253 lines
27 KiB
XML
253 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389012" checkinTime="1669969214251" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana" docDate="2022" docId="B220879377261D64FDAD4CA4FE53D8DA" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.56.41-44.1841-1868.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Halictillus reticulatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="1860" masterDocId="4E19FFEB77291D77FFA04947FFBFDE4E" masterDocTitle="Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)" masterLastPageNumber="1868" masterPageNumber="1841" pageNumber="1856" updateTime="1670004372637" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-11-30</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>56</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>45 - 48</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1841</mods:start>
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<mods:end>1868</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7389012</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B220879377261D64FDAD4CA4FE53D8DA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B220879377261D64FDAD4CA4FE53D8DA" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1860" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">
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<subSubSection box="[525,791,1507,1533]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[525,791,1507,1533]" box="[525,791,1507,1533]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">
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<heading bold="true" box="[525,791,1507,1533]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravel" box="[525,791,1507,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[525,791,1507,1533]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">Halictillus reticulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[457,858,1548,1574]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[457,858,1548,1574]" box="[457,858,1548,1574]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[465,588,1548,1574]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[160,225,545,568]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetId="figure-405@10.[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Nesting site of Co. ampliata and H. reticulatus near Lake Lácar. (a) Habitat; (b) nest entrances with the characteristic tumulus of soil (in this case, Co. ampliata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389023/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">Figures 3a</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[600,617,1548,1574]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[160,227,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,1324,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-425@17.[163,1153,1324,1644]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Halictillus reticulatus nesting site in Challhuaco Valley. (a) Habitat; (b) male on Chrysanthemum sp.; (c) seven males feeding on Chrysanthemum sp., near the nesting site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389032/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">7</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[628,655,1548,1574]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1408,1431]" captionTargetBox="[165,1151,143,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-1@18.[163,1153,142,1376]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Profile of a typical nest of the studied species. (a) Co. bruchiana; (b) Co. nahuelita; (c) H. reticulatus (Table S12: nest 3); (d) Ca. aureoviridis; (e) Co. ampliata; (f) H. amplilobus (Table S10: nest 3). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389036/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">8c</figureCitation>
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; Tables S12–S13)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1860" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[160,265,1616,1642]" box="[160,265,1616,1642]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">
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<heading bold="true" box="[160,265,1616,1642]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,265,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">Nest site</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[160,1155,1669,1728]" lastBlockId="16.[160,1156,1212,1307]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="1857" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">
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Three nests were found in a slope
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wide ×
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<quantity box="[709,755,1669,1694]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
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long in the Challhuaco Valley (
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<collectingRegion country="Argentina" name="Rio Negro" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">Río Negro</collectingRegion>
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) (
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<figureCitation box="[251,355,1703,1728]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[160,227,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,1324,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-425@17.[163,1153,1324,1644]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Halictillus reticulatus nesting site in Challhuaco Valley. (a) Habitat; (b) male on Chrysanthemum sp.; (c) seven males feeding on Chrysanthemum sp., near the nesting site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389032/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1856">Figure 7a</figureCitation>
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). The soil was dry and slightly sandy, and it contained some stones. The nest entrances were
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apart. Two additional nests of this species were found in the same flat ground near Lake Lácar where the nests of
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<taxonomicName box="[744,882,1247,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliata">
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<emphasis box="[744,882,1247,1272]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">Co. ampliata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were studied (
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<figureCitation box="[1046,1150,1247,1272]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[160,225,545,568]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetId="figure-405@10.[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Nesting site of Co. ampliata and H. reticulatus near Lake Lácar. (a) Habitat; (b) nest entrances with the characteristic tumulus of soil (in this case, Co. ampliata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389023/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">Figure 3a</figureCitation>
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, see
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<taxonomicName box="[205,345,1282,1307]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliata">
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<emphasis box="[205,345,1282,1307]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">Co. ampliata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for site description). Nests from both sites were dug by midsummer.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389030" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389030/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857" startId="16.[160,225,1072,1095]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1040]" targetPageId="16">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[160,1155,1072,1154]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,249,1072,1095]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">Figure 6.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gonzalez-Vaquero. All" box="[255,458,1072,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplilobus">
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<emphasis box="[255,458,1072,1095]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">Halictillus amplilobus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, nesting site in Sierra de Los Difuntos, Buenos Aires. (a) Habitat; (b) cell cluster at the end of a burrow; (c) bank where the nests were found; (d) entrances of the nests; (e) cluster with open and close cells. Scale bars: b, d = 1 cm, e = 5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[160,331,1373,1399]" box="[160,331,1373,1399]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">
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<heading bold="true" box="[160,331,1373,1399]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,331,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">Nest structure</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[160,1156,1426,1728]" lastBlockId="17.[160,1156,142,583]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1858" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">
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The nests from the Challhuaco Valley had very small entrances (x = 2.0 mm SD = 0.5, n = 3), but the burrow widened considerably immediately below (x =
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<quantity box="[880,965,1461,1486]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
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SD = 0.2, n = 3) (Table S12). Each nest had 4–9 (x = 7.0 SD = 2.7, n = 3) cells, which were at
|
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<quantity box="[973,1046,1495,1520]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857" unit="cm" value="4.1">4.1 cm</quantity>
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(SD = 0.4, n = 3) from the surface. The cells were in a comb-like cluster, horizontally orientated, with their openings facing the tunnel, but the chamber was not clearly defined. One nest (Table S12: nest 1) had two cells on each side of the tunnel, while another nest (Table S12: nest 3,
|
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<figureCitation box="[241,345,1634,1659]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1408,1431]" captionTargetBox="[165,1151,143,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-1@18.[163,1153,142,1376]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Profile of a typical nest of the studied species. (a) Co. bruchiana; (b) Co. nahuelita; (c) H. reticulatus (Table S12: nest 3); (d) Ca. aureoviridis; (e) Co. ampliata; (f) H. amplilobus (Table S10: nest 3). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389036/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1857">Figure 8c</figureCitation>
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) had two cells with faeces and filled with soil located opposite a cluster with seven cells (four active, closed cells, and three empty, open cells). All the nests had some open cells with faeces. The entrances of the cells that were closed were smooth on the outer side (facing the burrow) and rough on the inner side. The cells were very fragile and only a few were extracted intact. The cells were ovoid in shape, with the following measurements: 2.7–3.0 mm maximum width;
|
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length (n = 2). The main tunnel turned beyond the cells, and ended in a blind burrow (x =
|
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<quantity box="[825,899,246,271]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" unit="cm" value="7.5">7.5 cm</quantity>
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SD = 1.3, n = 3).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[160,1156,142,583]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">
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The nests of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravel" box="[337,481,281,306]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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<emphasis box="[337,481,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">H. reticulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the site near Lake Lácar had a radial tumulus of loose soil like the nests of
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<taxonomicName box="[392,532,316,341]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliata">
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<emphasis box="[392,532,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">Co. ampliata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but the tumulus was smaller (
|
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diameter) in this species, and the bees did not appear or re-make the tumulus immediately after it was removed. The nests had an entrance of
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<quantity box="[618,703,385,410]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
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(SD = 0.3, n = 2) in diameter, and they consisted of a vertical burrow that ended
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<quantity box="[631,700,420,445]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
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(SD = 1.4, n = 2) from the surface (Table S13). In one of the nests the deepest
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<quantity box="[591,647,454,479]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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of the tunnel was slightly wider, suggesting a poorly defined chamber. No cells were detected in these nests, but some old cells may have gone unnoticed due to weather conditions at the moment of the excavation (see details in
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<taxonomicName box="[269,409,558,583]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliata">
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<emphasis box="[269,409,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">Co. ampliata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="17.[160,385,668,694]" box="[160,385,668,694]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[160,385,668,694]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" reason="3">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,385,668,694]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">Nesting behaviour</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="17.[160,1157,721,1231]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">
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Unfortunately no adults were observed in the nests found in the Challhuaco Valley, but I was able to associate these nests to the species due to the advanced degree of sclerotisation of the pupae (Table S12). One of the nests found near Lake Lácar had
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<specimenCount box="[160,297,825,850]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" type="female">11 females</specimenCount>
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; only one of them had fully worn mandibles and wings, while the remaining specimens had entire mandibles and only some of them had one or two notches in the wings (Table S13: nest 2). Two females were found in the other nest (Table S13: nest 1), both with very low mandible and wing wear. I did not detect clusters or cells in these nests, and none of the females had well-developed ovaries. Data suggest that the female with worn mandibles and wings from Nest 2 could have been the founder of the nest and the mother of the remaining females. As in
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<taxonomicName box="[160,306,1068,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliata">
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<emphasis box="[160,306,1068,1093]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">Co. ampliata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, although this could be evidence of eusocial behaviour due to overlap of generations, given the time of the year when the nests were studied it is more plausible that the bees were using their natal nest as a refuge, and were soon to enter diapause. Unfortunately the data are insufficient to infer whether
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravel" box="[1007,1155,1172,1197]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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<emphasis box="[1007,1155,1172,1197]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">H. reticulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has some form of social behaviour.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389032" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389032/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" startId="17.[160,227,1675,1698]" targetBox="[163,1153,1324,1644]" targetPageId="17">
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||
<paragraph blockId="17.[160,1156,1675,1727]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,261,1675,1698]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">Figure 7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravel" box="[276,490,1675,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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<emphasis box="[276,490,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">Halictillus reticulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nesting site in Challhuaco Valley. (a) Habitat; (b) male on
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<taxonomicName box="[160,355,1704,1727]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chrysanthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis box="[160,317,1704,1727]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">Chrysanthemum</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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; (c) seven males feeding on
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<taxonomicName box="[637,832,1704,1727]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chrysanthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis box="[637,794,1704,1727]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1858">Chrysanthemum</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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, near the nesting site.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389036/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859" startId="18.[160,225,1408,1431]" targetBox="[165,1151,143,1356]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[160,1157,1408,1489]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,254,1408,1431]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Profile of a typical nest of the studied species. (a)
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schrottky" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[795,931,1408,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruchiana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[795,931,1408,1431]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859">Co. bruchiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (b)
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gonzalez-Vaquero and Roig-Alsina" box="[985,1115,1408,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nahuelita">
|
||
<emphasis box="[985,1115,1408,1431]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859">Co. nahuelita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (c)
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravel" box="[160,288,1437,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,288,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859">H. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table S12: nest 3); (d)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[536,685,1437,1460]" class="Insecta" genus="Callistochlora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureoviridis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[536,685,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859">Ca. aureoviridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (e)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[734,859,1437,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[734,859,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859">Co. ampliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (f)
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gonzalez-Vaquero. All" box="[902,1036,1437,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplilobus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[902,1036,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1859">H. amplilobus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table S10: nest 3). Scale bars = 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389040" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389040/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" startId="19.[160,225,432,455]" targetBox="[164,1137,144,398]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[160,1156,432,602]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,252,432,455]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Schematic diagram of the life cycle of the studied species, modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schwarz MP & Richards MH & Danforth BN" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" pagination="127 - 150" refId="ref15839" refString="Schwarz MP, Richards MH, Danforth BN. 2007. Changing paradigms in insect social evolution: insights from halictine and allodapine bees. Annu Rev Entomol. 52: 127 - 150. doi: 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 51.110104.150950." type="journal article" year="2007">Schwarz et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Black arrows indicate brood oviposition, grey arrows indicate females that overwinter. Species studied in Central Argentina (Buenos Aires) and Central Chile (Santiago Metropolitan Area) produced two (or more) broods, while those studied at southern latitudes, in Patagonia, produced only one brood. See references in Table 4. Active period of females and male appearance in the field can be found in Table S14.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389042" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389042/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" startId="19.[160,225,1305,1328]" targetBox="[163,1153,661,1273]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[160,1157,1305,1358]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,267,1305,1328]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Locations where the studies were performed in Argentina (present study) and Chile. Geographical coordinates are given in Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[160,1157,1416,1684]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">
|
||
Only well-developed pupae were found in the nests dug at the end of January, and 5 days later (
|
||
<date box="[379,578,1451,1476]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" value="2011-02-02">2 February 2011</date>
|
||
) several dozen males were found in flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[160,386,1485,1510]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chrysanthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,342,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">Chrysanthemum</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[401,530,1485,1510]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) near the area studied (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[816,946,1485,1510]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[160,227,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,1324,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-425@17.[163,1153,1324,1644]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Halictillus reticulatus nesting site in Challhuaco Valley. (a) Habitat; (b) male on Chrysanthemum sp.; (c) seven males feeding on Chrysanthemum sp., near the nesting site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389032/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">Figure 7b,c</figureCitation>
|
||
). These data may suggest an explosive peak of males in midsummer, as happened with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[978,1149,1520,1545]" class="Insecta" genus="Callistochlora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureoviridis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[978,1149,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">Ca. aureoviridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although I observed an unbiased sex ratio in the pupae of the few nests studied (5 f:
|
||
<quantity box="[202,251,1589,1614]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
||
). Since males appear in the field at the beginning of January (Table S14), it is inferred that
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravel" box="[314,461,1624,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[314,461,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">H. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be univoltine, like the other species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1851" box="[1054,1155,1624,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1054,1155,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1860">Corynura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group that inhabit the area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |