288 lines
56 KiB
XML
288 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="A3C3E980C81EA55BA0987C72F05E364A" ID-CLB-Dataset="30562" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4392.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dbcec4ac-cf8f-4215-a445-a63e65e0f02f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1195409" ID-ZooBank="C1A8F758-D41A-404C-A5C4-6CBC476EA324" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1520684441588" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Okanishi, Masanori & Fujita, Toshihiko" docDate="2018" docId="2526AA33FF94417AD9C2E9A0FD64D40F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.43922.2.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4392 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Astrodendrum capense" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="302" masterDocId="D91FD24BFF984177D955EC4FFFEAD327" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic review of the genus Astrodendrum (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Euryalida, Gorgonocephalidae) with description of a new species from Japan" masterLastPageNumber="310" masterPageNumber="289" pageNumber="301" updateTime="1698529305170" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3033A627E2ABA8C8BFABBD9DD62528BB">A taxonomic review of the genus Astrodendrum (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Euryalida, Gorgonocephalidae) with description of a new species from Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F9F321A028053014A8C4CA116E9146C3">Okanishi, Masanori</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="20F6F30A58D745152227DDB3EEFD8020">Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="73D671FDF820FA495F4C0DD1F27ED1DD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1E19C8140C553A9ACACE8469AA19A670">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="83C100ACD6C8C8F0F767DCF8D7CFE5F0">
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<mods:date id="AE9BC00313E0F34D542FE4803A21515A">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6F428E7CD0EDCB7B50ACB887556DA67F">2018-03-09</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E5EF06EA8E48412BCFDC7E38BE53F702">4392</mods:number>
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<treatment id="2526AA33FF94417AD9C2E9A0FD64D40F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5998501" ID-GBIF-Taxon="142212006" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5998501" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF94417AD9C2E9A0FD64D40F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2526AA33FF94417AD9C2E9A0FD64D40F" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF94417BD9C2E9A0FEE1D50C" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD9C2E9A0FD7DD52D" blockId="12.[151,663,1519,1579]" box="[151,663,1519,1546]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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<heading id="F678AC49FF94417BD9C2E9A0FD7DD52D" bold="true" box="[151,663,1519,1546]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD9C2E9A0FD7DD52D" ID-CoL="J485" authority="(Mortensen, 1933)" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[151,663,1519,1546]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capense">
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<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD9C2E9A0FD7DD52D" bold="true" box="[151,663,1519,1546]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD9C2E9A0FE46D52E" bold="true" box="[151,428,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Astrodendrum capense</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD8EEE9BFFD65D52D" box="[443,655,1520,1546]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9575" refString="Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 93 (65), 215 - 400." type="journal article">Mortensen, 1933</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD9C2EA5DFEE1D50C" blockId="12.[151,663,1519,1579]" box="[151,267,1554,1579]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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(
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<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BD9CAEA5DFF0DD50C" box="[159,231,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Figs 8</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BD9A6EA5CFEE8D50C" box="[243,258,1555,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">9</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF94417BD9C2EA14FC50D5A8" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD9C2EA14FC50D5A8" blockId="12.[151,1225,1626,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD9C2EA14FDF0D557" authority="Mortensen, 1933" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,538,1626,1648]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astroconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD9C2EA14FE8FD557" box="[151,357,1627,1648]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Astroconus capensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD839EA14FDF0D557" box="[364,538,1626,1648]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9575" refString="Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 93 (65), 215 - 400." type="journal article">Mortensen, 1933</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. 285–288, fig. 19a–e;—
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<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDA45EA15FB79D557" box="[784,1171,1626,1648]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9201" refString="Clark, A. M. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The echinoderms of southern Africa. Publication No. 766. British Museum (Natural History), London, 277 pp." type="book">A. M. Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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||
. 132.
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<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD9C2EA36FE70D5A8" box="[151,410,1657,1679]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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||
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD9C2EA36FECDD5A8" ID-CoL="7NRM3" box="[151,295,1657,1679]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrodendrum</taxonomicName>
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capensis—
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD8CEEA36FDF3D5A8" box="[411,537,1657,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9030" refString="Baker, A. N. (1980) Euryalinid Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Australia, New Zealand, and the south-west Pacific Ocean. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 7, 11 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1980.10423763" type="journal article">Baker, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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||
. 58;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDB1CEA36FCF4D5A8" box="[585,798,1657,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref8955" refString="Alva, V. & Vadon, C. (1989) Ophiuroids from the western coast of Africa (Namibia and Guinea Bissau). Scientia Marina, 53 (4), 827 - 845." type="journal article">Alva & Vadon, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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||
. 831, fig. 1c–d.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF94417BD9C2EAF3FCDBD5DF" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD9C2EAF3FCDBD5DF" blockId="12.[151,1437,1724,2037]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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||
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF94417BD9C2EAF3FCDBD5DF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834883970" collectingDate="1929-08" collectionCode="ZMUC" collectorName="Fisheries Survey" country="South Africa" elevation="415" location="northeastern Durban" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" specimenCode="OPH-80" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD9C2EAF3FEBED5F2" bold="true" box="[151,340,1724,1749]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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||
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF94417BD9C2EAF3FF38D5F2" box="[151,210,1724,1749]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Type</typeStatus>
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||
materials.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<collectionCode id="CB9E83E0FF94417BD80AEAF3FE5AD5F3" box="[351,432,1724,1748]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">ZMUC</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="FD29B35EFF94417BD8EEEAF3FDF1D5F3" box="[443,539,1724,1748]" collectionCode="OPH-" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">OPH-80</specimenCode>
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,
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<typeStatus id="7234A587FF94417BDB7FEAF3FD65D5F2" box="[554,655,1724,1749]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
, collected by
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<collectorName id="007A7EF3FF94417BDA63EAF3FC1CD5F3" box="[822,1014,1724,1749]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fisheries Survey</collectorName>
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||
,
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<location id="A8504DFEFF94417BDD53EAF3FB18D5F2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF94417AD9C2E9A0FD64D40F:A8504DFEFF94417BDD53EAF3FB18D5F2" box="[1030,1266,1724,1749]" country="South Africa" name="northeastern Durban" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">northeastern Durban</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF94417BDC54EAF3FA72D5F2" box="[1281,1432,1724,1749]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, 29˚51.00’S, 31˚28.00’E,
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<elevation id="26A2FC16FF94417BD8FAEA90FE1CD5D0" box="[431,502,1759,1784]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" unit="m" value="415.0">
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<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF94417BD8FAEA90FE1CD5D0" box="[431,502,1759,1784]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" unit="m" value="415.0">415 m</quantity>
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</elevation>
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deep,
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<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF94417BDB6AEAAFFD25D5DF" box="[575,719,1760,1784]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" value="1929-08">
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<date id="D9313DE5FF94417BDB6AEAAFFD25D5DF" box="[575,719,1760,1784]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" value="1929-08">August 1929</date>
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</collectingDate>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDB8AEA90FCCAD5DF" box="[735,800,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[273,1322,208,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[194,1390,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution of Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., A. capense, A. elingamita, A. galapagense, A. laevigatum and A. sagaminum. Red symbols indicate type localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195411/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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||
).
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF94417BD992EB4BFE09D48B" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992EB4BFE09D48B" blockId="12.[151,1437,1724,2037]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD992EB4BFEABD43A" bold="true" box="[199,321,1796,1821]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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External ossicles granular, fully in contact and large conical, separated on aboral disc; external ossicles plate shaped, fully in contact and conical, separated on interradial lateral disc; external ossicles plateshaped, fully in contact on oral surface of disc; bulges of lateral edges of proximal portion of arms absent; 2 or 3 terminal projections on each arm spine in proximal portion of arm; 1 or 2 secondary teeth on each hook-shaped arm spine in distal portion of arm.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF94417AD992EBF7FBEED50B" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417AD992EBF7FC36D18F" blockId="12.[151,1437,1724,2037]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1832]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD992EBF7FE0DD4F6" bold="true" box="[199,487,1976,2001]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
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||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF94417BD82CEBF7FE08D4F6" box="[377,482,1976,2001]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
.
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</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD8BAEBF6FDC0D4F7" box="[495,554,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Disc.</emphasis>
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Disc five-lobed with notched interradial edges,
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||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF94417BDD05EBF7FB4AD4F7" box="[1104,1184,1976,2001]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
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in disc diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDC3AEBF7FF56D4D3" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
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||
). Radial shields tumid (
|
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<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BD892EB93FD92D4D3" box="[455,632,2012,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1932,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,445,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,445,1911]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Astrodendrum galapagense, holotype (USNM 38581). A, aboral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, periphery of radial shield; D, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; E, jaws, arrowheads indicate teeth; F, oral periphery of the disc. Abbreviation: T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195429/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Figs 10A, C, D</figureCitation>
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||
). Aboral disc entirely covered by small granular external ossicles, fully in contact, and large conical external ossicles, separated and scattered on radial shields and lateral marginal edge of disc (
|
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<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD986ECF3FE80D3F3" box="[211,362,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8A, B, F</figureCitation>
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). Granular external ossicles approximately 100–150 µm in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADD01ECF3FB2DD3F3" box="[1108,1223,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The large conical external ossicles approximately 400–1300 µm in length on radial shields and 350–750 µm in length at lateral marginal edge of disc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD8CEED4BFE1BD23B" box="[411,497,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Radial shields completely concealed by external ossicles, bar-like, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417AD9C2ED67FF0DD218" box="[151,231,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417AD836ED67FE4FD218" box="[355,421,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, and almost reaching disc center (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADAC7ED68FC06D267" box="[914,1004,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oral surface of disc covered by flat, polygonal plate-shaped external ossicles, fully in contact, approximately 300–450 um in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADD81ED03FABBD243" box="[1236,1361,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Figs 8G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADC08ED03FA7AD243" box="[1373,1424,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1311,1333]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,167,1288]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,167,1301]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Astrodendrum galapagense, holotype (USNM 38581). A, interradial lateral surface of the disc; B, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; C, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; D, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of the proximal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral side of the arms (B–E). Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; GS, genital slit; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195431/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">11A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oral shields, adoral shields, oral plates and ventral arm plates completely concealed by external ossicles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADC60ED20FA65D2AF" box="[1333,1423,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Uniformly flat and spiniform teeth on dental plates, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417ADAD3EDDBFC12D28B" box="[902,1016,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="4.25" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
length and approximately 10 on each dental plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD87DEDF8FE68D2F7" box="[296,386,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Smaller acute and spine formed teeth on edge of each oral plate, approximately 1.2–2.0 mm in length and
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417AD860ED93FE70D2D2" box="[309,410,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" metricValueMax="3.556" metricValueMin="3.048" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="in" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12–14 in</quantity>
|
||
number (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADB5FED93FD8FD2D3" box="[522,613,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interradial surface of lateral disc covered by flat plate-shaped external ossicles, fully in contact, and conical external ossicles, separated and scattered (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADD63EDB0FB78D13F" box="[1078,1170,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Plate-shaped external ossicles approximately 100 um in length and granular external ossicles approximately 100–150 um in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADC3AEE6BFF51D147" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Two genital slits (
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417AD8C2EE08FE05D178" box="[407,495,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417ADB0AEE08FD5FD178" box="[607,693,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) in each interradius (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADAB7EE08FBD0D147" box="[994,1082,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Minute spinule ossicles along genital slits, 70–80 µm in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADB4CEE23FD79D1A3" box="[537,659,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8B, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). One inconspicuous large, elliptical madreporite situated on an oral interradius, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417AD890EEC0FDECD180" box="[453,518,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417ADBF3EEC0FD16D180" box="[678,764,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADA20EEC0FC25D18F" box="[885,975,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF95417AD992EEFBFD12D01F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417AD992EEFBFEE0D1EC" box="[199,266,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Arms.</emphasis>
|
||
Arms five, branching at least 8 times but further branches interminate because of entanglement of arms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD9CAEE98FEF6D1D7" box="[159,284,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). First branch occurring outside of disc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADBBBEE98FCA2D1D7" box="[750,840,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the proximal portion of the arm, the width and height almost equal,
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417AD8DFEEB3FE09D033" box="[394,483,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
with an arched aboral surface and flattened oral surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADDD0EEB3FB0AD033" box="[1157,1248,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Arms tapering gradually towards arm tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD893EF50FDDBD01F" box="[454,561,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1932,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,445,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,445,1911]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Astrodendrum galapagense, holotype (USNM 38581). A, aboral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, periphery of radial shield; D, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; E, jaws, arrowheads indicate teeth; F, oral periphery of the disc. Abbreviation: T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195429/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Figs 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
; 11C, D, F. F–H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF95417AD992EF0BFE9FD52F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">
|
||
On aboral and lateral surface of the proximal portion of arm, each arm segment covered by plate-shaped external ossicles, fully in contact, approximately 150–200 µm in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADD42EF28FB92D0A7" box="[1047,1144,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hooklet-bearing plates inconspicuous, approximately 300 µm in length and separated, but not carrying hooklets before third branch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADC3AEFC3FF50D0EF" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
), in contact and forming transverse rows after fourth branch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADA25EFE0FC21D0EF" box="[880,971,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Throughout the arm, secondary hooklet present on hooklets. In middle portion of arm, aboral and lateral surfaces covered by plate-shaped external ossicles, fully in contact, approximately 120 µm in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADB91EFB8FCABD737" box="[708,833,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oral surface of proximal portion of arms covered by flat, polygonal plate-shaped external ossicles, fully in contact, approximately 280–650 µm in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADC42E853FA9AD713" box="[1303,1392,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
|
||
). In middle portion of arm, oral surfaces covered by flat, slightly tumid plate-shaped external ossicles, slightly in contact, approximately 100–180 µm in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADBFAE82BFCEFD75B" box="[687,773,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Those external ossicles disappearing on distal portion of the arms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD85AE8C8FE84D787" box="[271,366,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Throughout arm, lateral and ventral arm plates completely concealed by skin or external ossicles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD857E8E3FE68D7E3" box="[258,386,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8C–H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tentacle pores small and almost invisible in external view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADD0BE8E3FB57D7E3" box="[1118,1213,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first to third tentacle pores with no arm spine; fourth pores occasionally with 2 arm spines, fifth and subsequent pores with 3 (rarely 4) spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD830E8BBFE0BD62B" box="[357,481,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). In distal portion of the arm, the number of arm spines decreasing gradually to 1 toward arm tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD818E958FE42D617" box="[333,424,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Arm spines on proximal portion of the arms ovoid, carrying 2 or 3 terminal projections. Innermost arm spines one-fourth the length of the corresponding arm segment, and outer spines two-thirds the length of inner spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD8C9E910FE1ED65F" box="[412,500,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Arm spines on middle portion of arm cylindrical, carrying 2 terminal projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD9CAE9CBFF1CD6BB" box="[159,246,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Innermost arm spines half of length of corresponding arm segments, gradually decreasing in length to one-sixth length of corresponding arm segments toward outer spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADACBE9E8FBFED6E7" box="[926,1044,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the distal portion of arms, arm spines transforming into hooks with 2 secondary teeth, approximately two-thirds length of the corresponding arm segments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417AD85BE9A0FE82D52F" box="[270,360,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF95417AD992EA5BFBEED50B" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1832]" box="[199,1028,1556,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417AD992EA5BFEE7D50A" box="[199,269,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Color.</emphasis>
|
||
Uniformly white, interradial disc areas slightly darker (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADA28EA5BFC1CD50B" box="[893,1014,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF95417AD992EA78FDBDD5BF" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF95417AD992EA78FDBDD5BF" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417AD992EA78FE8AD577" bold="true" box="[199,352,1591,1616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF95417AD83CEA77FD1CD577" box="[361,758,1592,1616]" name="South Africa" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Off Durban, southeastern Africa (
|
||
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF95417ADDD4EA77FB59D577" box="[1153,1203,1592,1616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF95417ADC48EA76FF39D553" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" refId="ref9575" refString="Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 93 (65), 215 - 400." type="journal article">Mortensen, 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF95417AD9BFEA13FE83D553" box="[234,361,1628,1652]" name="Namibia" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">NAMIBIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. West off Namib-Naukluft National Park, southwestern Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF95417ADD1AEA13FAD1D553" box="[1103,1339,1628,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" refId="ref8955" refString="Alva, V. & Vadon, C. (1989) Ophiuroids from the western coast of Africa (Namibia and Guinea Bissau). Scientia Marina, 53 (4), 827 - 845." type="journal article">Alva &Vadon, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Olbers, 2016). Depth range
|
||
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF95417AD822EA30FE1CD5BF" box="[375,502,1663,1688]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.195" metricValueMax="4.779999999999999" metricValueMin="1.61" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" unit="m" value="319.5" valueMax="478.0" valueMin="161.0">161–478 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF95417ADB50EA30FDACD5BF" box="[517,582,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[273,1322,208,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[194,1390,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution of Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., A. capense, A. elingamita, A. galapagense, A. laevigatum and A. sagaminum. Red symbols indicate type localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195411/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF95417AD992EAEBFD64D40F" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF95417AD992EAEBFD64D40F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417AD992EAEBFED1D59A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1700,1725]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF95417AD810EAEBFDA2D59B" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[325,584,1700,1725]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capense">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417AD810EAEBFDA2D59B" box="[325,584,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">Astrodendrum capense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF95417ADBB0EAEAFC6AD59A" baseAuthorityName="Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[741,896,1700,1725]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elingamita">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417ADBB0EAEAFC6AD59A" box="[741,896,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">A. elingamita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in possessing small granular external ossicles, fully in contact on aboral disc.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF95417ADB56EA87FD94D5C7" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[515,638,1736,1760]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capense">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417ADB56EA87FD94D5C7" box="[515,638,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">A. capense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF95417ADBEEEA87FCBED5C7" baseAuthorityName="Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[699,852,1735,1760]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elingamita">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417ADBEEEA87FCBED5C7" box="[699,852,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">A. elingamita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished by absence/presence of large conical spines on radial shields and the maximum number of secondary teeth on hook-shaped arm spines (Table 1, see also remarks for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF95417AD82BEB5FFDF7D40F" authority="Okanishi & Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi & Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[382,541,1807,1832]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417AD82BEB5FFDF7D40F" box="[382,541,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">A. spinulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF95417ADB71EB40FD94D40F" box="[548,638,1807,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF95417ADB71EB40FD94D40F" bold="true" box="[548,638,1807,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="302">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |