366 lines
55 KiB
XML
366 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="9C46DBEC88F8D993EA1ADB3B7D588B36" ID-CLB-Dataset="21207" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2016.1253797" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ffdfb2b7-ecf7-4eef-a826-cbaeed24bb17" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3994811" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1598027921682" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Dick, Matthew H. & Grischenko, Andrei V." docDate="2016" docId="03BE87C2D15E5C446398FA23FCC5FC4E" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.51.3-4.141-266.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 51" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1253797" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi 1991" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="194" masterDocId="FF87FFBAD16C5C716215FFFAFF85FFE8" masterDocTitle="Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan" masterLastPageNumber="266" masterPageNumber="141" pageNumber="191" updateTime="1698845144665" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D41DD49FB98BFA321D51FD98780E73CE">
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<mods:title id="3BEB0E6DD8D01641DF749893ACFD7658">Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B594DB4FCF406042D5D471C8891E4A37" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="270289533B929D47CD051B4686526C10">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8BF0070A67C01F8A9A474F68FCF2DEBE">Dick, Matthew H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="02903F88515E88E18EFFC303167EC004">Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="16E292C7395280F0D8AE4AC8B728608B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="87B5BE1EF010E7FC9F04C6CFBF7B908A">Grischenko, Andrei V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A94996FD7269C75F722A660431FAD872">Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Aquatic Ecology, Biological Faculty, Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E75DE038FAA928B02D820B383CF734E6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="AE54C5C9C4839F63C01E11B48DB58BBD">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8CFA2F604CF64061A80C024A8B3D2745">
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<mods:date id="7ACD3C9B13E558B67F148BE3A0759202">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="95B76A7E2EB55F1708B6974E5B8D8BED">2016-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="918B62CE060B1B2DC7BBFB2BCD0676AA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="73975D9512CB4F571B11E33140D7D7D9">51</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="CF7266273026A14C2152F4CC205B2941">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1253797</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="7FD01115FD92817DBEE16B353CB23A22">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0EB0504D510333FD0828359AF47DA2D7" type="CLB-Dataset">21207</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CE9CDD3AD8FA7D650C5E26F432635495" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2016.1253797</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BE87C2D15E5C446398FA23FCC5FC4E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4333635" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167288383" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4333635" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87C2D15E5C446398FA23FCC5FC4E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE87C2D15E5C446398FA23FCC5FC4E" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">
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<subSubSection id="C30D655FD15E5C436398FA23FC10FA1A" box="[397,917,1497,1522]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15E5C436398FA23FC10FA1A" blockId="50.[397,917,1497,1557]" box="[397,917,1497,1522]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">
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<heading id="D0E081B8D15E5C436398FA23FC10FA1A" box="[397,917,1497,1522]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15E5C436398FA23FC10FA1A" ID-CoL="762GG" authority="Scholz and Cusi, 1991" authorityName="Scholz and Cusi" authorityYear="1991" box="[397,917,1497,1522]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
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||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C436398FA23FD02FA1A" bold="true" box="[397,647,1497,1522]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" reason="3">Parasmittina soulesi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15E5C436084FA23FC10FA1A" author="Scholz J & Cusi MAV" box="[657,917,1497,1522]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" pagination="405 - 431" refId="ref64997" refString="Scholz J, Cusi MAV. 1991. Paleoecologic implications of modern coral and bryozoan communities from southern Leyte, Philippines. Mitt Geol Palaeontol Inst Univ Hamburg. 71: 405 - 431." type="journal article" year="1991">Scholz and Cusi, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD15E5C436044FA06FD57F9FD" box="[593,722,1532,1557]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15E5C436044FA06FD57F9FD" blockId="50.[397,917,1497,1557]" box="[593,722,1532,1557]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15E5C43604CFA06FD4FF9FD" box="[601,714,1532,1557]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Figure 16</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD15E5C4362B5F9BAFCB8F992" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15E5C4362B5F9BAFCFAF9B0" blockId="50.[160,895,1599,1658]" box="[160,895,1599,1624]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15E5C4362B5F9BAFD51F9B0" ID-CoL="762GG" authority="Scholz and Cusi, 1991, p. 416" authorityName="Scholz and Cusi" authorityPageNumber="416" authorityYear="1991" box="[160,724,1600,1624]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
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<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C4362B5F9BAFEFEF9B0" box="[160,379,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Parasmittina soulesi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15E5C436391F9BAFDF8F9B0" author="Scholz J & Cusi MAV" box="[388,637,1600,1624]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" pagination="405 - 431" refId="ref64997" refString="Scholz J, Cusi MAV. 1991. Paleoecologic implications of modern coral and bryozoan communities from southern Leyte, Philippines. Mitt Geol Palaeontol Inst Univ Hamburg. 71: 405 - 431." type="journal article" year="1991">Scholz and Cusi, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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||
, p. 416
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, pl. 5, figs 1
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<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C43614BF9C5FCEEF9BF" box="[862,875,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">–</emphasis>
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||
4.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15E5C4362B5F998FCB8F992" blockId="50.[160,895,1599,1658]" box="[160,829,1634,1658]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15E5C4362BEF998FD3AF992" ID-CoL="4KB9P" authority=": Tilbrook 2006, p. 172" authorityName=": Tilbrook" authorityPageNumber="172" authorityYear="2006" box="[171,703,1634,1658]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
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<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C4362BEF998FE3BF992" box="[171,446,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Pleurocodonellina soulesi</emphasis>
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||
:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15E5C4363D9F998FDE2F992" author="Tilbrook KJ" box="[460,615,1634,1658]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" refId="ref65817" refString="Tilbrook KJ. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook 2006</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 172
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, pl. 37A, B.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF68665CD15F5C4262B5FCB8FBB9FC27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" startId="51.[160,225,834,857]" targetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" targetPageId="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15F5C4262B5FCB8FBB9FC27" blockId="51.[160,1155,834,975]" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">
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||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C4262B5FCB8FE88FCB1" bold="true" box="[160,269,834,857]" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">Figure 16.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15F5C426303FCB8FD01FCB1" authority="Scholz and Cusi" authorityName="Scholz and Cusi" authorityYear="1991" box="[278,644,834,857]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
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||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C426303FCB8FE53FCB1" box="[278,470,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">Parasmittina soulesi</emphasis>
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||
Scholz and Cusi
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral, and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD15F5C4262B5FBF8FEBBFB6B" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15F5C4262B5FBF8FE05FBF4" blockId="51.[160,1155,1026,1155]" box="[160,384,1026,1052]" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">
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||
<heading id="D0E081B8D15F5C4262B5FBF8FE05FBF4" box="[160,384,1026,1052]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" reason="5">
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||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C4262B5FBF8FE05FBF4" bold="true" box="[160,384,1026,1052]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" reason="3">Material examined</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15F5C4262B5FBDCFEBBFB6B" blockId="51.[160,1155,1026,1155]" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">
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NSMT-Te 1097 (
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<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D15F5C426342FBDCFE15FBD6" box="[343,400,1062,1086]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14095" name="Southeastern Shanxi Teachers School" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" type="Herbarium">SES-</collectionCode>
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13), bleached, on SEM stub (with
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15F5C426102FBDCFB82FBD6" authorityName=", Seo" authorityYear="1994" box="[791,1031,1062,1086]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
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<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C426102FBDCFB82FBD6" box="[791,1031,1062,1086]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">Celleporaria triangula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); NSMT-Te 1102, bleached, dried specimen,
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<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D15F5C42600BFBB3FDC0FB89" box="[542,581,1097,1121]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14095" name="Southeastern Shanxi Teachers School" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" type="Herbarium">SES</collectionCode>
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||
site;
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<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D15F5C426092FBB3FD5AFB89" box="[647,735,1097,1121]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
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||
2016.5.13.39, bleached, dried specimen,
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<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D15F5C4262F4FB91FE8DFB6B" box="[225,264,1131,1155]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14095" name="Southeastern Shanxi Teachers School" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" type="Herbarium">SES</collectionCode>
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||
site.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD15F5C4562B5FB4DFDCEFCFE" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15F5C4262B5FB4DFEC8FB39" blockId="51.[160,1156,1207,1372]" box="[160,333,1207,1233]" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">
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||
<heading id="D0E081B8D15F5C4262B5FB4DFEC8FB39" box="[160,333,1207,1233]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C4262B5FB4DFEC8FB39" bold="true" box="[160,333,1207,1233]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" reason="3">Measurements</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15F5C4262B5FB26FD4BFAB4" blockId="51.[160,1156,1207,1372]" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">
|
||
AzL, 0.42
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||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C426311FB26FE94FB1C" box="[260,273,1244,1268]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">–</emphasis>
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||
0.66 (0.517 ± 0.056); AzW, 0.28
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<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C42607CFB26FDF3FB1C" box="[617,630,1244,1268]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">–</emphasis>
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0.40 (0.311 ± 0.033) (n = 20, 1). OrL, 0.10; OrW, 0.12 (n = 1). SecOrL (including sinus), 0.11
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<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C4260B5FB04FD28FAFE" box="[672,685,1278,1302]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">–</emphasis>
|
||
0.15 (0.127 ± 0.007); SecOrW, 0.10
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||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C426652FB04FBD1FAFE" box="[1095,1108,1278,1302]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">–</emphasis>
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||
0.12 (0.107 ± 0.006) (n = 20, 1). OvL, 0.13
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<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C426054FADBFDCBFAD1" box="[577,590,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">–</emphasis>
|
||
0.16 (0.15 ± 0.015); OvW, 0.18
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||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C4261B6FADBFC35FAD1" box="[931,944,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">–</emphasis>
|
||
0.25 (0.22 ± 0.033) (n = 4, 1). Largest colony observed
|
||
<quantity id="4CEF9B31D15F5C426023FABEFDFCFAB4" box="[566,633,1348,1372]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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||
across.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15F5C4262B5FA6AFEA3FA42" blockId="51.[160,1156,1424,1727]" box="[160,294,1424,1450]" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<heading id="D0E081B8D15F5C4262B5FA6AFEA3FA42" box="[160,294,1424,1450]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15F5C4262B5FA6AFEA3FA42" bold="true" box="[160,294,1424,1450]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="192" reason="3">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15F5C4562B5FA4FFDCEFCFE" blockId="51.[160,1156,1424,1727]" lastBlockId="52.[160,1156,142,790]" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">
|
||
Colony circular or irregular, forming a unilaminar, encrusting sheet; light tan to very light chestnut in colour when dried. Zooids distinct, outlined by suture and marginal pores. Frontal wall slightly convex, weakly dimpled in young, marginal zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15F5C4261F8FA00FBDEF9FA" box="[1005,1115,1530,1554]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(a)), nearly flat and more strongly dimpled with age; around 10 small, circular to oval areolae along each lateral margin. Primary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15F5C426068F9C5FD6DF9BF" box="[637,744,1599,1623]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="192">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(a, b)) immersed, difficult to observe; proximal margin more or less straight, formed by large, blunt, medially directed condyles; each condyle with band of minute denticles extending from tip to nearly halfway to lateral margin. Lyrula quite variable, ranging from minute denticle in sinus between condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C456306FF74FEFAFF4E" box="[275,383,142,166]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(a)), to narrow, tapering, non-alate projection bisecting sinus, reaching level of tips of condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C4563E8FF4BFDE8FF21" box="[509,621,177,201]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(b)). Peristome low to moderately tall, slightly asymmetrical, with secondary sinus variably developed; often bearing one or two low flanges or pointed projections on each side. Marginal zooids with two spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C45660CFF0CFB06FEE6" box="[1049,1155,246,270]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(a)) distal to orifice. Frontal avicularia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C456066FEE3FD66FED9" box="[627,739,281,305]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(a
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C4560E2FEE3FC81FED9" box="[759,772,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">–</emphasis>
|
||
c)) single (77%) or paired (23%) (n = 82, 1) proximolateral to orifice, sometimes lacking. Rostrum elevated from frontal surface in young zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C4563D1FEA4FDB4FE9E" box="[452,561,350,374]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(a)), but less so in secondarily calcified older zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C4562B2FE7BFE92FE71" box="[167,279,385,409]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(c)); tilted slightly laterally to one side; narrow, elongate, rounded distally. Rostral margins smooth. Medial to each avicularium is small pseudopore; young, marginal zooids have tiny pseudopore in each side of the avicularian chamber. No giant avicularia observed. Ovicell (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C4563FBFE13FDD9FDE9" box="[494,604,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(c)) subimmersed. Ooecium broader than long; covered with and surrounded by secondary calcification originating from maternal and distal zooids, same texture as frontal wall; with around eight conspicuous pseudopores in a crescent around the top periphery; proximal margin raised as crescentic lip forming distal part of peristome. Zooids interconnect by uniporous septula, up to six in each distolateral wall and up to six in the distal wall. One ancestrular complex observed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C4562B2FD43FE93FD39" box="[167,278,697,721]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(d)); ancestrula (mostly obscured by surrounding zooids) appears to have a very broad lyrula; surrounded by triplet of small zooids distally and distolaterally, and pair of larger zooids proximolaterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD1585C4462B5FCB9FCC5FC4E" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1585C4562B5FCB9FE83FCB5" blockId="52.[160,1156,835,1727]" box="[160,262,835,861]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">
|
||
<heading id="D0E081B8D1585C4562B5FCB9FE83FCB5" box="[160,262,835,861]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C4562B5FCB9FE83FCB5" bold="true" box="[160,262,835,861]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" reason="3">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1585C4562B5FC9DFCB5FAF7" blockId="52.[160,1156,835,1727]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">
|
||
While
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1585C4562FDFC9DFE66FC97" author="Scholz J & Cusi MAV" box="[232,483,871,895]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" pagination="405 - 431" refId="ref64997" refString="Scholz J, Cusi MAV. 1991. Paleoecologic implications of modern coral and bryozoan communities from southern Leyte, Philippines. Mitt Geol Palaeontol Inst Univ Hamburg. 71: 405 - 431." type="journal article" year="1991">Scholz and Cusi (1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 417) noted in the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1585C4561F4FC9DFBC0FC97" authorityName="Scholz and Cusi" authorityYear="1991" box="[993,1093,871,895]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C4561F4FC9DFBC0FC97" box="[993,1093,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">P. soulesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D1585C4562DAFC70FECFFC4A" box="[207,330,906,930]" name="Philippines" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
that
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C45639EFC70FE14FC4A" box="[395,401,906,930]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">‘</emphasis>
|
||
a lyrula is lacking
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C45604CFC70FDDBFC4A" box="[601,606,906,930]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">’</emphasis>
|
||
, the low median projection responsible for the bifoliate sinus in their specimen can be interpreted as a reduced lyrula. This character is variable in our specimens: zooids can lack the central projection altogether (giving a deep, basally broad sinus) or have a low median denticle (giving a bifoliate sinus) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C4562BDFBEFFE93FBC5" box="[168,278,1045,1069]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(a)), or bear a long, tapering, terminally truncate tooth, essentially a lyrula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1585C4562BDFBCDFE9CFBA7" box="[168,281,1079,1103]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="51.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1138,142,803]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 16. Parasmittina soulesi Scholz and Cusi, NSMT-Te 1097: (a) marginal autozooids, showing alyrulate orifice (bottom centre) and orifice with weakly developed lyrula (right); (b) orifice with welldeveloped lyrula; (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) periancestrular zooids (one distal, two distolateral,and two proximolateral; ancestrula obscured, but very broad lyrula evident. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; c, d = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994843/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(b)). Our specimens further differ from the Philippine specimen in having fewer, larger pseudopores around the distal margin of the ooecium (around eight, compared to 14
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C45634EFB86FEEDFB7C" box="[347,360,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">–</emphasis>
|
||
20), and in lacking the conspicuous rows of heavy denticles on the condyles. Specimens that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1585C4563DDFB65FDF6FB5F" author="Tilbrook KJ" box="[456,627,1183,1207]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" refId="ref65817" refString="Tilbrook KJ. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1585C456110FB65FB9DFB5F" authorityName=": Tilbrook" authorityYear="2006" box="[773,1048,1183,1207]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C456110FB65FB9DFB5F" box="[773,1048,1183,1207]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Pleurocodonellina soulesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D1585C4562B5FB38FEDEFB32" box="[160,347,1218,1242]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
differ from Philippine and Okinawan material in having two or three distal spines; much larger areolae; raised zooidal margins; hypertrophied spatulate avicularia; and small denticles at the tips of the condyles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1585C4462D5FAD0FD29FF21" blockId="52.[160,1156,835,1727]" lastBlockId="53.[160,1156,142,790]" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1585C4562D5FAD0FE52FAAA" author="Soule DF & Soule JD" box="[192,471,1322,1346]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" pagination="365 - 440" refId="ref65270" refString="Soule DF, Soule JD. 1973. Morphology and speciation of Hawaiian and eastern Pacific Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 152: 365 - 440." type="journal article" year="1973">Soule and Soule (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1585C4560D8FAD0FC0AFAAA" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[717,911,1322,1346]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C4560D8FAD0FC0AFAAA" box="[717,911,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1585C4561DFFAD0FBD1FAAA" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[970,1108,1322,1346]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C4561DFFAD0FBD1FAAA" box="[970,1108,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like species lacking a lyrula, designating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1585C45605FFAB7FB06FA8D" authority="Soule and Soule, 1973" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[586,1155,1357,1381]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="lahainae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C45605FFAB7FCF3FA8D" box="[586,886,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Pleurocodonellina lahainae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1585C456195FAB7FB06FA8D" author="Soule DF & Soule JD" box="[896,1155,1357,1381]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" pagination="365 - 440" refId="ref65270" refString="Soule DF, Soule JD. 1973. Morphology and speciation of Hawaiian and eastern Pacific Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 152: 365 - 440." type="journal article" year="1973">Soule and Soule, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AC8876D1585C4562FBFA95FEA5FA6F" box="[238,288,1391,1415]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species. The original generic description included a round primary aperture with a wide, curving sinus between lateral condyles; no median denticle (i.e. no lyrula); a single (rarely paired), acute, non-median frontal avicularium; and a subimmersed ovicell with a crescent of small pseudopores.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1585C456045FA2DFCD1FA07" author="Soule DF & Soule JD" box="[592,852,1495,1519]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" pagination="365 - 440" refId="ref65270" refString="Soule DF, Soule JD. 1973. Morphology and speciation of Hawaiian and eastern Pacific Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 152: 365 - 440." type="journal article" year="1973">Soule and Soule (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed some additional species that might go into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1585C4563F2FA00FD2CF9FA" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[487,681,1530,1554]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C4563F2FA00FD2CF9FA" box="[487,681,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the best known of which was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1585C45663DFA00FE0EF9DD" authority="Waters, 1889" authorityName="Waters" authorityYear="1889" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Smittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="signata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C45663DFA00FF75F9DD" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Smittina signata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1585C4562ECF9E7FE0EF9DD" author="Waters AW" box="[249,395,1565,1589]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref66013" refString="Waters AW. 1889. Bryozoa from New South Wales. Part IV. Ann Mag Nat His (Ser 6). 4: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1889">Waters, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has a narrow, U-shaped orificial sinus and a broad crescent of 60
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C4562CFF9C5FF62F9BF" box="[218,231,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">–</emphasis>
|
||
70 small pseudopores in the ectooecium. We note that while the original description did not mention oral spines, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1585C45605CF998FC97F992" author="Soule DF & Soule JD & Chaney HW" box="[585,786,1634,1658]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 344" refId="ref65407" refString="Soule DF, Soule JD, Chaney HW. 1995. Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and western Santa Barbara channel. Irene McCulloch Found Monogr Ser. 2: 1 - 344." type="book chapter" year="1995">Soule et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reiterated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1585C4561D4F998FB06F992" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[961,1155,1634,1658]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C4561D4F998FB06F992" box="[961,1155,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks oral spines, marginal zooids in the original illustrations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1585C45615AF97FFBC1F975" author="Soule DF & Soule JD" box="[847,1092,1669,1693]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" pagination="365 - 440" refId="ref65270" refString="Soule DF, Soule JD. 1973. Morphology and speciation of Hawaiian and eastern Pacific Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 152: 365 - 440." type="journal article" year="1973">Soule and Soule 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1585C456665F97FFF7AF957" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="lahainae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1585C456665F97FFF7AF957" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">P. lahainae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AC8876D1585C456355F95DFEF7F957" box="[320,370,1703,1727]" pageId="52" pageNumber="193">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species, each have a single distal spine scar.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1585C446186F95DFF5BFF4E" author="Ryland JS & Hayward PJ" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="52" pageNumber="193" pagination="223 - 301" refId="ref64820" refString="Ryland JS, Hayward PJ. 1992. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Mem Queensland Mus. 32: 223 - 301." type="journal article" year="1992">Ryland and Hayward (1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 273) addressed this issue by amending the generic diagnosis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C4462B5FF4BFEE7FF21" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[160,354,177,201]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4462B5FF4BFEE7FF21" box="[160,354,177,201]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to include distal oral spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1595C4462D5FF2EFF58FE36" blockId="53.[160,1156,142,790]" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">
|
||
The only character separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C44600DFF2EFD5FFF04" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[536,730,212,236]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C44600DFF2EFD5FFF04" box="[536,730,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C446135FF2EFC2FFF04" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[800,938,212,236]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C446135FF2EFC2FFF04" box="[800,938,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be lack of a lyrula in the former and presence in the latter. The two genera overlap considerably in the number and distribution of ooecial pseudopores, another character putatively distinguishing between them. Thus, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1595C44609CFEC6FCB1FEBC" author="Tilbrook KJ" box="[649,820,316,340]" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" refId="ref65817" refString="Tilbrook KJ. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C4461D4FEC6FF47FE9E" authorityName="Scholz and Cusi" authorityYear="1991" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4461D4FEC6FF47FE9E" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Parasmittina soulesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C4462FAFEA4FE34FE9E" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[239,433,350,374]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4462FAFEA4FE34FE9E" box="[239,433,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we have retained it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C4460D8FEA4FCD2FE9E" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[717,855,350,374]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4460D8FEA4FCD2FE9E" box="[717,855,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by virtue of its small but variable lyrula. In some zooids in our specimens, the lyrula is about the size of that typically present in some other species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C44609AFE5EFC9CFE54" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[655,793,420,444]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C44609AFE5EFC9CFE54" box="[655,793,420,444]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C44619FFE5EFF52FE36" authority="Tilbrook, 2006" authorityName="Tilbrook" authorityYear="2006" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="trunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C44619FFE5EFC12FE54" box="[906,919,420,444]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4461B2FE5EFB9DFE54" box="[935,1048,420,444]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">trunculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1595C446637FE5EFF52FE36" author="Tilbrook KJ" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" refId="ref65817" refString="Tilbrook KJ. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1595C4462D5FE13FD86FCFE" blockId="53.[160,1156,142,790]" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1595C4462D5FE13FE0DFDE9" author="Soule DF & Soule JD & Chaney HW" box="[192,392,489,513]" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 344" refId="ref65407" refString="Soule DF, Soule JD, Chaney HW. 1995. Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and western Santa Barbara channel. Irene McCulloch Found Monogr Ser. 2: 1 - 344." type="book chapter" year="1995">Soule et al. (1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 219) argued that lack of a lyrula should prohibit placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C4462B5FDF6FEE7FDCC" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[160,354,524,548]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4462B5FDF6FEE7FDCC" box="[160,354,524,548]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C446399FDF6FD8BFDCC" authorityName="Levinsen" authorityYear="1909" box="[396,526,524,548]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Smittinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C446009FDF1FDA7FDCB" box="[540,546,523,547]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">‘</emphasis>
|
||
Placing alyrulate species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C446171FDF6FC61FDCC" authorityName="Levinsen" authorityYear="1909" box="[868,996,524,548]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Smittinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is... an oxymoron, although they may belong to the same superfamily
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C446179FDD4FCF4FDAE" box="[876,881,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">’</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C446190FDD4FBE0FDAE" authorityName="Scholz and Cusi" authorityYear="1991" box="[901,1125,558,582]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C446190FDD4FBE0FDAE" box="[901,1125,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Parasmittina soulesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C4463BAFDABFDF4FD81" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[431,625,593,617]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4463BAFDABFDF4FD81" box="[431,625,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C4460ACFDABFCC6FD81" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[697,835,593,617]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4460ACFDABFCC6FD81" box="[697,835,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with some zooids in our specimens having a simple orificial sinus (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C4460D2FD89FC0CFD63" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[711,905,627,651]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4460D2FD89FC0CFD63" box="[711,905,627,651]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and others having a well-developed lyrula (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C4463F1FD6CFDEBFD46" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[484,622,662,686]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4463F1FD6CFDEBFD46" box="[484,622,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). One interpretation of this variation is that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C446665FD6CFF6DFD39" authorityName="Scholz and Cusi" authorityYear="1991" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C446665FD6CFF6DFD39" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">P. soulesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C446332FD43FE34FD39" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[295,433,697,721]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C446332FD43FE34FD39" box="[295,433,697,721]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species undergoing evolutionary loss of the lyrula
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C446618FD43FB9FFD39" box="[1037,1050,697,721]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
|
||
and this leads to further speculation that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C446003FD21FD5DFD1B" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[534,728,731,755]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Pleurocodonellina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C446003FD21FD5DFD1B" box="[534,728,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Pleurocodonellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may prove to be an alyrulate lineage embedded within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1595C446366FD04FE78FCFE" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[371,509,766,790]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C446366FD04FE78FCFE" box="[371,509,766,790]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1595C4462B5FCBDFEA1FC89" blockId="53.[160,1155,839,934]" box="[160,292,839,865]" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<heading id="D0E081B8D1595C4462B5FCBDFEA1FC89" box="[160,292,839,865]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1595C4462B5FCBDFEA1FC89" bold="true" box="[160,292,839,865]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="194" reason="3">Occurrence</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1595C4462B5FC91FCC5FC4E" blockId="53.[160,1155,839,934]" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">
|
||
We found a total of four colonies, at the SES and REEF sites. This species was previously known only from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D1595C44638FFC74FD90FC4E" box="[410,533,910,934]" name="Philippines" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D1595C44606AFC74FCB9FC4E" box="[639,828,910,934]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="53" pageNumber="194">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |