6). Head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9BFFDCFC105141FC6BFE80" box="[899,1012,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,764,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,741,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Figs 3f, g</figureCitation>
|
||
): capsule trapezoid in ventral and triangular in anterior view; postero-lateral apodemes not present; length of first antennal segment about ¼ of second, second small, as wide as long. Sternal spatula with two robust, pointed posterior teeth, dividend by deep V-shaped incision; shaft narrowed at anterior end, 2.5 times longer than teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9BFFDCFC3651B5FC65FE33" box="[933,1018,441,468]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,764,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,741,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Fig. 3h</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anus ventral (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9BFFDCFB2351B5FA9CFE34" box="[1200,1283,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,764,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,741,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Fig. 3e</figureCitation>
|
||
). No papillae visible on body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9BFFDCFF54520EFEB2FDD8" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9BFFDCFF54520EFF6BFDFC" box="[199,244,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Egg</emphasis>
|
||
. Elongate, rounded at both ends (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9BFFDCFDEA520DFD57FDFB" box="[633,712,513,540]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,764,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,741,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mitodiplosis graminis. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9BFFDCFD23520DFD57FDFB" box="[688,712,513,540]" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">3i</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9BFFDCFCA4520CFC43FDFC" box="[823,988,512,539]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="0.58" valueMax="0.61" valueMin="0.55">0.55–0.61 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=5), width (0.14–0.17), length/width ratio 3.3–4.2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C311653EFF9BFFDCFF545245FD46FD28" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9BFFDCFF545245FD46FD28" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9BFFDCFF545245FEA4FD84" bold="true" box="[199,315,585,611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9BFFDCFED75245FE71FD84" box="[324,494,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are rather small insects and the wing length of most of them is
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9BFFDCFB5D5244FAC6FD84" box="[1230,1369,584,611]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. With a wing length of up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9BFFDCFE0E5261FE68FD60" box="[413,503,621,647]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9BFFDCFD975262FD10FD60" box="[516,655,622,647]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9BFFDCFD975262FD10FD60" box="[516,655,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">M. graminis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the largest species of the family. Interestingly, we know of another sizeable South African gall midge-an undescribed species causing bud galls on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9BFFDCFBE2529DFB6BFD4C" box="[1137,1268,657,683]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9BFFDCFBE2529DFB6BFD4C" box="[1137,1268,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Combretum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. that has a wing length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9BFFDCFED152B9FE07FD28" box="[322,408,693,719]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="8.6">8.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Stefan Neser pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF74663DFF9BFFDCFF045748FDAFF82E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" startId="4.[151,250,1860,1885]" targetBox="[176,1414,764,1804]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9BFFDCFF045748FDAFF82E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1860,1994]" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9BFFDCFF045748FE8CF8BA" bold="true" box="[151,275,1860,1885]" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9BFFDCFE895749FE66F8BA" box="[282,505,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9BFFDCFE895749FE66F8BA" box="[282,505,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="177">Mitodiplosis graminis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a–d: pupa, e–h: larva, i: egg. (a) anterior part ventrally, arrow indicates facial horn, second prothoracic spiracle not drawn (b) contour of anterior part laterally, arrow indicates facial horn, (c) prothoracic spiracle, (d) facial horn ventrally, (e) last two segments in dorsal view, (f) head in ventral view, (g) head in anterior view, (h) sternal spatula, (i) eggs from inside of female abdomen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C311653EFF9AFFDDFF545094FCA9FD4C" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9AFFDDFF545094FCA9FD4C" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1151]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFF545094FEB8FF54" bold="true" box="[199,295,152,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFEBD5094FDBAFF55" box="[302,549,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFEBD5094FDBAFF55" box="[302,549,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Mitodiplosis graminis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
induces a stem gall on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFCBF5094FC7BFF55" baseAuthorityName="Fish & Victor" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[812,996,152,178]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFCBF5094FC7BFF55" box="[812,996,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Ehrharta villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9AFFDDFC605094FBAAFF54" box="[1011,1077,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The leaf blades on an infested stem become shortened, the stem internodes do not lengthen, and the leaf sheaths are thickened and widened, creating a witch’s broom-like structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9AFFDDFDB050ECFD0BFF1C" box="[547,660,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Figs 1a, c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The superficial tissue layers of the gall (i.e. malformed leaf sheaths and blades) become grey and senescent while the internal tissue (i.e. malformed stem) stays soft and green (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9AFFDDFAFC5108FF2CFEA4" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Fig. 1c</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are 2–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0DFD3CFF9AFFDDFEC55125FE5FFEA5" box="[342,448,296,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" type="larva">20 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
, and later pupae, inside separate larval chambers within the malformed stem tissue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9AFFDDFAFC5124FF2BFE80" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Galls with more larvae are longer than those with fewer larvae. The malformed stem eventually grows out so that it protrudes from the leaf sheaths (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9AFFDDFDD7517CFD0DFE6C" box="[580,658,368,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Fig. 1c</figureCitation>
|
||
) enabling an unhindered emergence of the gall midge from the stem’s surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9AFFDDFF6A5198FED3FE48" box="[249,332,404,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Fig. 1d</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFEF75198FD81FE49" baseAuthorityName="Fish & Victor" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[356,542,404,430]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFEF75198FD81FE49" box="[356,542,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Ehrharta villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produces long underground stolons with numerous stems per plant. At Sedgefield (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFF4851B5FEE2FE34" box="[219,381,441,467]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7625FF9AFFDDFE1851B4FD81FE34" box="[395,542,440,467]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
) in 2018, only few stems per ground area were infested by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFB5C51B5FAC4FE35" box="[1231,1371,441,466]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFB5C51B5FAC4FE35" box="[1231,1371,441,466]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">M. graminis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with about 50–100% galls being parasitised by a platygastrid and possibly also by other parasitic wasps. Interestingly, a few empty larval chambers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFD95520DFD0EFDFD" box="[518,657,513,538]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFD95520DFD0EFDFD" box="[518,657,513,538]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">M. graminis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found to be occupied by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFC61520DFB02FDFD" authorityName="Swart, Subbotin, Tiedt & Riley" authorityYear="2004" box="[1010,1181,512,539]" class="Secernentea" family="Tylenchidae" genus="Anguina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="woodi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFC61520DFB02FDFD" box="[1010,1181,512,539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Anguina woodi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a large, host specific, gall forming nematode. The nematode is an autonomous gall producer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FF9AFFDDFC5D5229FB07FDD8" author="Swart, A. & Subbotin, S. A. & Tiedt, L. R. & Riley, I. T." box="[974,1176,548,575]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" pagination="129 - 144" refId="ref3873" refString="Swart, A., Subbotin, S. A., Tiedt, L. R. & Riley, I. T. (2004) Anguina woodi sp. n. (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) from dune grass, Ehrharta villosa, in South Africa. Nematology, 6 (1), 129 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854104323073008" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Swart
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFB895229FBD1FDD9" box="[1050,1102,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it seems unlikely that it is involved in a mutualistic relationship with the gall midge, as is found between the nematodes of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFF045260FE88FD61" box="[151,279,620,646]" class="Secernentea" family="Fergusobiidae" genus="Fergusobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFF045260FE88FD61" box="[151,279,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Fergusobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sphaerularioidea:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFE645260FDE7FD61" baseAuthorityName="Filipjev" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[503,632,620,646]" class="Secernentea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Nematoda" rank="order">Tylenchida</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFD105260FCAAFD60" authorityName="Thorne" authorityYear="1941" box="[643,821,620,647]" class="Secernentea" family="Neotylenchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Neotylenchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the gall flies of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFB325261FAB0FD61" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1924" box="[1185,1327,621,646]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFB325261FAB0FD61" box="[1185,1327,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Fergusonina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFAAC5260FA06FD61" box="[1343,1433,620,646]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFF04529CFEDAFD4C" box="[151,325,656,683]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fergusoninidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in Australasia (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FF9AFFDDFDBF529CFCB5FD4C" author="Taylor, G. S. & Davies, K. A." box="[556,810,656,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" pagination="927 - 957" refId="ref3944" refString="Taylor, G. S. & Davies, K. A. (2010) The gall fly, Fergusonina lockharti Tonnoir (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and description of its associated nematode, Fergusobia brittenae sp. nov. (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae). Journal of Natural History, 44 (15 - 16), 927 - 957. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903383545" type="journal article" year="2010">Taylor & Davies 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C311653EFF9AFFDDFF5452B8FC8FFB99" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FF9AFFDDFF5452B8FC8FFB99" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1151]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFF5452B8FD9BFD28" bold="true" box="[199,516,692,719]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Geographical distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFD9852B8FD5DFD29" baseAuthorityName="Fish & Victor" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[523,706,692,718]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFD9852B8FD5DFD29" box="[523,706,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Ehrharta villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs on sand dunes or sandy soils in the proximity of the sea in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFF5252D5FEC1FD14" box="[193,350,729,755]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFE2C52D5FDCAFD14" box="[447,597,729,755]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
provinces of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7625FF9AFFDDFD6252D4FC1CFD15" box="[753,899,728,754]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFC1D52D4FC6FFD14" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99:8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFC1D52D4FC6FFD14" box="[910,1008,728,755]" country="South Africa" name="The area" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Western Cape">The area</location>
|
||
between the seven localities at which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFF0452F1FEBEFCF1" box="[151,289,765,790]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mitodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFF0452F1FEBEFCF1" box="[151,289,765,790]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">M. graminis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found thus far covers most of the plant’s distribution in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFBBA52F1FAADFCF1" box="[1065,1330,764,791]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Western Cape province</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFAAF52F0FE96FCDD" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Louis A. Peringuey</collectorName>
|
||
discovered the galls from which he reared the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B08817FF9AFFDDFCB7532DFCCBFCDC" box="[804,852,801,827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">type</typeStatus>
|
||
male and female (now presumably lost) near
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFAF0532DFA02FCDC" box="[1379,1437,801,827]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFF045349FF49FCB8" box="[151,214,837,863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Town</collectorName>
|
||
in or before 1914.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFE255348FDC5FCB9" box="[438,602,836,863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Alan R. Wood</collectorName>
|
||
found galls and larvae and reared pupae, males and females from plants collected near
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFEAE5364FE2AFC65" box="[317,437,872,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Sedgefield</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFE555365FDA6FC65" box="[454,569,872,899]" degrees="34. 026" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="-34.026">34. 026°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFDD55365FD2CFC64" box="[582,691,873,899]" degrees="22.772" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="22.772">22.772°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFD545365FC4DFC65" box="[711,978,872,899]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, on
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF1E99DFF9AFFDDFB905364FB1FFC65" box="[1027,1152,872,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2018-06-22">
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9AFFDDFB905364FB1FFC65" box="[1027,1152,872,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2018-06-22">22-vi-2018</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9AFFDDFB035364FB4CFC64" box="[1168,1235,872,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
b–d), and galls at
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD0ACCFFF9AFFDDFF045380FE09FC41" box="[151,406,908,934]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Agulhas National Park</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFE355381FD8EFC40" box="[422,529,909,935]" degrees="34.814" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="-34.814">34.814°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFD8E5381FD18FC40" box="[541,647,909,935]" degrees="19.941" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="19.941">19.941°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) on
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF1E99DFF9AFFDDFD295380FCBDFC41" box="[698,802,908,934]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2014-02-03">
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9AFFDDFD295380FCBDFC41" box="[698,802,908,934]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2014-02-03">3-ii-2014</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
(emergence completed before this day),
|
||
<location id="8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFB7F5380FACBFC41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99:8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFB7F5380FACBFC41" box="[1260,1364,908,934]" country="South Africa" latitude="-34.814" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="19.941" municipality="Agulhas National Park" name="Blouberg" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Western Cape">Blouberg</location>
|
||
beach
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFF0453BDFF4EFC2C" box="[151,209,945,971]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFF4953BDFE86FC2C" box="[218,281,945,971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Town</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFEBF53BCFE08FC2C" box="[300,407,944,971]" degrees="33.751" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="-33.751">33.751°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFE3553BDFD8EFC2C" box="[422,529,945,971]" degrees="18.442" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="18.442">18.442°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) on
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF1E99DFF9AFFDDFDDB53BCFD52FC2D" box="[584,717,944,970]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2018-07-18">
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9AFFDDFDDB53BCFD52FC2D" box="[584,717,944,970]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2018-07-18">18-vii-2018</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFC9A53BCFC53FC2D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99:8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFC9A53BCFC53FC2D" box="[777,972,944,970]" country="South Africa" latitude="-33.751" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="18.442" name="Milnerton Beach" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Western Cape">Milnerton Beach</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFC4953BDFB8BFC2C" box="[986,1044,945,971]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFB8E53BDFBC3FC2C" box="[1053,1116,945,971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Town</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFBFD53BCFB45FC2C" box="[1134,1242,944,971]" degrees="33.845" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="-33.845">33.845°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFB7B53BDFACCFC2C" box="[1256,1363,945,971]" degrees="18.488" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="18.488">18.488°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF1E99DFF9AFFDDFA1653BDFF4CFC08" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2002-10">
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9AFFDDFA1653BDFF4CFC08" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2002-10">x- 2002</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD0ACCFFF9AFFDDFF4F53D8FE3DFC08" box="[220,418,980,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Jan-Hendrik Keet</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
found galls at
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFDD653D8FC55FC08" box="[581,970,980,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFC4A53D9FBD5FC08" box="[985,1098,981,1007]" degrees="34. 478" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="-34.478">34. 478°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFBC653D8FB5EFC08" box="[1109,1217,980,1007]" degrees="19.457" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="19.457">19.457°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), south of
|
||
<location id="8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFAA653D8FA07FC09" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99:8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFAA653D8FA07FC09" box="[1333,1432,980,1006]" country="South Africa" latitude="-34.478" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="19.457" municipality="Jan-Hendrik Keet" name="Stanford" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Western Cape">Stanford</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFF0453F5FE3CFBF5" box="[151,419,1016,1043]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9AFFDDFE2353F4FD98FBF5" box="[432,519,1016,1043]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" unit="km" value="150.0">150 km</quantity>
|
||
south east of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFD3A53F5FD7CFBF4" box="[681,739,1017,1043]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFD7853F5FCB2FBF4" box="[747,813,1017,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Town</collectorName>
|
||
, on
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF1E99DFF9AFFDDFCCD53F4FC58FBF5" box="[862,967,1016,1042]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2016-02-07">
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9AFFDDFCCD53F4FC58FBF5" box="[862,967,1016,1042]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2016-02-07">7-ii-2016</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A30FF9AFFDDFC4B53F4FBB6FBF4" box="[984,1065,1016,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1217,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[186,1401,1209,1888]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gall of Mitodiplosis graminis on Ehrharta villosa. (a) plants bearing galls, (b) gall with partially removed superficial tissue to reveal pupae inside chambers, (c) galls with stems protruding variable lengths from the leaf sheaths, with attached pupal skins left behind by emerged adults, (d) terminal part of gall with attached pupal skins. Localities (both Western Cape Province): (a) Koude Vlakte Nature Conservancy (photo by Jan-Hendrik Keet), b–c: Sedgefield." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3241232/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFBD253F5FB7DFBF5" box="[1089,1250,1016,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Netta Dorchin</collectorName>
|
||
found galls that contained pupae at
|
||
<location id="8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFEFC5411FD11FBD1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99:8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFEFC5411FD11FBD1" box="[367,654,1052,1079]" country="South Africa" latitude="-33.121" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="18.067" name="West Coast National Park" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Western Cape">West Coast National Park</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFD0E5411FC97FBD0" box="[669,776,1053,1079]" degrees="33.121" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="-33.121">33.121°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FF9AFFDDFC875410FC1EFBD0" box="[788,897,1052,1079]" degrees="18.067" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" precision="55" value="18.067">18.067°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFC075411FB03FBD1" box="[916,1180,1052,1079]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B50FF9AFFDDFB345411FB63FBD1" box="[1191,1276,1052,1079]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" unit="km" value="120.0">120 km</quantity>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFAF05411FA02FBD0" box="[1379,1437,1053,1079]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectorName id="26FE5363FF9AFFDDFF04544DFF46FBBC" box="[151,217,1089,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Town</collectorName>
|
||
, on
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF1E99DFF9AFFDDFE9B544CFE17FBBD" box="[264,392,1088,1114]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2018-09-26">
|
||
<date id="FFB51075FF9AFFDDFE9B544CFE17FBBD" box="[264,392,1088,1114]" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" value="2018-09-26">26-ix-2018</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFE00544DFE3BFBBC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287A3FF9EFFDDFF0456EEFC8FFB99:8ED4606EFF9AFFDDFE00544DFE3BFBBC" box="[403,420,1089,1115]" country="South Africa" name="It" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">It</location>
|
||
is to be ascertained if the gall midge occurs also in the remaining part of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FF9AFFDDFB4E544DFAD7FBBD" baseAuthorityName="Fish & Victor" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[1245,1352,1088,1114]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="178" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FF9AFFDDFB4E544DFAD7FBBD" box="[1245,1352,1088,1114]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">E. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
natural distribution range, namely in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF857FF9AFFDDFD985469FC93FB99" box="[523,780,1124,1151]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="178">Eastern Cape province</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |