363 lines
39 KiB
XML
363 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7677016" ID-GBIF-Dataset="08a48412-2de2-4fee-b5f3-940a862d71a2" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7677016" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1677329023204" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Agosti, Donat" docDate="1997" docId="03F187EC6206FF82FE91FF04FC195917" docLanguage="en" docName="agosti_1997_j-new_york_entomol_soc-melophorus.OCR.pdf" docOrigin="J. New York Entomol. Soc. 105 (3 - 4)" docTitle="Melophorus anderseni Agosti 1997, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="164" masterDocId="FFC8FF946204FF81FFEAFFB0FFAF5F07" masterDocTitle="Two new enigmatic Melophorus species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Australia" masterLastPageNumber="169" masterPageNumber="161" pageNumber="163" updateTime="1677329628611" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two new enigmatic Melophorus species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Australia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Agosti, Donat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 th Street, New York 10024 - 5192</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>J. New York Entomol. Soc.</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1997</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>1997-12-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>105</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3 - 4</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>161</mods:start>
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<mods:end>169</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7677016</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">08a48412-2de2-4fee-b5f3-940a862d71a2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7677016</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7677018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7677018" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F187EC6206FF82FE91FF04FC195917" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187EC6206FF82FE91FF04FC195917" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<subSubSection box="[379,780,180,203]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[379,780,180,203]" box="[379,780,180,203]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<heading box="[379,780,180,203]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[379,642,180,203]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="3ZN2W" authority="Agosti, 1997" authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" box="[379,637,180,203]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni" status="new species">Melophorus anderseni</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[651,780,180,203]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[123,1037,224,567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="1991-02-03" collectionCode="CSIRO" collectorName="D. Agosti" country="Australia" location="Darwin" municipality="Division of Wildlife" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis box="[125,313,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<typeStatus box="[125,222,224,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Holotype</typeStatus>
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-worker:
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry box="[325,424,224,247]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, NT,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F187EC6206FF82FE91FF04FC195917:8E8760216206FF83FE0CFF50FD965FF0" box="[486,569,224,247]" country="Australia" municipality="Division of Wildlife" name="Darwin" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Darwin</location>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[583,664,224,247]" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0k2v-y6wz" name="Australian National Fish Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="Museum">CSIRO</collectionCode>
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, backyard of
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<collectingMunicipality box="[817,1036,224,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Division of Wildlife</collectingMunicipality>
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and Terrestrial Ecology.
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<date box="[395,490,253,276]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" value="1991-02-03">
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<collectingDate box="[395,490,253,276]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" value="1991-02-03">3.ii.1991</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName box="[505,613,254,276]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">D. Agosti</collectorName>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="ANIC" country="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus box="[627,726,253,276]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Holotype</typeStatus>
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deposited at
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<collectionCode box="[875,943,253,276]" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">ANIC</collectionCode>
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.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[161,203,1396,1416]" captionTargetBox="[182,1011,157,1377]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 1-3. Behavior of Melophorus anderseni. 1. The impassable living nest plug of Iridomyrmex sanguineus, formed of heads ant heads. 2. M. anderseni entering and leaving the sanguineus nest unmolested. 3. Rubbing of M. anderseni on I. sanguineus. This procedure lasts less than a minute, without any defense of sanguineus worker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7677020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7677020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F187EC6206FF82FE91FF04FC195917:8E8760216206FF83FC57FF4EFBA35E13" box="[957,1036,254,276]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Figures</location>
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1
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</figureCitation>
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-5
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[123,1037,224,567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="1991-02-03" collectionCode="CSIRO" collectorName="D. Agosti" country="Australia" location="Darwin" municipality="Division of Wildlife" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-worker="8" typeStatus="paratype">
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<emphasis box="[124,237,313,334]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<typeStatus box="[124,233,313,334]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCount box="[251,361,312,335]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="worker">8 workers</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount box="[426,524,312,335]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingCountry box="[541,640,312,335]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, NT,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F187EC6206FF82FE91FF04FC195917:8E8760216206FF83FD29FE88FCB95E48" box="[707,790,312,335]" country="Australia" municipality="Division of Wildlife" name="Darwin" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Darwin</location>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[807,887,313,334]" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0k2v-y6wz" name="Australian National Fish Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="Museum">CSIRO</collectionCode>
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, backyard of
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<collectingMunicipality box="[125,343,340,363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Division of Wildlife</collectingMunicipality>
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and Terrestrial Ecology.
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<date box="[622,717,341,363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" value="1991-02-03">
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<collectingDate box="[622,717,341,363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" value="1991-02-03">3.ii.1991</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName box="[732,839,341,363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">D. Agosti</collectorName>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="AMNH, ANIC, BMNH, CSIRO-TERC, MCZ, MHNG" country="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus box="[853,956,342,363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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deposited at
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<collectionCode box="[202,285,370,393]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">AMNH</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[298,365,371,392]" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">ANIC</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[378,460,371,392]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">BMNH</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[474,631,371,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">CSIRO-TERC</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[644,704,370,393]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[717,800,370,393]" collectionName="Switzerland, Geneva, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="Museum">MHNG</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[123,1037,224,567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<typeStatus box="[124,223,399,422]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Holotype</typeStatus>
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worker: TL 1.84, HL 1.06, HW 1.00, SL 1.34, EL 0.26, CI 94, El 26, SI 134.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[123,1037,224,567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<typeStatus box="[124,217,457,480]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Paratype</typeStatus>
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workers (N = 7): TL 1.82-1.99, HL 1.08-1.14, HW 1.0-1.10, SL 1.24- 1.48, EL 0.24-0.26, CI 91-96, EL 23-26, SI 127-148; female (N = 1) TL 2.92, HL 1.68, HW 2.08, SL 1.24, EL 0.38, CI 124, El 18, SI.60
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[123,1037,224,567]" box="[123,359,545,567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,263,545,567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Description:</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[274,359,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Worker:</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[122,1033,588,874]" box="[123,775,588,611]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—Clypeus pointed and keeled, slightly projecting anteriorly</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[122,1033,588,874]" box="[123,1010,618,641]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—Maxillary and labial palps extremely thin, not longer than half the head length</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[122,1033,588,874]" box="[123,992,646,669]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—long psammochaeta: J-shaped hairs on the clypeus, gula and maxillary stipes</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[122,1033,588,874]" box="[123,272,676,699]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—Long scape</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[122,1033,588,874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—Mesosoma elongate with pronotum in cross-section dorsally rounded, and propodeum smoothly rounded</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[122,1033,588,874]" box="[122,342,764,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—Petiole nodiforme</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[122,1033,588,874]" box="[122,906,793,816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—Short erect hairs on mesonotum, propodeum, petiole, gaster and legs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[122,1033,588,874]" box="[122,871,822,845]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—Body color reddish orange, with the gaster at most slightly darker</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[122,1033,588,874]" box="[122,695,851,874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—Body not shining, and without a distinct sculpture</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[123,209,895,916]" box="[123,209,895,916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<emphasis box="[123,209,895,916]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Female:</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[120,1033,938,1544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—same as worker, but with a complete set of wing sclerites, and the following differences</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[120,1033,938,1544]" box="[122,391,996,1019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—larger than the worker</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[120,1033,938,1544]" box="[122,628,1025,1048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">—distinctly much wider head than the worker.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[122,619,1055,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[120,1033,938,1544]" box="[122,619,1055,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,221,1055,1077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Material</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[230,346,1055,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">examined:</emphasis>
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<typeStatus box="[356,455,1055,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Holotype</typeStatus>
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and
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<typeStatus box="[511,614,1056,1077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[120,1033,938,1544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,241,1084,1107]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Comment:</emphasis>
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The above combination of characters is unique within the genus. Other ants related to
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<taxonomicName box="[282,505,1114,1137]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<emphasis box="[282,420,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Iridomyrmex</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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are usually characterized by a stout body shape, short appendages and an excessive number of long hairs, or short and thick hairs, e.g.,
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<emphasis box="[174,287,1173,1194]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">fidvihirtus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J." box="[307,442,1173,1195]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Nat. Hist. Mus. Victoria" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" pagination="71 - 95" part="12" refId="ref4000" refString="Clark, J. 1941. Australian Formicidae. Notes and new species. Mem. Nat. Hist. Mus. Victoria 12: 71 - 95." title="Australian Formicidae. Notes and new species" type="journal article" year="1941">Clark, 1941</bibRefCitation>
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). No large workers were observed, but, as it was a unique nest in perfect position to be observed further, it was not dug out completely. In many respects, this species with the nodiforme petiole, the smooth shining surface, and the few hairs resembles more
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lubbock" authorityYear="1883" box="[497,604,1259,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bagoti">
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<emphasis box="[497,526,1260,1281]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">M.</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[536,608,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">bagoti.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[120,1033,938,1544]" lastBlockId="3.[98,1010,188,1552]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,214,1288,1311]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Biology:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" box="[226,372,1288,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">
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<emphasis box="[226,254,1290,1311]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">M.</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[266,372,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">anderseni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was discovered whilst collecting a sample of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
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<emphasis box="[895,1033,1289,1310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Iridomyrmex</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[121,241,1317,1340]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">sanguineus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the large pebble nest in the garden of the
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<collectionCode box="[741,818,1318,1339]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0k2v-y6wz" name="Australian National Fish Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="Museum">CSIRO</collectionCode>
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Division of Terrestrial Ecology in Darwin, which just had the males leaving in the late morning. This very dominant species has little nest entrances, which
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<specimenCount box="[725,872,1375,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="worker">three workers</specimenCount>
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at a time seal off when threatened (
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<figureCitation box="[353,418,1404,1427]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[161,203,1396,1416]" captionTargetBox="[182,1011,157,1377]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 1-3. Behavior of Melophorus anderseni. 1. The impassable living nest plug of Iridomyrmex sanguineus, formed of heads ant heads. 2. M. anderseni entering and leaving the sanguineus nest unmolested. 3. Rubbing of M. anderseni on I. sanguineus. This procedure lasts less than a minute, without any defense of sanguineus worker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7677020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7677020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). The seal is so tight that it is impossible to remove this plug, without tearing off the antennae of the workers. At the very time, it did not take the guards long to step aside, as the nest was just swarming and many males were leaving and entering the nest. The meat ant,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[681,828,1492,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
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<emphasis box="[681,696,1492,1515]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">I.</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[708,832,1493,1514]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">sanguineus,</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
is a very distinct species. It is easily recognized by the large soil material scattered around the nest entrances, their steady pace, the bright red head and mesosoma, the relatively wide, heart-shaped head with the rather narrowly set eyes, and if there are any doubts left, there stinking smell when squeezed between the fingers.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[98,1010,188,1552]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
It was then very remarkable to discover, that there was a second species of ants intermingled with the workers, which even entered and left the nest entrances— albeit at a higher speed—with the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[485,623,337,358]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[485,623,337,358]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Iridomyrmex</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
workers (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[737,805,337,360]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[161,203,1396,1416]" captionTargetBox="[182,1011,157,1377]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 1-3. Behavior of Melophorus anderseni. 1. The impassable living nest plug of Iridomyrmex sanguineus, formed of heads ant heads. 2. M. anderseni entering and leaving the sanguineus nest unmolested. 3. Rubbing of M. anderseni on I. sanguineus. This procedure lasts less than a minute, without any defense of sanguineus worker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7677020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7677020/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|
). Some of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">
|
|
<emphasis box="[975,1009,337,360]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
<emphasis box="[101,178,368,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">anderseni</emphasis>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
were even carrying larvae out of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[584,704,368,389]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[584,704,368,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">sanguineus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
nest. Following these workers, they disappeared into entrances at the outskirts of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[770,890,396,419]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[770,890,396,419]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">sanguineus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
nest, with much narrower entrances, so that only these workers and not the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[822,942,426,449]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[822,942,426,449]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">sanguineus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
could enter. Obviously, the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[329,449,456,479]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[329,449,456,479]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">sanguineus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
workers did not care at all about the robbery. However, two more observations point out that this is a more complex interaction. In two cases, workers of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" box="[342,447,515,538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">
|
|
<emphasis box="[342,447,515,538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">anderseni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
were seen staying above the
|
|
<emphasis box="[767,890,515,538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[767,887,515,538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">sanguineus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
seemingly rubbing their bodies against one of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[523,643,545,568]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[523,643,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">sanguineus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<figureCitation box="[659,724,545,568]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[161,203,1396,1416]" captionTargetBox="[182,1011,157,1377]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 1-3. Behavior of Melophorus anderseni. 1. The impassable living nest plug of Iridomyrmex sanguineus, formed of heads ant heads. 2. M. anderseni entering and leaving the sanguineus nest unmolested. 3. Rubbing of M. anderseni on I. sanguineus. This procedure lasts less than a minute, without any defense of sanguineus worker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7677020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7677020/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|
), which during this period did not move at all, but behaved similarly to an ant encountering a larger, nonconspecific ant. One way to react in such a situation is cowering on the ground, with legs and antennae as drawn up as possible, which is in this case with the smaller ant dominating over the larger. After about a minute,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" box="[714,819,663,686]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">
|
|
<emphasis box="[714,819,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">anderseni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
left without any further interactions with the meat ant. It seems as if the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" box="[714,819,692,715]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">
|
|
<emphasis box="[714,819,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">anderseni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
workers acquires the very pungent smell of the
|
|
<emphasis box="[432,556,724,745]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[432,552,724,745]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">sanguineus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
making her chemically invisible.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[98,1010,188,1552]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
Cuticular hydrocarbons are assumed to be used as recognition cues (Nowbahari et al., 1990). The breakdown of nest mate recognition has been documented within species (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Jeral, J. M. & M. D. Breed & B. E. Hibbard" box="[194,386,811,835]" journalOrPublisher="Physiol. Entomol." pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="207 - 211" part="22" refId="ref4147" refString="Jeral, J. M., M. D. Breed, and B. E. Hibbard. 1997. Thief ants have reduced quantities of cuticular compounds in a ponerine ant, Ectatonmia ruidum. Physiol. Entomol. 22: 207 - 211." title="Thief ants have reduced quantities of cuticular compounds in a ponerine ant, Ectatonmia ruidum" type="journal article" year="1997">Jeral et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), between ant species (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Holldobler, B." box="[706,892,811,834]" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="371 - 380" part="11" refId="ref4081" refString="Holldobler, B. 1973. Chemische Strategie beim Nahrungserwerb der Diebsameise (Solenopsis fugax Latr.) und der Pharaoameise (Monomorium pharaonis L.). Oecologia 11 (4): 371 - 380." title="Chemische Strategie beim Nahrungserwerb der Diebsameise (Solenopsis fugax Latr.) und der Pharaoameise (Monomorium pharaonis L.)" type="journal article" year="1973">Hölldobler, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Lenoir, A. & C. Malosse & R. H. Yamaoka" journalOrPublisher="Biochem. Syst. Ecol." pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="379 - 389" part="25" refId="ref4195" refString="Lenoir, A., C. Malosse, and R. H. Yamaoka. 1997. Chemical mimicry between parasitic ants Formicoxenus and their host Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 25: 379 - 389." title="Chemical mimicry between parasitic ants Formicoxenus and their host Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">Lenoir et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), in many cases of the lycaenid-ant relationship, or many myrmecophiles (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Holldobler, B. & E. O. Wilson" bookContentInfo="732 pp." box="[107,432,871,894]" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" refId="ref4119" refString="Holldobler, B. and E. O. Wilson. 1990. The Ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 732 pp." title="The Ants" type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). At least
|
|
<specimenCount box="[551,671,871,894]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
|
|
of breakdowns are known. In the thief ant
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[239,447,900,923]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruidum">
|
|
<emphasis box="[239,447,900,923]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Ectatomma ruidum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
a decreased amount of cuticular compounds might play the facilitator role (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Jeral, J. M. & M. D. Breed & B. E. Hibbard" box="[370,561,931,954]" journalOrPublisher="Physiol. Entomol." pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="207 - 211" part="22" refId="ref4147" refString="Jeral, J. M., M. D. Breed, and B. E. Hibbard. 1997. Thief ants have reduced quantities of cuticular compounds in a ponerine ant, Ectatonmia ruidum. Physiol. Entomol. 22: 207 - 211." title="Thief ants have reduced quantities of cuticular compounds in a ponerine ant, Ectatonmia ruidum" type="journal article" year="1997">Jeral et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Other ants and guests acquire the host odor either passively or actively by licking the host (known from many myrmecophilous beetles or ants of the genus
|
|
<emphasis box="[531,698,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1855" box="[531,686,990,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formicoxenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Formicoxenus</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Finally, the compounds are actively biosynthesized by the guests (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Lenoir, A. & C. Malosse & R. H. Yamaoka" box="[520,725,1020,1043]" journalOrPublisher="Biochem. Syst. Ecol." pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="379 - 389" part="25" refId="ref4195" refString="Lenoir, A., C. Malosse, and R. H. Yamaoka. 1997. Chemical mimicry between parasitic ants Formicoxenus and their host Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 25: 379 - 389." title="Chemical mimicry between parasitic ants Formicoxenus and their host Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">Lenoir et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Lorenzi, M. C. & A. G. Bagneres & J. L. Clement" box="[740,959,1020,1043]" editor="S. Turillazzi & M. J. West-Eberhard" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="178 - 189" refId="ref4241" refString="Lorenzi, M. C., A. G. Bagneres and J. L. Clement. 1996. The role of cuticular hydrocarbons in social insects: is it the same in paper wasps? in: S. Turillazzi and M. J. West-Eberhard (eds.), Natural History and Evolution of Paper Wasps. 178 - 189. Oxford University Press, Oxford." title="The role of cuticular hydrocarbons in social insects: is it the same in paper wasps?" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Natural History and Evolution of Paper Wasps" year="1996">Lorenzi et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">M. anderseni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
undoubtedly must belong to the second category.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[98,1010,188,1552]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
Among Australian ants, robbing of ant nests by other species seems to be rather widespread. More nest entrances are locked up after periods of activities in
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[912,1010,1110,1133]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|
than in other regions of the world.
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[511,727,1140,1163]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
<emphasis box="[511,637,1140,1163]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Cerapachys</emphasis>
|
|
species
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
can be seen quiet often carrying away brood from other ant nests, during the hottest ours of the day, or early in the morning (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J." box="[279,410,1200,1223]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Nat. Hist. Mus. Victoria" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="71 - 95" part="12" refId="ref4000" refString="Clark, J. 1941. Australian Formicidae. Notes and new species. Mem. Nat. Hist. Mus. Victoria 12: 71 - 95." title="Australian Formicidae. Notes and new species" type="journal article" year="1941">Clark, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Agosti, unpubl.). Whereas raids of ant nests by
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Cerapachys</emphasis>
|
|
include a number of workers, often accompanied by intense fights between the hosts, the two known
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[397,617,1260,1282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
<emphasis box="[397,527,1260,1281]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Melophorus</emphasis>
|
|
species
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1941" box="[630,744,1259,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvihirtus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[630,744,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">fulvihirtus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis box="[806,916,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" box="[806,911,1259,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">anderseni</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
operate singly, and are not recognized by their hosts (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J." box="[605,737,1290,1313]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Nat. Hist. Mus. Victoria" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="71 - 95" part="12" refId="ref4000" refString="Clark, J. 1941. Australian Formicidae. Notes and new species. Mem. Nat. Hist. Mus. Victoria 12: 71 - 95." title="Australian Formicidae. Notes and new species" type="journal article" year="1941">Clark, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In some cases, when a meat ant seemed to notice an
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" box="[444,550,1320,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">
|
|
<emphasis box="[444,550,1320,1343]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">anderseni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
worker, the latter stopped moving for a moment, and almost played dead.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[98,1010,188,1552]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
The other significant observation was that the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[623,743,1381,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iridomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[623,743,1381,1402]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">sanguineus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
workers started to cover the nest entrance of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Agosti" authorityYear="1997" box="[379,484,1410,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">
|
|
<emphasis box="[379,484,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">anderseni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
with small pebbles, until a distinct heap was formed, similar to the nest plugging described in North American desert ants (Möglich and Alpert, 1979;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, D. M." box="[347,499,1469,1492]" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="114 - 118" part="75" refId="ref4051" refString="Gordon, D. M. 1988. Nest-plugging: interference competition in desert ants (Novomessor cockerelli and Pogonomyrmex barbatus). Oecologia 75: 114 - 118." title="Nest-plugging: interference competition in desert ants (Novomessor cockerelli and Pogonomyrmex barbatus)" type="journal article" year="1988">Gordon, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="3.[98,1010,188,1552]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
|
Robbing of meat ant larvae was described by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J." box="[630,761,1500,1522]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Nat. Hist. Mus. Victoria" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="71 - 95" part="12" refId="ref4000" refString="Clark, J. 1941. Australian Formicidae. Notes and new species. Mem. Nat. Hist. Mus. Victoria 12: 71 - 95." title="Australian Formicidae. Notes and new species" type="journal article" year="1941">Clark, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1941" box="[773,922,1499,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvihirtus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[773,801,1500,1521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">M.</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis box="[808,926,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">fulvihirtus,</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
a morphologically very distinct species, also lives at the outskirts of meat ant nests.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |