223 lines
37 KiB
XML
223 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8422CE3B3863F1F1811DFBB59A15A13D">Pamphagidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) from the Palaearctic Region: taxonomy, classification, keys to genera and a review of the tribe Nocarodeini I. Bolívar</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="218FF62831617951CE686AF3C37486B7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="C24587A5FFDC4F6AFF50FED64523FEF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5780717" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125140133" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5780717" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C24587A5FFDC4F6AFF50FED64523FEF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C24587A5FFDC4F6AFF50FED64523FEF5" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<subSubSection id="02F66538FFDC4F6BFF50FED64517FC77" box="[151,622,901,927]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4A5336B3FFDC4F6BFF50FED64517FC77" blockId="58.[151,622,901,927]" box="[151,622,901,927]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<heading id="111B81DFFFDC4F6BFF50FED64517FC77" bold="true" box="[151,622,901,927]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFF50FED64517FC77" bold="true" box="[151,622,901,927]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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Tribus:
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFF3DFED64517FC77" ID-CoL="8PT6X" authority="Sergeev, 1995" authorityName="Sergeev" authorityYear="1995" box="[250,622,901,927]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Haplotropiidini">Haplotropiidini Sergeev, 1995</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="02F66538FFDC4F6BFF50FE95443CFC34" box="[151,837,966,988]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4A5336B3FFDC4F6BFF50FE95443CFC34" blockId="58.[151,837,966,988]" box="[151,837,966,988]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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Sergeev 1995: 38(2): 216. Type genus.
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFDE2FE954438FC34" authority="Saussure, 1888" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1888" box="[549,833,966,988]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFDE2FE9545E6FC34" box="[549,671,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="2E7D4B42FFDC4F6BFD62FE954438FC34" author="Saussure" box="[677,833,966,988]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refString="Saussure, H. (1888) Additamenta ad prodrorum Oedipodiorum. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d' Histoire naturelle de Geneve, 30 (1), 1 - 182, pl. 2." type="journal article" year="1888">Saussure, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="02F66538FFDC4F6AFF50F95A4523FEF5" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="4A5336B3FFDC4F6AFF50F95A4523FEF5" blockId="58.[151,1437,1033,2030]" lastBlockId="59.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFF50F95A4672FBCA" bold="true" box="[151,267,1033,1058]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The taxonomic place of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFD6EF95A44E7FBCA" authority="Saussure" authorityName="Saussure" box="[681,926,1033,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFD6EF95A4456FBCA" box="[681,815,1033,1058]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
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Saussure
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</taxonomicName>
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is not clear. It was described in the present subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFED4F97E46E3FBAE" box="[275,410,1069,1094]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
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(= Batrochotetriginae) (
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<bibRefCitation id="2E7D4B42FFDC4F6BFD7EF97D44DDFBAE" author="Saussure" box="[697,932,1069,1094]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refString="Saussure, H. (1888) Additamenta ad prodrorum Oedipodiorum. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d' Histoire naturelle de Geneve, 30 (1), 1 - 182, pl. 2." type="journal article" year="1888">Saussure 1888: 125</bibRefCitation>
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). Adelung (1910) gave it in the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFF50F9024657FB82" box="[151,302,1105,1130]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFEF8F9014604FB81" box="[319,381,1106,1129]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="2E7D4B42FFDC4F6BFE42F9014564FB82" author="Uvarov" box="[389,541,1106,1130]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refString="Uvarov, B. P. (1943) The tribe Thrinchini of the subfamily Pamphaginae, and the interrelations of the Acridid subfamilies (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society London, 93 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1943. tb 00429. x" type="journal article" year="1943">Uvarov 1943</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="2E7D4B42FFDC4F6BFDF6F901447BFB82" author="Uvarov" box="[561,770,1106,1130]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refString="Uvarov, B. P. (1943) The tribe Thrinchini of the subfamily Pamphaginae, and the interrelations of the Acridid subfamilies (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society London, 93 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1943. tb 00429. x" type="journal article" year="1943">Uvarov (1943: 21)</bibRefCitation>
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considered the
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFC71F9024334FB82" box="[950,1101,1105,1130]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pamphagidae</taxonomicName>
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as a subfamily and divided it into 9 tribes. According to
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<bibRefCitation id="2E7D4B42FFDC4F6BFE02F92545ECFB66" author="Uvarov" box="[453,661,1142,1166]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refString="Uvarov, B. P. (1943) The tribe Thrinchini of the subfamily Pamphaginae, and the interrelations of the Acridid subfamilies (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society London, 93 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1943. tb 00429. x" type="journal article" year="1943">Uvarov (1943: 21)</bibRefCitation>
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“future studies may show that it belongs to a tribe of its own, but for the time being it is best left in the
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFDD6F9CA45E3FB5A" box="[529,666,1177,1202]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pamphagini">Pamphagini</taxonomicName>
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, with which it agrees in the structure of vertex, while differing in this respect from the
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFE9AF9EE46A0FB3E" box="[349,473,1213,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thrinchini">Thrinchini</taxonomicName>
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.” Sergeev (1995) erected the tribe “
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFCB0F9EE4372FB3E" box="[887,1035,1213,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Haplotropini">Haplotropini</taxonomicName>
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” after the only genus
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFAC9F9EE42EDFB3E" box="[1294,1428,1213,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFAC9F9EE42EDFB3E" box="[1294,1428,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. According to Sergeev (1995) the genus
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFDB3F9B24583FB12" box="[628,762,1249,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFDB3F9B24583FB12" box="[628,762,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is similar to
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFC65F9B24351FB12" box="[930,1064,1249,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pamphagini">Pamphagini</taxonomicName>
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in the structures of vertex and pronotum, but it is also similar to
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFDD7F85645FFFAF6" box="[528,646,1285,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thrinchini">Thrinchini</taxonomicName>
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by the second anal vein of the hind wing is curved, thickened and well developed. Zhang
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFEB5F87946C8FAAA" box="[370,433,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
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(2003: 220) included it to the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFC6BF87A433EFAAA" box="[940,1095,1321,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="2E7D4B42FFDC4F6BFB90F87A42E5FAAA" author="Storozhenko" box="[1111,1436,1321,1346]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refString="Storozhenko, S. Yu. & Paik, J-C. (2011) Review of the genus Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae), with notes on classification of the subfamilies Pamphaginae and Trinchinae. Zootaxa, 2897, 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="2011">Storozhenko & Paik (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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acknowledged that in a previous paper dated 2007, they mistakenly included the genus
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFBADF81E4389FA8E" box="[1130,1264,1357,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFBADF81E4389FA8E" box="[1130,1264,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFAD3F81E42E2FA8E" box="[1300,1435,1357,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
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and moved it in the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFE2CF82245FCFA62" box="[491,645,1393,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
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, due to the structure of fastigium of vertex, the arch-like median carina of pronotum, the presence of a few tubercles on the upper side of hind tibia; from
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFBE8F8C643BFFA46" box="[1071,1222,1429,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
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by the short apical valves of penis and the semi-bridge shaped epiphallus. I fully agree with
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<bibRefCitation id="2E7D4B42FFDC4F6BFC08F8EA427AFA3A" author="Storozhenko" box="[975,1283,1465,1490]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refString="Storozhenko, S. Yu. & Paik, J-C. (2011) Review of the genus Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae), with notes on classification of the subfamilies Pamphaginae and Trinchinae. Zootaxa, 2897, 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="2011">Storozhenko & Paik (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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that the most important character is the structure of male genitalia. The male genitalia of
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFC27F88E431FFA1E" box="[992,1126,1501,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFC27F88E431FFA1E" box="[992,1126,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is much more in agreement with
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFF16FB524621F9F2" box="[209,344,1537,1562]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="D2D72A36FFDC4F6BFEAEFB5246ADF9F2" box="[361,468,1537,1562]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1728,1750]" captionTargetBox="[166,1410,282,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,267,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Male phallic complexes in 5 tribes. A phallus lateral, B phallus dorsal, C epiphallus. 1 Pezotmethis tartarus tartarus (Thrinchini); 2 Haplotropis brunneriana (Haplotropiidini); 3 Orchamus massai (Pamphagini); 4 Saxetania (Cryptonothrotes) pseudoaptera (Tropidauchenini); 5 Paranocarodes beieri (Nocarodeini). Abbreviations: a: apodemes; abvp: apical end of basal valves of penis; ae: aedeagus; an: ancorae; ana: apical notch of apodemes; ap: anterior projection; avp: apical valves of penis; az: arch of zygoma; bvp: basal valves of penis; dvc: dorsal valves of cingulum; lasp: lateral aperture of sheath of penis; p: pseudolophi; plp: postero-lateral projection; plz: posterior lobes of zygoma; pmp: postero-median projection; rc: rami of cingulum; sp: sheath of penis; tc: tumida of cingulum; tz: tumida of zygoma; wb: white band; z: zygoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208261/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
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) rather than
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<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFDAFFB524586F9F2" box="[616,767,1537,1562]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="D2D72A36FFDC4F6BFCD7FB524407F9F2" box="[784,894,1537,1562]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1728,1750]" captionTargetBox="[166,1410,282,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,267,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Male phallic complexes in 5 tribes. A phallus lateral, B phallus dorsal, C epiphallus. 1 Pezotmethis tartarus tartarus (Thrinchini); 2 Haplotropis brunneriana (Haplotropiidini); 3 Orchamus massai (Pamphagini); 4 Saxetania (Cryptonothrotes) pseudoaptera (Tropidauchenini); 5 Paranocarodes beieri (Nocarodeini). Abbreviations: a: apodemes; abvp: apical end of basal valves of penis; ae: aedeagus; an: ancorae; ana: apical notch of apodemes; ap: anterior projection; avp: apical valves of penis; az: arch of zygoma; bvp: basal valves of penis; dvc: dorsal valves of cingulum; lasp: lateral aperture of sheath of penis; p: pseudolophi; plp: postero-lateral projection; plz: posterior lobes of zygoma; pmp: postero-median projection; rc: rami of cingulum; sp: sheath of penis; tc: tumida of cingulum; tz: tumida of zygoma; wb: white band; z: zygoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208261/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
|
||
). As it is given in the subfamily key above, the tumida of cingulum and the dorsal valves of cingulum are present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFC20FB764314F9D6" box="[999,1133,1573,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFC20FB764314F9D6" box="[999,1133,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFB7EFB76423BF9D6" box="[1209,1346,1573,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) which surrounds the apical valves of penis laterally (both absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFCFAFB1A44A0F98A" box="[829,985,1609,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the rami is bordered by a narrow white band dorso-posteriorly in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFE7BFB3E453BF96E" box="[444,578,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFE7BFB3E453BF96E" box="[444,578,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFD43FB3E4474F96E" box="[644,781,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D2D72A36FFDC4F6BFCE1FB3E44EAF96E" box="[806,915,1645,1670]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1728,1750]" captionTargetBox="[166,1410,282,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,267,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Male phallic complexes in 5 tribes. A phallus lateral, B phallus dorsal, C epiphallus. 1 Pezotmethis tartarus tartarus (Thrinchini); 2 Haplotropis brunneriana (Haplotropiidini); 3 Orchamus massai (Pamphagini); 4 Saxetania (Cryptonothrotes) pseudoaptera (Tropidauchenini); 5 Paranocarodes beieri (Nocarodeini). Abbreviations: a: apodemes; abvp: apical end of basal valves of penis; ae: aedeagus; an: ancorae; ana: apical notch of apodemes; ap: anterior projection; avp: apical valves of penis; az: arch of zygoma; bvp: basal valves of penis; dvc: dorsal valves of cingulum; lasp: lateral aperture of sheath of penis; p: pseudolophi; plp: postero-lateral projection; plz: posterior lobes of zygoma; pmp: postero-median projection; rc: rami of cingulum; sp: sheath of penis; tc: tumida of cingulum; tz: tumida of zygoma; wb: white band; z: zygoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208261/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The apical valves of penis and aedeagus are variable in both subfamilies (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D2D72A36FFDC4F6BFE1AFBC2452DF942" box="[477,596,1681,1706]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 6 – 16" captionStart-1="FIGURES 17 – 31" captionStartId-0="9.[151,264,1889,1911]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,264,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox-0="[182,1399,197,1861]" captionTargetBox-1="[188,1393,209,1837]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[174,1408,193,1875]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[182,1397,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="FIGURES 6 – 16. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 6 Prionotropis maculinervis; 7 Eremopeza gibbera gibbera; 8 Eremopeza festiva; 9 Eremopeza saussurei saussurei; 10 Eremopeza kashmirensis; 11 Eremopeza soltanii; 12 Iranotmethis persa zagrosi; 13 Eremotmethis carinatus; 14 Eremocharis subsulcata beccalonii; 15 Eremocharis granulosa granulosa; 16 Tuarega insignis. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d)." captionText-1="FIGURES 17 – 31. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 17 Tmethis pulchripennis (asiaticus); 18 Atrichtmethis semenovi; 19 Melanotmethis fuscipennis fuscipennis; 20 Pezotmethis tartarus tartarus; 21 Glyphanus obtusus; 22 Asiotmethis limbatus; 23 Glyphotmethis escherichi escherichi; 24 Utubius syriacus; 25 Strumiger desertorum desertorum; 26 Thrinchus campanulatus campanulatus; 27 Filchnerella beicki; 28 Mongolotmethis gobiensis gobiensis; 29 Beybienkia lithophila; 30 Eotmethis nasutus; 31 Haplotropis brunneriana. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/208262/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/208263/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Figs. 6–30</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="D2D72A36FFDC4F6BFD4DFBC145ACF942" box="[650,725,1682,1706]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 32 – 43" captionStart-1="FIGURES 44 – 54" captionStart-2="FIGURES 55 – 68" captionStart-3="FIGURES 69 – 82" captionStart-4="FIGURES 83 – 92" captionStartId-0="11.[151,264,1884,1906]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,264,1886,1908]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,264,1891,1913]" captionStartId-3="14.[151,264,1883,1905]" captionStartId-4="15.[151,264,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox-0="[178,1399,199,1866]" captionTargetBox-1="[185,1405,205,1860]" captionTargetBox-2="[186,1405,196,1866]" captionTargetBox-3="[184,1406,201,1854]" captionTargetBox-4="[158,1423,206,1041]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[177,1411,193,1875]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[177,1411,193,1875]" captionTargetId-2="figure@13.[178,1412,193,1875]" captionTargetId-3="figure@14.[178,1412,193,1875]" captionTargetId-4="figure@15.[151,1436,193,1069]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionText-0="FIGURES 32 – 43. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 32 Prionosthenus gueleni; 33 Ocnerosthenus brunnerianus; 34 Ocneropsis bethlehemita; 35 Orchamus yersini yersini; 36 Orchamus massai; 37 Paracinipe zebrata; 38 Tropidauchen escalerai; 39 Saxetania (s. str.) cultricolle cultricolle; 40 Saxetania (Cryptonothrotes) pseudoaptera; 41 Saxetania (Mistshenkoella) gorochovi; 42 Paranocarodes straubei; 43 Paranocarodes fieberi. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d)." captionText-1="FIGURES 44 – 54. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 44 Paranocarodes karabagi; 45 Paranocarodes tolunayi tolunayi; 46 Paranpcarodes tolunayi paphlagonicus; 47 Paranocarodes chopardi; 48 Paranocarodes turkmen; 49 Paranocarodes anatoliensis anatoliensis; 50 Paranocarodes anatoliensis anamas; 51 Paranocarodes brevipes; 52 Paranocarodes lubricus; 53 Paranocarodes beieri; 54 Ebnerodes toelgi. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d)." captionText-2="FIGURES 55 – 68. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 55 Paranothrotes sulcatus; 56 Paranothrotes opacus opacus; 57 Paranothrotes eximius bitlis; 58 Paranothrotes gotvendicus; 59 Paranothrotes tenuicornis; 60 Paranothrotes margaritae; 61 Paranothrotes siirt; 62 Pseudonothrotes levis; 63 Eunothrotes derjugini; 64 Neoparanothrotes borumandi; 65 Nocaracris furvus kazdagi; 66 Nocaracris tunceli; 67 Nocaracris tardus; 68 Nocaracris emirdagi. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d)." captionText-3="FIGURES 69 – 82. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 69 Nocaracris cejchani; 70 Nocaracris cyanipes; 71 Nocaracris judithae; 72 Nocaracris karadagi; 73 Nocaracris palandoken; 74 Nocaracris monticolus; 75 Nocaracris van; 76 Nocaracris karshitoros; 77 Nocaracris goektepe; 78 Nocaracris crassipes; 79 Turkanocaracris levigatus; 80 Turkanocaracris davisi; 81 Araxiana woronowi; 82 Nocarodes serricollis. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d)." captionText-4="FIGURES 83 – 92. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 83 Nocarodes sactidavidi; 84 Nocarodes balachowskyi; 85 Nocarodes pullus; 86 Nocarodes znojkoi; 87 Nocarodes nanus; 88 Nocarodes ebneri; 89 Nocarodes nodosus; 90 Nocarodes iranicus; 91 Bufonocarodes tumulosus; 92 Bufonocarodes mistshenkoi mistshenkoi. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/208264/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/208265/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/208266/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/208267/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/208268/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">32–92</figureCitation>
|
||
). The presence of dorsal tubercles of the mid tibia is a character of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFF23FBE64612F926" box="[228,363,1717,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well. The semi-bridge shaped epiphallus is similar to the genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFB6EFBE64249F926" box="[1193,1328,1717,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="32FB7623FFDC4F6BFF50FB8A47A3F91A" box="[151,218,1753,1778]" name="China" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="32FB7623FFDC4F6BFEDCFB8A46F1F91A" box="[283,392,1753,1778]" name="Mongolia" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFE3FFB8A45F8F91A" box="[504,641,1753,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Filchnerella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFE3FFB8A45F8F91A" box="[504,641,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Filchnerella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFD52FB8A447CF91A" box="[661,773,1753,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Eotmethis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFD52FB8A447CF91A" box="[661,773,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Eotmethis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFCDEFB8A44ECF91A" box="[793,917,1753,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Beybienkia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFCDEFB8A44ECF91A" box="[793,917,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Beybienkia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFC6EFB8A4326F91A" box="[937,1119,1753,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Mongolotmethis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFC6EFB8A4326F91A" box="[937,1119,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Mongolotmethis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Besides, the inner-ventral margin of hind femur without any spine or tubercle, completely smooth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFC34FBAE4300F8FE" box="[1011,1145,1789,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFC34FBAE4300F8FE" box="[1011,1145,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFB21FBAE4214F8FE" box="[1254,1389,1789,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFF50FA724657F8D2" box="[151,302,1825,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
except the tribe Tropidauchenini and several specimens of N. African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFBB5FA724275F8D2" box="[1138,1292,1825,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with distict small spines or tubercles), the very large arch of zygoma covered by a thin membrane (very narrow and small in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFF50FA3A464AF86A" box="[151,307,1897,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the curved and thickened second anal vein are very important characters also fully agree with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFF50FADE465BF84E" box="[151,290,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition, the distributional areas of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFCE3FADE44C7F84E" box="[804,958,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFC13FADE4322F84E" box="[980,1115,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFB60FADE4254F84E" box="[1191,1325,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFB60FADE4254F84E" box="[1191,1325,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the biogeographical history of the both subfamilies given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2E7D4B42FFDC4F6BFCD0FAE144A9F822" box="[791,976,1970,1994]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refString="La Greca, M. (1999) Biogeography of the Palaearctic Pamphagidae (Orthoptera). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 77, 105 - 121." type="journal article">La Greca (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
support the separate state of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFAD2FAE242E2F822" box="[1301,1435,1969,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDC4F6BFAD2FAE242E2F822" box="[1301,1435,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Haplotropis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDC4F6BFE43FA864566F806" box="[388,543,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is a fact that the fastigium of vertex and pronotum are similar with the members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDD4F6AFEEDFDC446BDFF58" box="[298,452,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pamphaginae">Pamphaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these external characters probably represent a secondary adaptation to its home range, and are tribal characters distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDD4F6AFD26FDEF442EFF3D" box="[737,855,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thrinchini">Thrinchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see key to tribes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDD4F6AFB96FDEF43A7FF3D" box="[1105,1246,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Because of the reasons given above it is concluded that the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDD4F6AFD7DFD8C441EFF10" box="[698,871,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Haplotropiidini">Haplotropiidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
with its only genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDD4F6AFB81FD8C43B5FF10" box="[1094,1228,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" genus="Haplotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7898EAA1FFDD4F6AFB81FD8C43B5FF10" box="[1094,1228,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Haplotropis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here considered a member of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DEC4D30FFDD4F6AFE0BFC57452EFEF5" box="[460,599,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Pamphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrinchinae">Thrinchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |