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<document id="177349C172A2C71B8842343E4537213A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030434" ID-ZooBank="9A64620A-5346-459A-9330-7E8AE9EBEBDE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1686605028597" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Elmberg, Johan" docDate="2023" docId="03BE87CBFF834A6DB8887DB34028FD4C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5301.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5301 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rana arvalis Nilsson, Viviparous Lizard 1842" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="316" masterDocId="FF87FFB3FF8D4A62B81F7D24450EFF81" masterDocTitle="Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)" masterLastPageNumber="335" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="315" updateTime="1686605656092" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="3E0BC5EAB3B6B5F41FDAAE9D33A59A93">Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)</mods:title>
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Moor Frog
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CB9387DB34768FF30" ID-CoL="4RDHG" ID-ENA="156871" authority="Nilsson 1842" authorityName="Nilsson, Viviparous Lizard" authorityYear="1842" box="[295,614,151,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CB9387DB344CFFF33" bold="true" box="[295,449,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana arvalis</emphasis>
Nilsson 1842
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D6556FF834A6DB8887DFB4028FD4C" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8887DFB44BFFEE4" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CB8887DFB4427FF78" bold="true" box="[151,297,223,249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF834A6CB9297DFB4498FF78" box="[310,406,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@16.[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution of Rana arvalis in North Sweden. Possibly disjunct records in Härjedalen and Lule lappmark are denoted by a filled circle. Question marks indicate areas where the shown range limit to the west and the north may be too conservative. There is not any documented recent occurrence on offshore islands in the Baltic." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030454/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figure 6</figureCitation>
). Included records from
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBABC7DFB4628FF78" box="[675,806,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Artportalen</emphasis>
(N=650): as confusion with
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CBC407DC44013FF78" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1119,1309,224,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temporaria">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBC407DC44013FF78" box="[1119,1309,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana temporaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is possible, reports from the Alpine region, the Northern Boreal region and all offshore sites were included only if substantiated by photos, concern calling males, or made by known experienced observers. Reports from the Southern and Middle Boreal were all included.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8D87C4B47C8FD98" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
Widespread and common in the Southern and Middle Boreal. For unknown reasons more abundant in landscapes with flatter topography (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CB9B87CB74735FE2F" author="Sterner, M." box="[423,571,403,430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="19" refId="ref18352" refString="Sterner, M. (2005) Inventering av Vattensalamandrar i Gavleborgs lan 2005. Rapport, Naturenheten Lansstyrelsen i Gavleborgs lan, Gavle, 2005, 19. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2005">Sterner 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBA597CB747E7FE2C" author="Elmberg, J." box="[582,745,403,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Elmberg 2008</bibRefCitation>
), a pattern also noted in
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF834A6CBBE77CB74140FE2C" box="[1016,1102,403,429]" name="Finland" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Finland</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBC437CB7400BFE2C" author="Terhivuo, J." box="[1116,1285,403,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="139 - 164" refId="ref18416" refString="Terhivuo, J. (1981) Provisional atlas and population status of the Finnish amphibian and reptile species with special reference to their ranges in northern Europe. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 18, 139 - 164." type="journal article" year="1981">Terhivuo 1981</bibRefCitation>
). Widespread but less common in the Northern Boreal, scarce in its higher parts. The northernmost Swedish record is at Kulijärvi, Torne lappmark (
<geoCoordinate id="EE23501AFF834A6CB9497CFF44CDFE77" box="[342,451,475,502]" degrees="67" direction="north" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" precision="925" value="67.833336">67° 50’ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE23501AFF834A6CB9D27CFF4739FE77" box="[461,567,475,502]" degrees="21" direction="east" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" precision="925" value="21.666666">21° 40’ E</geoCoordinate>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBA5D7CFF47EDFE74" author="Elmberg, J." box="[578,739,475,501]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="69 - 77" refId="ref16064" refString="Elmberg, J. (1984) Akergrodan Rana arvalis Nilsson i norra Sverige. Fauna och Flora, 79, 69 - 77. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1984">Elmberg 1984</bibRefCitation>
). Previous records from the Alpine region (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBCEA7CFF409AFE77" author="Elmberg, J." box="[1269,1428,475,502]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref16209" refString="Elmberg, J. (1995) Groddjurens och kraldjurens utbredning i Norrland. Natur i Norr, 15 (2), 57 - 82. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1995">Elmberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
) are now considered as unconfirmed and not valid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8D87F0741F8FD04" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
The highest known records are very close to the border between the Northern Boreal and the Alpine regions:
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altitude at Danasjö-Abborrberg (Lycksele lappmark; Anders Forsgren personal communication) and
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at Årjep Kuossåive (Lule lappmark;
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBA517F4F47FEFD07" author="Elmberg, J." box="[590,752,619,646]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref16209" refString="Elmberg, J. (1995) Groddjurens och kraldjurens utbredning i Norrland. Natur i Norr, 15 (2), 57 - 82. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1995">Elmberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
; shown as an isolated occurrence in
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF834A6CBC977F4F41E6FD04" box="[1160,1256,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@16.[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution of Rana arvalis in North Sweden. Possibly disjunct records in Härjedalen and Lule lappmark are denoted by a filled circle. Question marks indicate areas where the shown range limit to the west and the north may be too conservative. There is not any documented recent occurrence on offshore islands in the Baltic." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030454/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figure 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8D87FAB45FEFC00" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<materialsCitation id="3B7F3C80FF834A6CB8D87FAB45E5FC00" country="Sweden" location="Norrbotten" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Norrbotten">
Offshore occurrence of this species in the Baltic is a puzzling topic. Before the period covered here,
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBD4D7FAB444CFD4F" author="Curry-Lindahl, K." pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref15903" refString="Curry-Lindahl, K. (1956) Akergrodan (Rana arvalis) funnen i Haparanda skargard. Fauna och Flora, 51, 75 - 88. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1956">Curry-Lindahl (1956)</bibRefCitation>
collected specimens on Haparanda Sandskär (
<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF834A6CBB477F9746D7FD4C" box="[856,985,691,717]" country="Sweden" name="Norrbotten" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Norrbotten</collectingRegion>
), an island situated a staggering
<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF834A6CBD4C7F974092FD4C" box="[1363,1436,691,717]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
from the mainland. It has not been found there since. There are several recent reports in the
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBCB47FF34020FD70" box="[1195,1326,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Artportalen</emphasis>
reporting platform (see Methods) from the offshore Holmön archipelago (
<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF834A6CBB4C7FDF46E6FC94" box="[851,1000,763,789]" country="Sweden" name="Vasterbotten" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Västerbotten</collectingRegion>
), but none is convincingly documented. To conclude, there are no recent records of this species on truly offshore islands anywhere along the Baltic coast of North
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF834A6CB8E07E674455FCDC" box="[255,347,835,861]" name="Sweden" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Sweden</collectingCountry>
. This suggests a much lower dispersal capacity over brackish water than in the two other anuran species
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8D87EAF477CFB90" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
There are no indications of changes in distribution over the last 50 years. It should be noted, though, that the true range and abundance in North
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF834A6CB9E87E8B475EFC48" box="[503,592,943,969]" name="Sweden" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Sweden</collectingCountry>
was grossly underestimated until the 1970’s (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBC457E8B4042FC4B" author="Gislen T. &amp; Kauri H." box="[1114,1356,943,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="197 - 397" refId="ref16560" refString="Gislen T. &amp; Kauri H. (1959) Zoogeography of the Swedish amphibians and reptiles, with notes on their growth and ecology. Acta Vertebratica, 1 (3), 197 - 397." type="journal article" year="1959">Gislén &amp; Kauri 1959</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBD4A7E944093FC48" box="[1365,1437,944,969]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">versus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CB8887EF74436FC6C" author="Elmberg, J." box="[151,312,979,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="69 - 78" refId="ref16025" refString="Elmberg, J. (1978) Akergrodan. En artoversikt samt nya ron om dess utbredning i Nord- och Mellansverige. Fauna och Flora, 73 (2), 69 - 78. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1978">Elmberg 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CB95C7EF74470FC6C" author="Elmberg, J." box="[323,382,979,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="69 - 77" refId="ref16064" refString="Elmberg, J. (1984) Akergrodan Rana arvalis Nilsson i norra Sverige. Fauna och Flora, 79, 69 - 77. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CB9967EF744CAFC6F" author="Elmberg, J." box="[393,452,979,1006]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref16209" refString="Elmberg, J. (1995) Groddjurens och kraldjurens utbredning i Norrland. Natur i Norr, 15 (2), 57 - 82. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CB9D07EF74702FC6C" author="Elmberg, J." box="[463,524,979,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
). The near-Alpine record from Härjedalen presented here (
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF834A6CBC8B7EF741FBFC6C" box="[1172,1269,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@16.[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution of Rana arvalis in North Sweden. Possibly disjunct records in Härjedalen and Lule lappmark are denoted by a filled circle. Question marks indicate areas where the shown range limit to the west and the north may be too conservative. There is not any documented recent occurrence on offshore islands in the Baltic." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030454/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figure 6</figureCitation>
; photograph in
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CB8887ED34414FB90" box="[151,282,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Artportalen</emphasis>
) is the first from the province.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8D8793F445CFB23" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CB8D8793F44E6FBB4" bold="true" box="[199,488,1051,1077]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Habitat and movements</emphasis>
. Spring migration usually starts 5–10 days later than in
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CBC76793845D2FBD8" authority="(Elmberg 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Elmberg" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temporaria">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBC7679384025FBB4" box="[1129,1323,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana temporaria</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBD25793F45DAFBD8" author="Elmberg, J." pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Elmberg 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Adult male
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CB972796444F1FBD8" authorityName="Nilsson, Viviparous Lizard" authorityYear="1842" box="[365,511,1087,1113]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CB972796444F1FBD8" box="[365,511,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana arvalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
migrate to breeding sites in a strongly synchronized fashion during a few nights, whereas adult females have a more protracted spring migration. Juveniles are rarely seen before the end of the breeding season.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8D8798F41AFFA1C" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
Breeds in a wide variety of wetland habitats: open mires, grassy bogs, forest lakes, flooded riverine meadows, deciduous bottomland forest swamps, and shallow brackish bays of the Baltic (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBC1779EB41E4FB68" author="Elmberg, J. &amp; Johnsson, T." box="[1032,1258,1231,1257]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="223 - 225" refId="ref16358" refString="Elmberg, J., Johnsson, T. &amp; M ¸ ller, K. (1979) Lek, furagering och overvintring av grodor i Bottenhavet. Fauna och Flora, 74 (5), 223 - 225. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1979">
Elmberg
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBC6E79F441A7FB68" box="[1137,1193,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al.</emphasis>
1979
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBCE979EB4099FB68" author="Elmberg, J." box="[1270,1431,1231,1257]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Elmberg 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF834A6CB88879D7441FFA8C" box="[151,273,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[152,255,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,977,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-327@23.[151,1436,974,1918]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Mesotrophic lakes with extensive beds of grasses and sedges provide breeding habitat for Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, and Bufo bufo. If fishless, also Lissotriton vulgaris is likely to occur in lakes of this type. Spring aspect from Öster- Skivsjön, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030468/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figures 11</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF834A6CB90079D74430FA8C" box="[287,318,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1272,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-78@26.[151,1435,1272,1880]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vast areas of North Sweden’s interior are covered by level open bogs with permanent water. Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, and Bufo bufo breed in the pool depressions (foreground) and come ashore to forage in grassy areas in summer. More elevated and drier string parts of the bogs offer protective vegetation and summer habitat för Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus. Photo: Jonas Grahn." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">14</figureCitation>
). Anthropogenic breeding sites include eutrophic ponds in agricultural settings as well as flooded disused gravel pits and quarries. Breeding
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CBA6D783C460CFAB0" authorityName="Nilsson, Viviparous Lizard" authorityYear="1842" box="[626,770,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBA6D783C460CFAB0" box="[626,770,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana arvalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have an affinity for more richly vegetated wetlands than do the other two anurans, although spawning
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBA78781847A6FAD4" box="[615,680,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">per se</emphasis>
generally occurs in somewhat deeper water than in
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CBCC178184092FAD4" baseAuthorityName="Elmberg" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1246,1436,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temporaria">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBCC178184092FAD4" box="[1246,1436,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana temporaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CB880787B444FFAF8" author="Elmberg, J." box="[159,321,1375,1401]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Elmberg 2008</bibRefCitation>
; cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CB970787B44F9FAF8" author="Ruuth, J." box="[367,503,1375,1401]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="2017" refId="ref17968" refString="Ruuth, J. (2017) Viitasammakon (Rana arvalis) liikkuminen ja elinpiiri muuttuneessa elinymparistossa. Master Thesis, 9.11 2017. Jyvaskyla University, Jyvaskyla. [unknown pagination, in Finnish]" type="book chapter" year="2017">Ruuth 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Females remain in the breeding wetlands only until they have deposited their eggs, whereas adult males stay as long as receptive females are around, or longer (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBBEF78A7419BFA1C" author="Elmberg, J." box="[1008,1173,1411,1437]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Elmberg 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8D8788347B2F960" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
Dispersal from breeding sites to nearby summer foraging habitats is gradual and not very conspicuous. Summer habitats are varied, yet more restricted to well-vegetated and damp conditions than in
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CBC7978E84026FA64" baseAuthorityName="Elmberg" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1126,1320,1484,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temporaria">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBC7978E84026FA64" box="[1126,1320,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana temporaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In effect,
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CB88878D44426F988" authorityName="Nilsson, Viviparous Lizard" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,296,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CB88878D44426F988" box="[151,296,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana arvalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are rarely encountered in coniferous forest in summer, but more often in lush deciduous forest with a rich understory (
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF834A6CB94E7B3744CCF9AC" box="[337,450,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-23@30.[151,1436,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 18. Summer habitat for Rana temporaria and Rana arvalis in boreal riparian deciduous woodland. The canopy is dominated by Alnus incana, Prunus padus, and Sorbus aucuparia, with scattered Salix caprea and Betula pubescens. The lush herbaceous field layer provides shelter and abundant invertebrate food in summer. Population density at this site has been estimated at up to 7500 and 6000 adults/km2 of Rana temporaria and R. arvalis, respectively. Bölesholmarna, Umeå, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030492/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figure 18</figureCitation>
). However, most spend the summer in natural meadow-like habitats along lakes, rivers, and seashore, or in open grassy or willow-dominated habitats in forest clearings (
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF834A6CBC017B134181F9D0" box="[1054,1167,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1151,1175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-23@26.[151,1435,178,1127]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 13. Recently abandoned hayfields are prime summer habitat for Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, Bufo bufo, Anguis fragilis, and Vipera berus. The forest edge in the background is typical habitat also for Zootoca vivipara. Baggböle, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030476/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figure 13</figureCitation>
). Although there are not any quantitative data from North
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF834A6CBA117B7F4769F9F4" box="[526,615,1627,1653]" name="Sweden" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Sweden</collectingCountry>
to verify the claim, it appears that
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CBBF07B784171F9F4" authorityName="Nilsson, Viviparous Lizard" authorityYear="1842" box="[1007,1151,1627,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBBF07B784171F9F4" box="[1007,1151,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana arvalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spend the summer closer to breeding sites than do
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CB9B07BA44760F918" baseAuthorityName="Elmberg" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[431,622,1664,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temporaria">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CB9B07BA44760F918" box="[431,622,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana temporaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CBABB7B5B461CF918" box="[676,786,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBABB7B5B461CF918" box="[676,786,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBB5A7BA54112F918" author="Ceirans, A. &amp; Gravele, E. &amp; Gavarane, I. &amp; Pupins, M. &amp; Mezaraupe, L. &amp; Rubenina, I. &amp; Kvach, Y. &amp; Skute, A. &amp; Oskyrko, O. &amp; Nekrasova, O. &amp; Marushchak, O. &amp; Kirjushina, M." box="[837,1052,1663,1692]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref15730" refString="Ceirans, A., Gravele, E., Gavarane, I., Pupins, M., Mezaraupe, L., Rubenina, I., Kvach, Y., Skute, A., Oskyrko, O., Nekrasova, O., Marushchak, O. &amp; Kirjushina, M. (2021) Helminth communities in amphibians from Latvia, with an emphasis on their connection to host ecology. Journal of Helminthology, 95 (e 48), 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 2100047 X" type="journal article" year="2021">
Čeirâns
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBBBE7BA446D7F918" box="[929,985,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). In some areas and habitats of the interior north, such as open mires, adults appear to be semi-aquatic, spending most of the summer on grassy shores of breeding wetlands (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CB98F7BE3473AF960" author="Elmberg, J." box="[400,564,1735,1761]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Elmberg 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF834A6CBA5F7BE347A1F960" box="[576,687,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1272,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-78@26.[151,1435,1272,1880]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vast areas of North Sweden’s interior are covered by level open bogs with permanent water. Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, and Bufo bufo breed in the pool depressions (foreground) and come ashore to forage in grassy areas in summer. More elevated and drier string parts of the bogs offer protective vegetation and summer habitat för Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus. Photo: Jonas Grahn." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figure 14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8D87BC8463EF8CC" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
In North
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF834A6CB9287BCF449CF884" box="[311,402,1771,1797]" name="Sweden" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, movement in summer has only been studied anecdotally by individual mark-recapture, suggesting a high degree of site fidelity (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBA727A2B461DF8A8" author="Elmberg, J." box="[621,787,1807,1833]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Elmberg 2008</bibRefCitation>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF834A6CBB527A2B46DDF8A8" author="Ruuth, J." box="[845,979,1807,1833]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="2017" refId="ref17968" refString="Ruuth, J. (2017) Viitasammakon (Rana arvalis) liikkuminen ja elinpiiri muuttuneessa elinymparistossa. Master Thesis, 9.11 2017. Jyvaskyla University, Jyvaskyla. [unknown pagination, in Finnish]" type="book chapter" year="2017">Ruuth 2017</bibRefCitation>
for a telemetry study in nearby
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF834A6CBD587A2B4093F8A8" box="[1351,1437,1807,1833]" name="Finland" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Finland</collectingCountry>
documenting habitat preferences and movement distances).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6CB8D87A734164F817" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
Autumn migration to hibernation sites is sometimes conspicuous and synchronized, triggered by rains or mild cloudy conditions, and generally occurs a week or two earlier than in
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CBBBC7A58416DF814" baseAuthorityName="Elmberg" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[931,1123,1916,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temporaria">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBBBC7A58416DF814" box="[931,1123,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana temporaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF834A6DB8D87ABB4045FF78" blockId="14.[151,1437,223,2014]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
Hibernation in North
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF834A6CB9A97ABB4701F838" box="[438,527,1951,1977]" name="Sweden" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Sweden</collectingCountry>
is aquatic, taking place in slow-flowing streams and rivers close to breeding sites, but sometimes in the latter or in nearby lakes. There,
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF834A6CBAF97AE0467BF85C" authorityName="Nilsson, Viviparous Lizard" authorityYear="1842" box="[742,885,1987,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF834A6CBAF97AE0467BF85C" box="[742,885,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rana arvalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seek out and settle in protective dense near-shore aquatic vegetation, thus often hibernating alongside
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF824A6DBAC27DB34693FF31" baseAuthorityName="Elmberg" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[733,925,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temporaria">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF824A6DBAC27DB34693FF31" box="[733,925,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Rana temporaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF824A6DBBCD7DB3414EFF30" box="[978,1088,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF824A6DBBCD7DB3414EFF30" box="[978,1088,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Note, though, that this species is extraordinarily cold-hardy and that terrestrial hibernation has been documented in
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF824A6DBC767D9F41B1FF54" box="[1129,1215,187,213]" name="Finland" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Finland</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF824A6DBCE57D9F404BFF54" box="[1274,1349,187,213]" name="Russia" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF824A6DBD497D9F45DCFF78" author="Ruuth, J." pageId="15" pageNumber="316" pagination="2017" refId="ref17968" refString="Ruuth, J. (2017) Viitasammakon (Rana arvalis) liikkuminen ja elinpiiri muuttuneessa elinymparistossa. Master Thesis, 9.11 2017. Jyvaskyla University, Jyvaskyla. [unknown pagination, in Finnish]" type="book chapter" year="2017">Ruuth 2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF824A6DB8C17DFB44B4FF78" author="Berman, D. I. &amp; Bulakhova, N. A. &amp; Meshcheryakova, E. N. &amp; Shekhovtsov, S. V." box="[222,442,223,249]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" pagination="697 - 706" refId="ref15550" refString="Berman, D. I., Bulakhova, N. A., Meshcheryakova, E. N. &amp; Shekhovtsov, S. V. (2020) Overwintering and cold tolerance in the Moor Frog (Rana arvalis). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 98, 697 - 706. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjz- 2019 - 0179" type="journal article" year="2020">
Berman
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF824A6DB9217DFB4478FF78" box="[318,374,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). This may occur in North
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF824A6DBAF97DFB464FFF78" box="[742,833,223,249]" name="Sweden" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, too, although it has not yet been documented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF824A6DB8D87C27445EFEC0" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
A fuller treatment in English of the ecology and natural history of
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF824A6DBBA07C27415EFE9C" authorityName="Nilsson, Viviparous Lizard" authorityYear="1842" box="[959,1104,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF824A6DBBA07C27415EFE9C" box="[959,1104,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Rana arvalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in North
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF824A6DBCDF7C274017FE9C" box="[1216,1305,259,285]" name="Sweden" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Sweden</collectingCountry>
is found in
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF824A6DB8887C034442FEC0" author="Elmberg, J." box="[151,332,295,321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Elmberg (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF824A6DB8D87C6E468BFD28" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF824A6DB8D87C6E475EFEE4" bold="true" box="[199,592,330,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Abundance estimates and trends</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B7F3C80FF824A6DBA417C6F468FFD28" country="Sweden" county="North" latitude="63.830803" location="The" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="20.227333" municipality="Southern Boreal. These" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" specimenCount="700" specimenCount-adult="700" stateProvince="Vasterbotten">
Throughout the 1980’s I studied a population in Umeå,
<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF824A6DBCCA7C6F4069FEE4" box="[1237,1383,331,357]" country="Sweden" name="Vasterbotten" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Västerbotten</collectingRegion>
, at a breeding site encircled by built-up urban areas (Tvärån:
<geoCoordinate id="EE23501AFF824A6DBB1F7C4A46AFFE08" box="[768,929,366,393]" degrees="63" direction="north" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" precision="1" seconds="50.9" value="63.830803">63°49’50.9”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE23501AFF824A6DBBB47C4B4144FE08" box="[939,1098,367,393]" degrees="20" direction="east" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" precision="1" seconds="38.4" value="20.227333">20°13’38.4”E</geoCoordinate>
).
<location id="8EC86006FF824A6DBC447C4B4189FE08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF834A6DB8887DB34028FD4C:8EC86006FF824A6DBC447C4B4189FE08" box="[1115,1159,367,393]" country="Sweden" county="North" latitude="63.830803" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="20.227333" municipality="Southern Boreal. These" name="The" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" stateProvince="Vasterbotten">The</location>
summer foraging habitat surrounding this pond comprises mid- to late successional riparian deciduous woodland (2.5 hectares;
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF824A6DBD007CB74081FE2C" box="[1311,1423,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-23@30.[151,1436,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 18. Summer habitat for Rana temporaria and Rana arvalis in boreal riparian deciduous woodland. The canopy is dominated by Alnus incana, Prunus padus, and Sorbus aucuparia, with scattered Salix caprea and Betula pubescens. The lush herbaceous field layer provides shelter and abundant invertebrate food in summer. Population density at this site has been estimated at up to 7500 and 6000 adults/km2 of Rana temporaria and R. arvalis, respectively. Bölesholmarna, Umeå, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030492/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Figure 18</figureCitation>
).
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of calling males and drift fence catch data permitted accurate annual estimates of the breeding population.
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, the density of adult frogs in the summer habitat was 35–60/hectare (3500–6000/km
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), depending on year.
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densities represent a habitat that is probably among the most benign for this species in
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. A more likely average abundance for
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in general is in the interval 400–
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/km
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, with the lower densities in the
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and the hilly parts of the
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landscape level abundance estimates are fairly similar to those for
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF824A6DBA517F4F4600FD05" baseAuthorityName="Elmberg" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[590,782,619,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temporaria">
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF824A6DBA517F4F4600FD05" box="[590,782,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Rana temporaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a notion supported by impressions from roadside surveys of calling anurans in the interior of
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(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF824A6DBACB7FAB4677FD28" author="Elmberg, J." box="[724,889,655,681]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" pagination="69 - 77" refId="ref16064" refString="Elmberg, J. (1984) Akergrodan Rana arvalis Nilsson i norra Sverige. Fauna och Flora, 79, 69 - 77. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1984">Elmberg 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
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.
</paragraph>
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There are no indications of large-scale changes in abundance over the last 50 years (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF824A6DBC6A7F974014FD4C" author="Elmberg, J." box="[1141,1306,691,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref16240" refString="Elmberg, J. (2008) Ecology and natural history of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in boreal Sweden. Journal of Field Herpetology, Supplement 13, 179 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Elmberg 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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