769 lines
112 KiB
XML
769 lines
112 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1086/719160" ID-GBIF-Dataset="44efc6de-e347-487d-84b9-ada42890168b" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7573707" approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1674749130340" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Yoshikawa, Akihiro, Izumi, Takato, Moritaki, Takeya, Kimura, Taeko & Yanagi, Kensuke" docDate="2022" docId="B955BB28FFA07E47FF79F9A09F5F3C28" docLanguage="en" docName="BiolBull.242.2.127–152.pdf.imf" docOrigin="The Biological Bulletin 242 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/719160" docTitle="Stylobates calcifer Yoshikawa & Izumi 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="136" masterDocId="456CC350FFA47E4DFF82FFAC9D383936" masterDocTitle="Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations" masterLastPageNumber="152" masterPageNumber="127" pageNumber="131" updateTime="1679929785784" updateUser="tatiana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Yoshikawa, Akihiro</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Izumi, Takato</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Moritaki, Takeya</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Kimura, Taeko</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Yanagi, Kensuke</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>The Biological Bulletin</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2022-04-01</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>242</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>127</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>152</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/719160</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1086/719160</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">44efc6de-e347-487d-84b9-ada42890168b</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7573707</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573711" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209104565" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7573711" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B955BB28FFA07E47FF79F9A09F5F3C28" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B955BB28FFA07E47FF79F9A09F5F3C28" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[251,783,1547,1571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[251,783,1547,1571]" box="[251,783,1547,1571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi" authorityYear="2022" box="[251,447,1548,1571]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[251,447,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Stylobatescalcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[456,541,1547,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Yoshikawa and Izumi
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[275,759,1598,1621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[275,759,1598,1621]" box="[275,759,1598,1621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
[Japanese name:
|
||
<emphasis box="[458,750,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Hime-kin-kara-isoginchaku</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[435,600,1648,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[435,600,1648,1672]" box="[435,600,1648,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[442,592,1648,1672]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStart-2="Figure 4" captionStart-3="Figure 5" captionStart-4="Figure 6" captionStartId-0="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" captionStartId-1="6.[389,449,1492,1511]" captionStartId-2="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionStartId-3="8.[205,265,1149,1168]" captionStartId-4="9.[389,449,1613,1632]" captionTargetBox-0="[379,1318,260,1204]" captionTargetBox-1="[388,1315,271,1458]" captionTargetBox-2="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetBox-3="[184,824,268,1123]" captionTargetBox-4="[389,1307,258,1569]" captionTargetId-0="figure-339@5.[368,1328,250,1210]" captionTargetId-1="figure-148@6.[368,1328,250,1466]" captionTargetId-2="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetId-3="figure-703@8.[184,824,268,1123]" captionTargetId-4="figure-145@9.[368,1328,250,1587]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionText-0="Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-1="Figure 3. Internal anatomy of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and lon- gitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the ho- lotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle." captionText-2="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." captionText-3="Figure 5. External morphology of the carcinoecium produced by Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (A, B) The dorsal and ventral view of the carcinoecium on the shell of Trochocerithium shikoensis (Yokoyama, 1928) (CMNH-ZG09764). (C, D) The dorsal and ventral view of the carcinoecium on the shell of Clavus sp. (CMNH-ZG09766). Scale bars = 5 mm. car, carcinoecium; os, original shell." captionText-4="Figure 6. Size distribution of the cnidae of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794). (i) The examined positions of the sea anemone and the corresponding scatter diagrams (A–E). (ii) The measured param- eters of the cnidae." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573715" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573719" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573721" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7573715/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7573719/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/7573721/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Figs. 2–6, A2</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="131" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[184,824,1702,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Uchida, H. & I. Soyama" page="81" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,316,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Synonyms</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[333,504,1702,1725]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Isadamsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undefined-J">
|
||
<emphasis box="[333,442,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Isadamsia</emphasis>
|
||
sp. J
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida, H. & I. Soyama" box="[518,819,1702,1725]" journalOrPublisher="TBS, Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" refId="ref13873" refString="Uchida, H., and I. Soyama. 2001. Sea Anemones in Japanese Water. TBS, Japan." title="Sea Anemones in Japanese Water" type="book" year="2001">Uchidaand Soyama (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 81;
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Yanagi, K." box="[254,585,1734,1757]" page="141" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" year="2006">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yanagi, K." box="[254,411,1734,1757]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" pagination="113 - 173" part="40" refId="ref13895" refString="Yanagi, K. 2006. Sea anemones around the Sagami Sea with the list of Japanese species. Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 40: 113 - 173." title="Sea anemones around the Sagami Sea with the list of Japanese species" type="journal article" year="2006">Yanagi (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 141 (pl. I-I).
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[184,824,1702,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Yoshikawa, A. & S. Nakazawa & A. Asakura" box="[210,786,1765,1789]" page="285" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" year="2019">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[210,355,1766,1789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,317,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Stylobates</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yoshikawa, A. & S. Nakazawa & A. Asakura" box="[364,614,1766,1789]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Sci." pageId="4" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 8" part="36" refId="ref14048" refString="Yoshikawa, A., S. Nakazawa, and A. Asakura. 2019. A brief description of surface structure and composition of the pseudo-snail shell formed by a sea anemone Stylobates sp. symbiotic with hermit crab from the deep-sea floor. Zool. Sci. 36: 1 - 8." title="A brief description of surface structure and composition of the pseudo-snail shell formed by a sea anemone Stylobates sp. symbiotic with hermit crab from the deep-sea floor" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis box="[486,537,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 285 (fig. 1A);
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Jimi, N. & N. Hookabe & T. Moritaki & T. Kimura & S. Imura" page="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" year="2021">
|
||
sea anemone (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[292,438,1798,1821]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Isadamsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[292,400,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Isadamsia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
):
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jimi, N. & N. Hookabe & T. Moritaki & T. Kimura & S. Imura" box="[456,635,1798,1821]" journalOrPublisher="J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res." pageId="4" pageNumber="131" pagination="801 - 818" part="59" refId="ref13123" refString="Jimi, N., N. Hookabe, T. Moritaki, T. Kimura, and S. Imura. 2021. First evidence of male dwarfism in scale worms: new species of Polynoidae (Annelida) from hermit crab and molluscan shells. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 59: 801 - 818." title="First evidence of male dwarfism in scale worms: new species of Polynoidae (Annelida) from hermit crab and molluscan shells" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Jimi
|
||
<emphasis box="[506,558,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 6 (fig. 1a, b, c).
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="131" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[184,824,1702,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,631,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers)</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<uri pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
urn:lsid:zoobank. org:pub:
|
||
<uuid box="[267,784,1862,1885]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">D947FADF-9E1F-4136-A6A0-38227AAB5A32</uuid>
|
||
</uri>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="131" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[184,824,1702,1981]" lastBlockId="4.[872,1512,262,1984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,410,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4020507303" collectingDate="2019-10-27" country="Japan" elevation="245" latitude="34.019444" location="Sea of Kumano" longitude="136.386111" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" specimenCode="NSMT-Co 1794" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kumano" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[427,529,1894,1917]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[540,717,1894,1917]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">NSMT-Co 1794</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected from the
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B955BB28FFA07E47FF79F9A09F5F3C28:34235CE5FFA07E49FEA2F82A9CF73EAB" box="[288,463,1926,1949]" country="Japan" name="Sea of Kumano" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" stateProvince="Kumano">Sea of Kumano</location>
|
||
, off of the coast of the
|
||
<collectingRegion pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Kumano Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
of the
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B955BB28FFA07E47FF79F9A09F5F3C28:34235CE5FFA07E49FED2F80A9CD93E8B" box="[336,481,1958,1981]" country="Japan" name="Kii Peninsula" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" stateProvince="Kumano">Kii Peninsula</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B955BB28FFA07E47FF79F9A09F5F3C28:34235CE5FFA07E49FE6EF80A9F793E8B" box="[492,577,1958,1981]" country="Japan" name="Honshu" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" stateProvince="Kumano">Honshu</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[588,648,1958,1981]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(34°01
|
||
<superScript attach="none" box="[725,730,1955,1969]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">,</superScript>
|
||
10.0
|
||
<emphasis box="[778,789,1955,1969]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[778,789,1955,1969]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">,,</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
N, 136°23
|
||
<superScript attach="none" box="[946,951,262,276]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">,</superScript>
|
||
10.0
|
||
<emphasis box="[999,1010,262,276]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[999,1010,262,276]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">,,</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
E), by the bottom trawl net on the fishing vessel
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,1004,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Jinsho-maru</emphasis>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date box="[1050,1237,297,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" value="2019-10-27">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[1050,1237,297,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" value="2019-10-27">October 27, 2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, at a depth of
|
||
<quantity box="[1383,1506,296,320]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="m" value="245.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="190.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[1383,1506,296,320]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="m" value="245.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="190.0">
|
||
190–
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1436,1510,297,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" type="generic">300 m.</specimenCount>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[872,1512,262,1984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4020507302" collectingDate="2019-10-27" collectionCode="CMNH" country="Japan" elevation="300" location="Sea of Kumano" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" specimenCode="CMNH-ZG09764, CMNH-ZG09765, CMNH- ZG09766, CMNH-ZG09772, CMNH-ZG09773, CMNH- ZG09774, CMNH-ZG09775, CMNH-ZG09776" specimenCount="8" stateProvince="Kumano" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1005,329,352]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[898,1005,329,352]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1018,1211,329,352]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1018,1144,329,352]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09764
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1221,1413,329,352]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1221,1348,329,352]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09765
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNHZG09766</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[997,1190,361,384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[997,1123,361,384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09772
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1210,1403,361,384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1210,1337,361,384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09773
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNHZG09774</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[995,1188,393,416]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[995,1122,393,416]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09775
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, and
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1259,1453,393,416]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1259,1385,393,416]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09776
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected from the type locality at a depth of about
|
||
<quantity box="[1432,1507,425,448]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="m" value="300.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[1432,1507,425,448]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4020507301" collectingDate="2019-10-27" country="Japan" elevation="245" latitude="34.019444" location="Sea of Kumano" longitude="136.386111" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" specimenCode="NSMT-Co 1795, NSMT-Co 1796" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Kumano" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode box="[872,1046,457,480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">NSMT-Co 1795</specimenCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1100,1276,457,480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">NSMT-Co 1796</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in a similar manner to NSMT-Co 1794 (34°01
|
||
<superScript attach="none" box="[1235,1240,486,500]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">,</superScript>
|
||
10.0
|
||
<emphasis box="[1287,1298,486,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1287,1298,486,500]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">,,</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
N, 136°23
|
||
<superScript attach="none" box="[1415,1420,486,500]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">,</superScript>
|
||
10.0
|
||
<emphasis box="[1467,1478,486,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1467,1478,486,500]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">,,</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
E) at a depth of
|
||
<quantity box="[1003,1120,520,544]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="m" value="245.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="190.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[1003,1120,520,544]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="m" value="245.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="190.0">190–300 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4020507305" collectingDate="2019-10-27" country="Japan" elevation="300" location="Sea of Kumano" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" specimenCode="CMNH-ZG09774, CMNH-ZG09775, CMNH-ZG09776" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Kumano" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1130,1315,521,544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1130,1250,521,544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09774
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1324,1508,521,544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1324,1445,521,544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09775
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, and
|
||
<specimenCode box="[919,1112,553,576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[919,1045,553,576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09776
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected from the type locality at a depth of about
|
||
<quantity box="[1033,1103,585,608]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="m" value="300.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[1033,1103,585,608]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4020507304" country="Japan" location="Sagami Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" specimenCode="CMNH-ZG09767, CMNH-ZG09768, CMNH-ZG09769, CMNH-ZG09770, CMNH-ZG09771" specimenCount="5" stateProvince="Shizuoka" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1116,1308,585,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1116,1242,585,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09767
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1320,1508,585,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1320,1444,585,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09768
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[872,1060,617,640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[872,995,617,640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09769
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1072,1261,617,640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1072,1195,617,640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09770
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, and
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1320,1508,617,640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1320,1445,617,640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09771
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected from
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B955BB28FFA07E47FF79F9A09F5F3C28:34235CE5FFA07E49FB82FD2599463B96" box="[1024,1150,649,672]" country="Japan" name="Sagami Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" stateProvince="Shizuoka">Sagami Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B955BB28FFA07E47FF79F9A09F5F3C28:34235CE5FFA07E49FB05FD2598013B96" box="[1159,1337,649,672]" country="Japan" name="the coast of Heda" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" stateProvince="Shizuoka">the coastof Heda</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B955BB28FFA07E47FF79F9A09F5F3C28:34235CE5FFA07E49FAC0FD2598A43B96" box="[1346,1436,649,672]" country="Japan" name="Numazu" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" stateProvince="Shizuoka">Numazu</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Japan" name="Shizuoka" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Shizuoka</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[921,982,681,704]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, at a depth of about
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1184,1256,681,704]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity box="[1184,1252,681,704]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
All examined specimens are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1067,1146,713,736]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[813,865,263,282]" captionTargetBox="[184,1512,364,1574]" captionText="Table 1 Specimens of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. used in the present study" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/65835AB6FFA77E4EFCAFFEAB9FC93873" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" tableUuid="65835AB6FFA77E4EFCAFFEAB9FC93873">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[872,1512,262,1984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1029,745,768]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Morphology</emphasis>
|
||
: Pedal disk thin, concave, conforming to the shape of the host shell. Diameter of the pedal disk depended on the shell’ s length and shape. Limbus thin, smooth with an irregular outline dependent on the shape of the shell, covering the entire shell except for the part under the hermit crab (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[880,944,905,928]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" captionTargetBox="[379,1318,260,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-339@5.[368,1328,250,1210]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Column smooth, thin, flat, usually not cylindrical on the shells, with mesenterial insertions as dark lines (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" captionTargetBox="[379,1318,260,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-339@5.[368,1328,250,1210]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 2B, F</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity box="[909,1063,968,992]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" metricValueMax="1.67" metricValueMin="1.3699999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="mm" value="15.2" valueMax="16.7" valueMin="13.7">13.7–16.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height in fixed
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1258,1353,969,992]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, diameter flexible depending on the host shell’ s size and the sea anemone’ s conditions. Mesenterial arrangement biradial symmetry with its plane of symmetry perpendicular to the directive axis and its orthogonal axis. Oral disk flat with an oval mouth, 16.0–
|
||
<quantity box="[872,972,1129,1152]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.07" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="mm" value="20.7">20.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter in fixed
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1220,1313,1129,1152]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, with two prominent siphonoglyphs (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1099,1197,1161,1184]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" captionTargetBox="[379,1318,260,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-339@5.[368,1328,250,1210]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Figs. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1213,1245,1161,1184]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[389,449,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[388,1315,271,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-148@6.[368,1328,250,1466]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Internal anatomy of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and lon- gitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the ho- lotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573715/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">3E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1261,1331,1161,1184]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionTargetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mouth weakly swollen in the live animal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1163,1280,1193,1216]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" captionTargetBox="[379,1318,260,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-339@5.[368,1328,250,1210]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), flat in the preserved specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[988,1073,1225,1248]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" captionTargetBox="[379,1318,260,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-339@5.[368,1328,250,1210]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tentacles thin and pointed, inner ones
|
||
<quantity box="[872,1035,1256,1280]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.288" metricValueMax="1.651" metricValueMin="0.925" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="mm" value="12.88" valueMax="16.51" valueMin="9.25">9.25–16.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
inlength and 1.19–2.62 mmin diameter, outer shorter than inner,
|
||
<quantity box="[1068,1220,1288,1312]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.635" metricValueMax="7.81" metricValueMin="1.46" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="mm" value="4.635" valueMax="7.81" valueMin="1.46">1.46–7.81 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity box="[1272,1426,1288,1312]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" metricValueMax="1.95" metricValueMin="0.37" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="mm" value="1.16" valueMax="1.95" valueMin="0.37">0.37–1.95 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively (in fixed
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1029,1124,1321,1344]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). The number of tentacles, 178 to 190 (
|
||
<quantity box="[879,946,1353,1376]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5212" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="in" value="178.0">178 in</quantity>
|
||
<typeStatus box="[954,1046,1353,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1067,1146,1353,1376]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[813,865,263,282]" captionTargetBox="[184,1512,364,1574]" captionText="Table 1 Specimens of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. used in the present study" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/65835AB6FFA77E4EFCAFFEAB9FC93873" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" tableUuid="65835AB6FFA77E4EFCAFFEAB9FC93873">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The ectodermal musculature longitudinal in tentacles, radial in oral disks. Actinopharynx shallowly ribbed, with two symmetrical siphonoglyphs (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1417,1508,1417,1440]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[389,449,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[388,1315,271,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-148@6.[368,1328,250,1466]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Internal anatomy of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and lon- gitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the ho- lotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573715/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Figs. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[872,941,1449,1472]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionTargetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Marginal sphincter muscle well developed, circumscribed, pinnate, with a short, radiate primary axis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1389,1500,1481,1504]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[389,449,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[388,1315,271,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-148@6.[368,1328,250,1466]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Internal anatomy of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and lon- gitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the ho- lotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573715/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[872,1512,262,1984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
Mesenterial arrangementin 96 pairsincyclesof 6, 6, 12, 24, and 48 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[955,1019,1545,1568]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionTargetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Six pairs of the first cycle perfect, two pairs of the first mesentery directives each attached to siphonoglyph (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[880,963,1609,1632]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionTargetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The third to fifth cycles with mesenterial filaments (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[880,992,1641,1664]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionTargetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 4A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fourthand fifth cycles fertile (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1359,1431,1641,1664]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[389,449,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[388,1315,271,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-148@6.[368,1328,250,1466]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Internal anatomy of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and lon- gitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the ho- lotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573715/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1441,1457,1641,1664]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionTargetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Retractor muscles of mesenteries diffuse (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1296,1419,1673,1696]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[389,449,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[388,1315,271,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-148@6.[368,1328,250,1466]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Internal anatomy of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and lon- gitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the ho- lotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573715/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Figs. 3E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1432,1500,1673,1696]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionTargetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">4B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Parieto-basilar muscle poorly developed (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1337,1427,1705,1728]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionTargetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sexes separate,
|
||
<typeStatus box="[969,1059,1737,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1131,1193,1737,1760]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[389,449,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[388,1315,271,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-148@6.[368,1328,250,1466]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Internal anatomy of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and lon- gitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the ho- lotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573715/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1214,1302,1737,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1316,1440,1737,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09775) female (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[958,1025,1769,1792]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" captionTargetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-150@7.[368,1328,250,1431]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), dif- fuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and dif- fuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, direc- tive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mature spermatic vesicles
|
||
<quantity box="[1329,1484,1768,1792]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="mm" value="0.265" valueMax="0.41" valueMin="0.12">0.12–0.41 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (
|
||
<typeStatus box="[979,1073,1801,1824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
collected in November), mature oocytes
|
||
<quantity box="[872,1028,1832,1856]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.45" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="131" unit="mm" value="0.645" valueMax="0.85" valueMin="0.44">0.44–0.85 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1172,1264,1833,1856]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1273,1398,1833,1856]" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09775 collected in February). All of the developmental stages of the ova seen in a single mesentery.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[872,1512,262,1984]" lastBlockId="5.[184,824,1413,1981]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="4" pageNumber="131">
|
||
Carcinoecium, varying from a thin chitinous coating on the gastropod shell to a coating with a shell extension and only extension of the shell aperture, thinner (1.0–5.0 mm) than the snail shell, dark brown without gloss (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[619,683,1446,1469]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[205,265,1149,1168]" captionTargetBox="[184,824,268,1123]" captionTargetId="figure-703@8.[184,824,268,1123]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. External morphology of the carcinoecium produced by Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (A, B) The dorsal and ventral view of the carcinoecium on the shell of Trochocerithium shikoensis (Yokoyama, 1928) (CMNH-ZG09764). (C, D) The dorsal and ventral view of the carcinoecium on the shell of Clavus sp. (CMNH-ZG09766). Scale bars = 5 mm. car, carcinoecium; os, original shell." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573719" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573719/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The growth rings recognized on the surface; the layered structures absent, including dark-colored and white particles, fine sand, forams, and diatoms. Outer surface smoother and fewer exposed particles than the inner surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7573713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" startId="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" targetBox="[379,1318,260,1204]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[368,1328,1236,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[389,471,1236,1255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
External morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[705,862,1236,1255]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[705,862,1236,1255]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Stylobates calcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[868,937,1236,1255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doflein" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[410,649,1262,1282]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurodofleinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doederleini">
|
||
<emphasis box="[410,649,1262,1282]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Pagurodofleinia doederleini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[184,824,1413,1981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,300,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Cnidome</emphasis>
|
||
: Spirocysts in the tentacle, basitrichs in the tentacle, actinopharynx, column, limbus, and microbasic
|
||
<emphasis box="[659,672,1638,1661]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">b</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores and
|
||
<emphasis box="[228,241,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">p</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores in the mesenterial filament (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[700,774,1670,1693]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[389,449,1613,1632]" captionTargetBox="[389,1307,258,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-145@9.[368,1328,250,1587]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Size distribution of the cnidae of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794). (i) The examined positions of the sea anemone and the corresponding scatter diagrams (A–E). (ii) The measured param- eters of the cnidae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573721/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
, A
|
||
<figureCitation box="[806,820,1670,1693]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" captionTargetBox="[379,1318,260,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-339@5.[368,1328,250,1210]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">2</figureCitation>
|
||
, A
|
||
<figureCitation box="[206,219,1702,1725]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[389,449,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[388,1315,271,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-148@6.[368,1328,250,1466]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Internal anatomy of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and lon- gitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the ho- lotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573715/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[231,315,1702,1725]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="10.[813,865,263,282]" captionTargetBox="[184,1512,364,1181]" captionText="Table 2 Cnidae size ranges of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (NSMT-Co 1794 and NSMT-Co 1796)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/65835AB6FFAE7E47FCAFFEAB9E8C3873" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" tableUuid="65835AB6FFAE7E47FCAFFEAB9E8C3873">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[184,824,1413,1981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,393,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Coloration in life</emphasis>
|
||
: Base and column light red or pearl pink with dark mesenterial insertions (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[545,734,1766,1789]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" captionTargetBox="[379,1318,260,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-339@5.[368,1328,250,1210]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Fig. 2A, B, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tentacles, oral disk, lips, actinopharynx, and siphonoglyphs with the same coloring (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[384,530,1830,1853]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[389,449,1236,1255]" captionTargetBox="[379,1318,260,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-339@5.[368,1328,250,1210]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Fig. 2A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Right after collection, coloration semitransparent, then turning whitish and somewhat opaque after several weeks in the aquarium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="132" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[184,824,1413,1981]" lastBlockId="5.[872,1513,1414,1981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,465,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Distribution and habitat</emphasis>
|
||
: All of the samples were collected fromthe Seaof Kumano (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida, H. & I. Soyama" box="[457,741,1958,1981]" journalOrPublisher="TBS, Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" refId="ref13873" refString="Uchida, H., and I. Soyama. 2001. Sea Anemones in Japanese Water. TBS, Japan." title="Sea Anemones in Japanese Water" type="book" year="2001">Uchidaand Soyama, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis box="[932,983,1414,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019) and Suruga Bay. Allof the previousrecords were from the Pacific Ocean facing the middle of Honshu Island to Kyushu (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida, H. & I. Soyama" box="[1051,1340,1478,1501]" journalOrPublisher="TBS, Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" refId="ref13873" refString="Uchida, H., and I. Soyama. 2001. Sea Anemones in Japanese Water. TBS, Japan." title="Sea Anemones in Japanese Water" type="book" year="2001">Uchida and Soyama, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yanagi, K." box="[1352,1501,1478,1501]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" pagination="113 - 173" part="40" refId="ref13895" refString="Yanagi, K. 2006. Sea anemones around the Sagami Sea with the list of Japanese species. Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 40: 113 - 173." title="Sea anemones around the Sagami Sea with the list of Japanese species" type="journal article" year="2006">Yanagi, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The specimens were distributed at
|
||
<quantity box="[1244,1366,1509,1533]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" unit="m" value="250.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="100.0">100–400 m</quantity>
|
||
from the fine sand and soft mud (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1080,1143,1542,1565]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[205,265,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[192,820,1304,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-785@2.[184,824,1294,1831]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Sampling locations of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. Locations included the areas sampled with the deep-sea trawling net by R/V Seisuimaru, Mie University (November 17, 2017) (star); the fishing trawlers; the area where the fisheries were conducted (filled circles); and the location of the fishing ports (open circles)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573709" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573709/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1156,1235,1542,1565]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[813,865,263,282]" captionTargetBox="[184,1512,364,1574]" captionText="Table 1 Specimens of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. used in the present study" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/65835AB6FFA77E4EFCAFFEAB9FC93873" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" tableUuid="65835AB6FFA77E4EFCAFFEAB9FC93873">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="132" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[872,1513,1414,1981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1069,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Ecological note</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[1087,1286,1574,1597]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1087,1286,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Stylobatescalcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1296,1384,1574,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was exclusively found on the shells inhabited by
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doflein" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurodofleinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doederleini">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Pagurodofleinia doederleini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, consistent with previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida, H. & I. Soyama" journalOrPublisher="TBS, Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" refId="ref13873" refString="Uchida, H., and I. Soyama. 2001. Sea Anemones in Japanese Water. TBS, Japan." title="Sea Anemones in Japanese Water" type="book" year="2001">Uchida and Soyama, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yanagi, K." box="[1025,1161,1670,1693]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" pagination="113 - 173" part="40" refId="ref13895" refString="Yanagi, K. 2006. Sea anemones around the Sagami Sea with the list of Japanese species. Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 40: 113 - 173." title="Sea anemones around the Sagami Sea with the list of Japanese species" type="journal article" year="2006">Yanagi, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yoshikawa, A. & S. Nakazawa & A. Asakura" box="[1170,1399,1670,1693]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Sci." pageId="5" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 8" part="36" refId="ref14048" refString="Yoshikawa, A., S. Nakazawa, and A. Asakura. 2019. A brief description of surface structure and composition of the pseudo-snail shell formed by a sea anemone Stylobates sp. symbiotic with hermit crab from the deep-sea floor. Zool. Sci. 36: 1 - 8." title="A brief description of surface structure and composition of the pseudo-snail shell formed by a sea anemone Stylobates sp. symbiotic with hermit crab from the deep-sea floor" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis box="[1286,1335,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doflein" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[872,1019,1702,1725]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurodofleinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doederleini">
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,1019,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">P. doederleini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[1110,1214,1702,1725]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1110,1214,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">S. calcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1220,1303,1702,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was sometimes collected in this study. One individual was usually attached to one host hermit crab, consistent with previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida, H. & I. Soyama" journalOrPublisher="TBS, Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" refId="ref13873" refString="Uchida, H., and I. Soyama. 2001. Sea Anemones in Japanese Water. TBS, Japan." title="Sea Anemones in Japanese Water" type="book" year="2001">Uchida and Soyama, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yanagi, K." box="[1083,1228,1798,1821]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" pagination="113 - 173" part="40" refId="ref13895" refString="Yanagi, K. 2006. Sea anemones around the Sagami Sea with the list of Japanese species. Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 40: 113 - 173." title="Sea anemones around the Sagami Sea with the list of Japanese species" type="journal article" year="2006">Yanagi, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yoshikawa, A. & S. Nakazawa & A. Asakura" box="[1239,1488,1798,1821]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Sci." pageId="5" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 8" part="36" refId="ref14048" refString="Yoshikawa, A., S. Nakazawa, and A. Asakura. 2019. A brief description of surface structure and composition of the pseudo-snail shell formed by a sea anemone Stylobates sp. symbiotic with hermit crab from the deep-sea floor. Zool. Sci. 36: 1 - 8." title="A brief description of surface structure and composition of the pseudo-snail shell formed by a sea anemone Stylobates sp. symbiotic with hermit crab from the deep-sea floor" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis box="[1364,1417,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[872,1513,1414,1981]" lastBlockId="7.[184,824,1736,1983]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1079,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">Genetic analysis</emphasis>
|
||
: In total, 6867 bp of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1335,1375,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">12S</emphasis>
|
||
rDNA,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1472,1511,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">16S</emphasis>
|
||
rDNA,
|
||
<emphasis box="[955,995,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">18S</emphasis>
|
||
rDNA,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1089,1128,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">28S</emphasis>
|
||
rDNA, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1271,1334,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1271,1334,1862,1885]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">COIII</collectionCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
genes were obtained from the
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1044,1176,1894,1917]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of the newly identified species (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[879,1002,1926,1949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09764,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1078,1201,1926,1949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09765,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1276,1399,1926,1949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="132">CMNH-ZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09771, and NSMT-Co 1796). These sequences were compared to those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[240,434,1766,1789]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Actinioidea">Actinioideaspecies</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[445,513,1766,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">DDBJ</collectionCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[522,615,1766,1789]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[813,865,263,282]" captionTargetBox="[184,1512,364,1574]" captionText="Table 1 Specimens of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. used in the present study" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/65835AB6FFA77E4EFCAFFEAB9FC93873" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" tableUuid="65835AB6FFA77E4EFCAFFEAB9FC93873">Table A1</tableCitation>
|
||
) toexamine thephylogenetic relationshipsbetween
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[503,624,1798,1821]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Actinioidea">Actinioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the phylogenetic treeof thosethree regions (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[460,522,1830,1853]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[229,289,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[219,1480,260,1668]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[208,1488,250,1686]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Actiniidae, including Stylobates calcifer sp. nov., based on the combined data of the 18S, 28S, 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, and COXIII genes. The numbers written with slashes above or below the branches indicate the ML bootstrap support values followed by Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities of each node. Those without slashes indicate only the ML bootstrap support values. Green and pink spaces indicate the species of superfamily Actiniodea and the genus of Stylobates, respectively. The position of S. calcifer sp. nov. is indicated in red. The values less than 50 of bootstrap support or 0.50 of posterior probability are shown by a dash.The numbers after S. calcifer sp. nov., 1 (CMNH-ZG09764), 2 (CMNH-ZG09765), 3 (CMNH-ZG09771), and 4 (NSMT-Co 1796), correspond to the registration numbers of the specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573723/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1903" box="[539,648,1830,1853]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[539,648,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">Stylobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongedtosuborder
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[247,379,1862,1885]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Enthemonae">Enthemonae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(node Aof
|
||
<figureCitation box="[511,575,1862,1885]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[229,289,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[219,1480,260,1668]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[208,1488,250,1686]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Actiniidae, including Stylobates calcifer sp. nov., based on the combined data of the 18S, 28S, 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, and COXIII genes. The numbers written with slashes above or below the branches indicate the ML bootstrap support values followed by Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities of each node. Those without slashes indicate only the ML bootstrap support values. Green and pink spaces indicate the species of superfamily Actiniodea and the genus of Stylobates, respectively. The position of S. calcifer sp. nov. is indicated in red. The values less than 50 of bootstrap support or 0.50 of posterior probability are shown by a dash.The numbers after S. calcifer sp. nov., 1 (CMNH-ZG09764), 2 (CMNH-ZG09765), 3 (CMNH-ZG09771), and 4 (NSMT-Co 1796), correspond to the registration numbers of the specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573723/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) and superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Actinioidea">Actinioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(node Bof
|
||
<figureCitation box="[391,455,1894,1917]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[229,289,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[219,1480,260,1668]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[208,1488,250,1686]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Actiniidae, including Stylobates calcifer sp. nov., based on the combined data of the 18S, 28S, 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, and COXIII genes. The numbers written with slashes above or below the branches indicate the ML bootstrap support values followed by Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities of each node. Those without slashes indicate only the ML bootstrap support values. Green and pink spaces indicate the species of superfamily Actiniodea and the genus of Stylobates, respectively. The position of S. calcifer sp. nov. is indicated in red. The values less than 50 of bootstrap support or 0.50 of posterior probability are shown by a dash.The numbers after S. calcifer sp. nov., 1 (CMNH-ZG09764), 2 (CMNH-ZG09765), 3 (CMNH-ZG09771), and 4 (NSMT-Co 1796), correspond to the registration numbers of the specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573723/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), with the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[570,610,1894,1917]" country="France" name="Musee de Lectoure" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">ML</collectionCode>
|
||
bootstrap values/BI posterior probabilities of 100%/1 and 31%/1, respectively. All of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[253,361,1958,1981]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[253,361,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">S. calcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[369,454,1958,1981]" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
sequences formed a monophyletic clade supportedby 99% of the bootstrapvalues and oneposteriorprobability (node Cof
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1143,1203,1798,1821]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[229,289,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[219,1480,260,1668]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[208,1488,250,1686]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Actiniidae, including Stylobates calcifer sp. nov., based on the combined data of the 18S, 28S, 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, and COXIII genes. The numbers written with slashes above or below the branches indicate the ML bootstrap support values followed by Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities of each node. Those without slashes indicate only the ML bootstrap support values. Green and pink spaces indicate the species of superfamily Actiniodea and the genus of Stylobates, respectively. The position of S. calcifer sp. nov. is indicated in red. The values less than 50 of bootstrap support or 0.50 of posterior probability are shown by a dash.The numbers after S. calcifer sp. nov., 1 (CMNH-ZG09764), 2 (CMNH-ZG09765), 3 (CMNH-ZG09771), and 4 (NSMT-Co 1796), correspond to the registration numbers of the specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573723/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thesistercladeof
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[1409,1511,1798,1821]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1409,1511,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">S. calcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[872,953,1830,1853]" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was comprised of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fautin" authorityYear="1987" box="[1143,1352,1830,1853]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="loisetteae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1143,1352,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">Stylobates loisetteae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with high support rate (node D) with
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1115,1154,1862,1885]" country="France" name="Musee de Lectoure" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">ML</collectionCode>
|
||
bootstrap value/BI posterior probability of 99%/1. The interspecific variation of each sequence divergence wascalculated asfollows betweenthe 2 congeneric species in the phylogenetic tree: 0.000 in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1315,1355,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">12S</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity box="[1370,1458,1958,1981]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" unit="in" value="0.002">0.002 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1466,1505,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">16S</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity box="[184,268,1736,1759]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3876" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" unit="in" value="0.094">0.094 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis box="[271,310,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">18S</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity box="[322,406,1736,1759]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1374" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" unit="in" value="0.281">0.281 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis box="[409,448,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">28S</emphasis>
|
||
, and 0.000 in
|
||
<emphasis box="[589,651,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[589,651,1736,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">COIII</collectionCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; the intraspecific variation was usually 0.000 or <0.004 (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[594,697,1768,1791]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="10.[813,865,263,282]" captionTargetBox="[184,1512,364,1181]" captionText="Table 2 Cnidae size ranges of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (NSMT-Co 1794 and NSMT-Co 1796)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/65835AB6FFAE7E47FCAFFEAB9E8C3873" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" tableUuid="65835AB6FFAE7E47FCAFFEAB9E8C3873">Table A2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573715" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7573715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573715/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" startId="6.[389,449,1492,1511]" targetBox="[388,1315,271,1458]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[368,1328,1492,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[389,471,1492,1511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Internal anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[669,826,1492,1511]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[669,826,1492,1511]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="133">Stylobates calcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[833,902,1492,1511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="133" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and longitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573717" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7573717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573717/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" startId="7.[389,449,1457,1476]" targetBox="[388,1310,275,1423]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[368,1329,1457,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[389,473,1457,1476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Histological section of a column of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[820,980,1457,1476]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1457,1476]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">Stylobates calcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[989,1061,1457,1476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), diffuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and diffuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, directive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="134" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[184,824,1736,1983]" lastBlockId="7.[872,1512,1736,1823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,323,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: The specific name “calcifer” is driven fromthe name of a resident fire-demon Calcifer, which appeared in
|
||
<emphasis box="[184,432,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">Howl’ s Moving Castle</emphasis>
|
||
, a fantasy novel by British author Diana Wynne Jones, published in 1986; the story is the original version of the Japanese animated film of the same name, directedby Hayao
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[377,477,1960,1983]" country="Japan" name="Miyazaki" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">Miyazaki</collectingRegion>
|
||
(animated by Studio Ghibli). The shell-making ability of the new species in the species-specific relationship appears as if Calcifer was in a magical contract withthe Wizard Howl, constructing his Moving Castle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[872,1490,1878,1901]" box="[872,1490,1878,1901]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,1194,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">Behavior: feeding response of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[1202,1398,1878,1901]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">Stylobates calcifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1406,1490,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1406,1490,1878,1901]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[872,1512,1925,1981]" lastBlockId="8.[184,825,1399,1806]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">
|
||
Two feeding responses of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[1194,1306,1926,1949]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1194,1306,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">S. calcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1316,1405,1925,1948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode pageId="7" pageNumber="134">CMNHZG</collectionCode>
|
||
09774) were observed: the shrinking body (SB)
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1421,1466,1958,1981]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134">type</typeStatus>
|
||
and the extending oral disk (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[435,491,1399,1422]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">EOD</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
<typeStatus box="[505,552,1399,1422]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. An SB-type response occurred when the sea anemone obtained mashed foods. It began to shrink its sphincter muscles and opened its mouth widely immediately after the mashed foods fell on its mouth or tentacles (Video S1, available online). The SB-type response was recorded five times in this study. The EOD-type response occurredwhenthesea anemoneobtained krilland smallshrimps. Itextendeditsmouth inthe food’ s directionandslightlyshrank the marginal disk and tentacles to carry the food toward the mouth (Video S2, available online). The EOD-type response was recorded three times. In contrast, the sea anemone had no feeding responses to the skipjack tuna, brine shrimps, and liveshrimps (
|
||
<emphasis box="[321,358,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[368,522,1783,1806]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Palaemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[368,474,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Palaemon</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Video S3, available online).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573719" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7573719" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573719/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" startId="8.[205,265,1149,1168]" targetBox="[184,824,268,1123]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[184,825,1149,1301]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[205,285,1149,1168]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
External morphology of the carcinoecium produced by
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Stylobates calcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[294,358,1176,1195]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(A, B) The dorsal and ventral view of the carcinoecium on the shell of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Yokoyama, 1928)" baseAuthorityName="Yokoyama" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[281,657,1202,1221]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plesiotrochidae" genus="Trochocerithium" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="shikoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[281,499,1202,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Trochocerithium shikoensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Yokoyama, 1928)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMNH-ZG09764). (C, D) The dorsal and ventral view of the carcinoecium on the shell of
|
||
<emphasis box="[767,824,1229,1248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Clavus</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (CMNH-ZG09766). Scale bars = 5 mm. car, carcinoecium; os, original shell.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[184,687,1879,1902]" box="[184,687,1879,1902]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis box="[184,687,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Behavioral relationship with host hermit crabs</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[184,824,1926,1982]" lastBlockId="8.[872,1512,265,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">
|
||
The first host hermit crab’ s shell change behavior was observed on
|
||
<date box="[289,480,1959,1982]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" value="2020-02-20">February 20, 2020</date>
|
||
(Video S4, available online). After the hermit crab entered the new shell, it walked to the empty shell and started to detach the sea anemone from the shell (observation S1: Video S4). The detaching behavior of the hermit crab consisted of short and quick tapping, pinching of the sea anemone with its walking legs and chelae, and massaging with its walking legs and its shell (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1324,1409,425,448]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[389,449,1366,1385]" captionTargetBox="[394,1302,257,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-230@12.[368,1328,250,1340]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Behavioral sequence of the hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini transferring the sea anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. from the original snail Glossaulax reiniana shell to a new one. (A) The hermit crab begins tapping the pedal disk and column of the sea anemone with its walking legs and chelipeds. (B) The hermit crab uses one or both of its chelipeds to pinch and remove S. calcifer sp. nov. from the G. reiniana shell. (C) Sty- lobates calcifer sp. nov. displays no shell-mounting action after being removed from the original shell. (D) The sea anemone is turned to the upside-down position (facing up the pedal disk) by the crab. (C) The hermit crab rides on the pedal disk of the sea anemone and fits the shell to the curved line of the pedal disk. (E) The sea anemone settles down in a new shell of the host hermit crab with a usual position." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573725/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
; observation S1: Video S4). The hermit crab often tapped the edge of the pedal disk of the sea anemone and sometimes pinched the sea anemone’ s tentacles and oral disk, using both chelipeds. Moreover, the hermit crab rode on the sea anemone and shook and tapped it withthe shell rhythmically and constantly at about six stimulations per minute. Although the hermit crab had been continually giving the tactile stimulations to the sea anemone, there was no observed cooperative reaction, which was an apparent or quick reaction observed in other symbiotic sea anemones in shallow water (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1466,1505,745,768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[872,1029,777,800]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hormathiidae" genus="Calliactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,977,777,800]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Calliactis</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1081,1242,777,800]" class="Anthozoa" family="Sagartiidae" genus="Verrillactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1081,1204,777,800]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Verrillactis</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ross, D. M." box="[1266,1390,777,800]" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, New York" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" refId="ref13652" refString="Ross, D. M. 1974. Behavior patterns in associations and interactions with other animals. Pp. 281 - 312 in Coelenterate Biology: Reviews and New Perspectives, L. Muscatine and H. M. Lenhoff, eds. Academic Press, New York." title="Behavior patterns in associations and interactions with other animals. Pp. 281 - 312 in Coelenterate Biology: Reviews and New Perspectives, L. Muscatine and H. M. Lenhoff, eds" type="book" year="1974">Ross, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ross, D. M." box="[1401,1458,777,800]" journalOrPublisher="Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab." pageId="8" pageNumber="135" pagination="157 - 170" part="22" refId="ref13702" refString="Ross, D. M. 1975. The behavior of pagurids in symbiotic associations with actinians in Japan. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 22: 157 - 170." title="The behavior of pagurids in symbiotic associations with actinians in Japan" type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yoshikawa, A. & R. Goto & A. Asakura" journalOrPublisher="Crustac. Res." pageId="8" pageNumber="135" pagination="55 - 64" part="47" refId="ref13981" refString="Yoshikawa, A., R. Goto, and A. Asakura. 2018. Transfer of the gatekeeper sea anemone Verrillactis sp. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Sagartiidae) between shells by the host hermit crab Dardanus deformis (H. Milne Edwards, 1836) (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae). Crustac. Res. 47: 55 - 64." title="Transfer of the gatekeeper sea anemone Verrillactis sp. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Sagartiidae) between shells by the host hermit crab Dardanus deformis (H. Milne Edwards, 1836) (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae)" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis box="[969,1025,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Then, the host hermit crab repeated the above behavioral series continuously; however, failure in transference of the sea anemone and its subsequent return to the previous shells are shown in observation S
|
||
<quantity box="[1418,1458,905,928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[205,265,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[192,820,1304,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-785@2.[184,824,1294,1831]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Sampling locations of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. Locations included the areas sampled with the deep-sea trawling net by R/V Seisuimaru, Mie University (November 17, 2017) (star); the fishing trawlers; the area where the fisheries were conducted (filled circles); and the location of the fishing ports (open circles)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573709" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573709/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Figure A1</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[872,1512,265,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">
|
||
The host hermit crab’ s second shell change behavior was observed on
|
||
<date box="[1011,1210,1001,1024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135" value="2020-02-28">February 28, 2020</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1226,1312,1001,1024]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[205,265,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[192,820,1304,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-785@2.[184,824,1294,1831]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Sampling locations of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. Locations included the areas sampled with the deep-sea trawling net by R/V Seisuimaru, Mie University (November 17, 2017) (star); the fishing trawlers; the area where the fisheries were conducted (filled circles); and the location of the fishing ports (open circles)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573709" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573709/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Fig. A1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although no apparent reaction was observed with this sea anemone, its position was gradually moved and peeled off from the shell (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[880,961,1097,1120]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[389,449,1366,1385]" captionTargetBox="[394,1302,257,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-230@12.[368,1328,250,1340]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Behavioral sequence of the hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini transferring the sea anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. from the original snail Glossaulax reiniana shell to a new one. (A) The hermit crab begins tapping the pedal disk and column of the sea anemone with its walking legs and chelipeds. (B) The hermit crab uses one or both of its chelipeds to pinch and remove S. calcifer sp. nov. from the G. reiniana shell. (C) Sty- lobates calcifer sp. nov. displays no shell-mounting action after being removed from the original shell. (D) The sea anemone is turned to the upside-down position (facing up the pedal disk) by the crab. (C) The hermit crab rides on the pedal disk of the sea anemone and fits the shell to the curved line of the pedal disk. (E) The sea anemone settles down in a new shell of the host hermit crab with a usual position." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573725/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
; observation S2-1: Video S5, available online). During the hermit crab’ s transference behavior, the column extended to the paniculate shape from the thin and flat shape (original shape) (observation S2-1: VideoS5). Finally, rather than being spontaneously detached, the sea anemone was peeled off from the shell by the hermitcrab about 12 hours after the crab’ s shell change (observation S2-2: Video S6, available online).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[872,1512,265,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">
|
||
After detachment, despite the intense effort of the hermit crab to replace the sea anemone by carrying and fitting to the shell, the sea anemone showed no apparent shell-mounting action (observation S2-2: Video S6). However, the host hermit crab continued to carry the sea anemone and fit it onto the shell. When the sea anemone was turned to the upside-down position (facing up the pedal disk) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1249,1332,1545,1568]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[389,449,1366,1385]" captionTargetBox="[394,1302,257,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-230@12.[368,1328,250,1340]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Behavioral sequence of the hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini transferring the sea anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. from the original snail Glossaulax reiniana shell to a new one. (A) The hermit crab begins tapping the pedal disk and column of the sea anemone with its walking legs and chelipeds. (B) The hermit crab uses one or both of its chelipeds to pinch and remove S. calcifer sp. nov. from the G. reiniana shell. (C) Sty- lobates calcifer sp. nov. displays no shell-mounting action after being removed from the original shell. (D) The sea anemone is turned to the upside-down position (facing up the pedal disk) by the crab. (C) The hermit crab rides on the pedal disk of the sea anemone and fits the shell to the curved line of the pedal disk. (E) The sea anemone settles down in a new shell of the host hermit crab with a usual position." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573725/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
), the hermit crab rode on the pedal disk of the sea anemone and attempted to fit the shell to the curved line of the pedal disk (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1339,1453,1609,1632]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[389,449,1366,1385]" captionTargetBox="[394,1302,257,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-230@12.[368,1328,250,1340]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Behavioral sequence of the hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini transferring the sea anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. from the original snail Glossaulax reiniana shell to a new one. (A) The hermit crab begins tapping the pedal disk and column of the sea anemone with its walking legs and chelipeds. (B) The hermit crab uses one or both of its chelipeds to pinch and remove S. calcifer sp. nov. from the G. reiniana shell. (C) Sty- lobates calcifer sp. nov. displays no shell-mounting action after being removed from the original shell. (D) The sea anemone is turned to the upside-down position (facing up the pedal disk) by the crab. (C) The hermit crab rides on the pedal disk of the sea anemone and fits the shell to the curved line of the pedal disk. (E) The sea anemone settles down in a new shell of the host hermit crab with a usual position." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573725/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Fig. 8C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The host hermitcrab kept trying until the sea anemone started shell mounting.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[872,1512,265,1984]" lastBlockId="9.[184,824,1768,1983]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">
|
||
After about 43 h from the host’ s shell change and 18 h from detachment, the sea anemone began to mount the shell (observation S2-3: Video S7, available online). While the sea anemone was moving to the shell, the hermit crab was still tapping and pinching the sea anemone as in its detaching behavior (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[984,1071,1865,1888]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[389,449,1366,1385]" captionTargetBox="[394,1302,257,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-230@12.[368,1328,250,1340]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Behavioral sequence of the hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini transferring the sea anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. from the original snail Glossaulax reiniana shell to a new one. (A) The hermit crab begins tapping the pedal disk and column of the sea anemone with its walking legs and chelipeds. (B) The hermit crab uses one or both of its chelipeds to pinch and remove S. calcifer sp. nov. from the G. reiniana shell. (C) Sty- lobates calcifer sp. nov. displays no shell-mounting action after being removed from the original shell. (D) The sea anemone is turned to the upside-down position (facing up the pedal disk) by the crab. (C) The hermit crab rides on the pedal disk of the sea anemone and fits the shell to the curved line of the pedal disk. (E) The sea anemone settles down in a new shell of the host hermit crab with a usual position." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573725/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
|
||
; observation S2-4: Video S8, available online). Finally, the sea anemone settled down on the new shell of the host hermit crab with a usual position facing the upper oral disk (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1096,1180,1961,1984]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[389,449,1366,1385]" captionTargetBox="[394,1302,257,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-230@12.[368,1328,250,1340]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Behavioral sequence of the hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini transferring the sea anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. from the original snail Glossaulax reiniana shell to a new one. (A) The hermit crab begins tapping the pedal disk and column of the sea anemone with its walking legs and chelipeds. (B) The hermit crab uses one or both of its chelipeds to pinch and remove S. calcifer sp. nov. from the G. reiniana shell. (C) Sty- lobates calcifer sp. nov. displays no shell-mounting action after being removed from the original shell. (D) The sea anemone is turned to the upside-down position (facing up the pedal disk) by the crab. (C) The hermit crab rides on the pedal disk of the sea anemone and fits the shell to the curved line of the pedal disk. (E) The sea anemone settles down in a new shell of the host hermit crab with a usual position." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573725/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="135">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||
; observation S2-4: Video S8). In summary, the transfer of the sea anemone took more than 24 h after the second shell change of the host hermit crab, that is, 12 h for detachment from the previous shell, 12 h for the mounting behavior after detachment, and 4 h to complete the transfer (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[379,464,1896,1919]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[205,265,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[192,820,1304,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-785@2.[184,824,1294,1831]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Sampling locations of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. Locations included the areas sampled with the deep-sea trawling net by R/V Seisuimaru, Mie University (November 17, 2017) (star); the fishing trawlers; the area where the fisheries were conducted (filled circles); and the location of the fishing ports (open circles)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573709" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573709/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="136">Fig. A1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573721" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7573721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573721/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="136" startId="9.[389,449,1613,1632]" subCaptionStartIDs="9.[964,1041,1641,1660]" subCaptionStarts="diagrams " targetBox="[389,1307,258,1569]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[368,1328,1613,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[389,471,1613,1632]" pageId="9" pageNumber="136">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Size distribution of the cnidae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi, 2022" authorityName="Yoshikawa & Izumi & Moritaki & Kimura & Yanagi" authorityYear="2022" box="[780,937,1614,1633]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Stylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="136" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="calcifer" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[780,937,1614,1633]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="136">Stylobates calcifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[944,1013,1614,1633]" pageId="9" pageNumber="136" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(holotype: NSMT-Co 1794). (i) The examined positions of the sea anemone and the corresponding scatter diagrams (A–E). (ii) The measured parameters of the cnidae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[184,824,1768,1983]" lastBlockId="10.[184,824,1255,1310]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="9" pageNumber="136">
|
||
In summary, the host hermit crab’ s shell change behavior was observed twice on February 20 (Video S4) and
|
||
<date box="[754,1005,1768,1983]" pageId="9" pageNumber="136" value="2020-02-28">February 28, 2020</date>
|
||
. In the first trial (observation S1), the hermitcrab tried to transfer the CF anemone from 22:00 hours on February 20 to 24:00 hours on February 22 but failed, returning to the previous shell on February 22. However, in its second attempt (observations S2-1 to S2-4), it successfully transferred the CF anemone onto the new shell (observation S2-4: Video S8). Despite the persistent manipulation by the host hermit crab for more than 12 h, the sea anemone did not show a visible, consistent reaction to the crab.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |