120 lines
14 KiB
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120 lines
14 KiB
XML
<document id="A97A553AEFCC242CF4764CEFD6DF037A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.195474" ID-ISSN="11755334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629574203144" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Barrio-Amorós, César L. & Brewer-Carías, Charles" docDate="2010" docId="8D57B711FFD64247FF55FF14DECFF822" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01942p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1942" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.195474" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Dendrobates leucomelas Steindachner 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="716ECF69FFC34252FFC2FFF6DB53FF81" masterDocTitle="Venezuelan Guayana, with the description of five new species" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1707952163857" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="14A4511DAF32359391D6CACC6C2F5541">Venezuelan Guayana, with the description of five new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="66DAD31CE6F1F9CB99A7F983F6E7474B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9078271067192B0A2745641D8F33DD5D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="10175E0617CEEB21B1B1E1E7B9EE1691">Barrio-Amorós, César L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A6A57CA15651F164BC5223FB92235D0A">Fundación AndígenA, Apartado Postal 210, 5101 - A Mérida, Venezuela. E-mail: atelopus @ andigena. org Fundacion Manoa, Apartado Postal 51322 Caracas 1050 - A. Venezuela Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A70B8EAB31C7D4A3557BA358C3B96C4B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8031E59CC5D22D082728BB88F1547068">Brewer-Carías, Charles</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6ECD42DFE90925D9D2468857B413F456">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9E9DAF821D7C1FD5D487002EC16D9B36">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D7D2ABDF50993EC478679DD8F65A6761">2008-11-26</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="38D3BBF7FE539C4E4DEA7D4B11CA7C81">1942</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="B0B73D5DC7883F8E27F0C816075A8FC8">http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.195474</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="FC15411F97ED20E5F3DA11C7973DDC2A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0027DF1432C0190D941C5CB6795D2539" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.195474</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="932464B74F70BCF7F642C2A89E6672FA" type="ISSN">11755334</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8D57B711FFD64247FF55FF14DECFF822" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8D57B711FFD64247FF55FF14DECFF822" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D57B711FFD64247FF55FF14DECFF822" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection id="4DE4558CFFD64247FF55FF14D82BFE9E" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="05410607FFD64247FF55FF14D9FFFF7D" blockId="21.[151,888,226,287]" box="[151,684,226,252]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="5E09B16BFFD64247FF55FF14D9FFFF7D" bold="true" box="[151,684,226,252]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="C2FE7D84FFD64247FF55FF14D9FFFF7D" ID-CoL="34M8X" authority="Steindachner 1864" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,684,226,252]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomelas">
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<emphasis id="378ADA15FFD64247FF55FF14D9FFFF7D" bold="true" box="[151,684,226,252]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="378ADA15FFD64247FF55FF14DAEDFF7D" bold="true" box="[151,446,226,252]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrobates leucomelas</emphasis>
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Steindachner 1864
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="05410607FFD64247FF55FEF3D82BFE9E" blockId="21.[151,888,226,287]" box="[151,888,261,287]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Yellow banded poison frog, Sapito minero, Wanadi Jiñamohidi</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4DE4558CFFD64247FF55FEA3DECFF822" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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<paragraph id="05410607FFD64247FF55FEA3D827FEEE" blockId="21.[151,1436,341,687]" box="[151,884,341,367]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<materialsCitation id="B5960C5AFFD64247FF55FEA3D823FEEE" box="[151,880,341,367]" collectingDate="2002-03-22" collectionCode="V, VI" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="EBRG 4652" specimenCount="1">
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Camp
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<collectionCode id="63EF9EC2FFD64247FF26FEA3DBABFEEE" box="[228,248,341,367]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
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, Loc.
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<collectionCode id="63EF9EC2FFD64247FE82FEA3DA31FEEE" box="[320,354,341,367]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">VI</collectionCode>
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.
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<date id="714020C7FFD64247FEACFEA3D976FEEE" box="[366,549,341,367]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-03-22">
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<collectingDate id="6104D92FFFD64247FEACFEA3D976FEEE" box="[366,549,341,367]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-03-22">22 March 2002</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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<specimenCode id="5558AE7CFFD64247FDF2FEA3D9ECFEEE" box="[560,703,341,367]" collectionCode="EBRG" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ar2q-hqc7" name="Museo de la Estacion Biologia de Rancho Grande" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">EBRG 4652</specimenCode>
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(adult female)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="05410607FFD64247FF07FE8BDF12FD2E" blockId="21.[151,1436,341,687]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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This species is endemic to the Guiana Shield and is widely distributed in the lowlands of southern
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<collectingCountry id="7DE94697FFD64247FAFEFE8BDBEAFE3E" name="Venezuela" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="616F7BF6FFD64247FF0AFE53D90BFE3E" author="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. & Fuentes, O." box="[200,600,421,447]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref32558" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. & Fuentes, O. (1999) Sinopsis de la familia Dendrobatidae (Amphibia: Anura) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 19, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1999">Barrio-Amorós and Fuentes 1999</bibRefCitation>
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). It was included in the Red Book of the Venezuelan Fauna (
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<bibRefCitation id="616F7BF6FFD64247FAE2FE53DAFAFE66" author="Rodriguez, J. P. & Rojas-Suarez, F." pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref37310" refString="Rodriguez, J. P. & Rojas-Suarez, F. (1995 - 1999) El Libro Rojo de la fauna Venezolana. PROVITA, Fundacion Polar, Wildlife Cons. Soc., PROFAUNA-MARNR, UICN: 444 pp." type="book" year="1995">Rodríguez and Rojas-Suárez 1995</bibRefCitation>
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, 1999).
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<bibRefCitation id="616F7BF6FFD64247FDCBFE3BD8F5FE66" author="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. & Fuentes, O." box="[521,934,461,487]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref32558" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. & Fuentes, O. (1999) Sinopsis de la familia Dendrobatidae (Amphibia: Anura) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 19, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1999">Barrio-Amorós and Fuentes (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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and Barrio-Amorós (2001a,b) commented on the improper inclusion of this species in the Red Book, because it is commonly bred in captivity and wild populations are not at risk.
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<taxonomicName id="C2FE7D84FFD64247FE1BFDEBD9A8FDB7" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1864" box="[473,763,541,566]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomelas">
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<emphasis id="378ADA15FFD64247FE1BFDEBD9A8FDB7" box="[473,763,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrobates leucomelas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is locally abundant at almost all sites that we sampled in southern
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<collectingCountry id="7DE94697FFD64247FEC1FDB3DA2CFDDE" box="[259,383,581,607]" name="Venezuela" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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. We saw dozens of these frogs in a few days, in the foothills of Sarisariñama, in the creek close to Canaracuni, and even in the village itself. Males called during the day in forests, especially after rains. One individual was pale yellow; all others observed were bright orange (
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<figureCitation id="9DC51A82FFD64247FC29FD63DF60FD2E" box="[1003,1075,661,687]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="21.[151,255,1539,1563]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,727,1531]" captionTargetId="figure-379@21.[191,1401,727,1534]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 7. Two individuals of Dendrobates leucomelas, photographed near Canaracuni (Camp V)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10659945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10659945/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="5181568FFFD64247FF55F9F5DF97F99A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10659945" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10659945" box="[151,1220,1539,1563]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10659945/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[151,255,1539,1563]" targetBox="[191,1398,727,1531]" targetPageId="21">
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<paragraph id="05410607FFD64247FF55F9F5DF97F99A" blockId="21.[151,1220,1539,1563]" box="[151,1220,1539,1563]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="378ADA15FFD64247FF55F9F5DA4AF99A" bold="true" box="[151,281,1539,1563]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
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Two individuals of
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<taxonomicName id="C2FE7D84FFD64247FE2DF9F2D9A4F99A" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1864" box="[495,759,1540,1563]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomelas">
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<emphasis id="378ADA15FFD64247FE2DF9F2D9A4F99A" box="[495,759,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrobates leucomelas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, photographed near Canaracuni (Camp V).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="05410607FFD64247FF07F9BFDFB5F8FA" blockId="21.[151,1436,1609,1955]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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This frog plays an important role in Ye’kwana mythology. It is named “Wanadi Jiñamohidi”. The tale is that Wanadi (the main Yek’wana God) was sitting in front of a canwa (hand-made basket) with several frogs as ornaments. Contemplating a good and proper wife, he transformed one of the frog motifs into a live frog in order to make it his wife. She was his fourth wife for a while, until Wanadi rejected her because she spent most of her time painting herself (
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<bibRefCitation id="616F7BF6FFD64247FDE9F91FD98AF882" author="Civrieux, M." box="[555,729,1769,1795]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref33510" refString="Civrieux, M. (1991) Watunna. Un Ciclo de Creacion en el Orinoco. Monte Avila Editores, Caracas, Venezuela." type="book" year="1991">Civrieux 1991</bibRefCitation>
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; Barrio-Amorós, unpubl. data). Another version (from Padamo, upper Orinoco) is that Wanadi was looking for a proper wife among all animals, and he loved a brown frog, but she escaped and hid between the leaves of the forest. This happened at least three times, until Wanadi painted the frog with bright yellow and black, thereby precluding her from concealing herself.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="05410607FFD64247FF07F87FDECFF822" blockId="21.[151,1436,1609,1955]" box="[197,1436,1929,1955]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="C2FE7D84FFD64247FF07F87FDAB8F823" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1864" box="[197,491,1929,1954]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomelas">
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<emphasis id="378ADA15FFD64247FF07F87FDAB8F823" box="[197,491,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrobates leucomelas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also is an important motif in Yek’wana handicrafts (
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<figureCitation id="9DC51A82FFD64247FBBBF87FDF97F822" box="[1145,1220,1929,1955]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="22.[151,255,731,755]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,194,707]" captionTargetId="figure-405@22.[188,1398,194,707]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representation of Wanadi Jiñamojidi (= Dendrobates leucomelas) on a Yek’wana basket (= canwa). From the personal collection of C. Brewer-Carias." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10659947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10659947/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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). Apart from this
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |