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<document id="A70132932A4D46A5C3C1AB8D5AEE2C05" ID-DOI="10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" ID-ISSN="1982-0224" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1720669084001" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley &amp; de Pinna, Mário" docDate="2022" docId="03D75034FFDFE406FCFB508B729BFF43" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.20.1.e210009.pdf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology (e 210009) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823.3:NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Porotergus Ellis 1912" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" masterDocId="FFEE284CFFE1E438FFB65162717CF803" masterDocTitle="Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy" updateTime="1720680001096" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="BDC25DBB9F331E5BE1E6BC51A698D4ED">Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D5A4F13F8C99C8F04B221615253A5881">Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C20650C76E82A2A9CF03BE99215EC077">de Pinna, Mário</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4AEB63D39272798DD233B9831ABD88D9">Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A6273144EF0DAD0D059DA0666067F66F">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="A5B932A177EF514CD24D1DDAA4805337">e 210009</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="7D0B9685004A7309B612CD283B930226">2022-04-01</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="01DF6E6E1816327EC18735EC85681774" type="DOI">10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C05FD8C0BA908ACF190F37A665C3D034" type="ISSN">1982-0224</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D75034FFDFE406FCFB508B729BFF43" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12720065" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12720065" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D75034FFDFE406FCFB508B729BFF43" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D75034FFDFE406FCFB508B729BFF43" pageId="62">
<subSubSection id="C364B2A9FFDFE406FCFB508B722BFBE5" pageId="62" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFDFE406FCFB508B7531FA02" blockId="62.[845,1101,488,513]" box="[845,1101,488,513]" pageId="62">
<heading id="D089564EFFDFE406FCFB508B7531FA02" box="[845,1101,488,513]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="62" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFDFE406FCFB508B7531FA02" ID-CoL="63PZ8" authority="Ellis, 1912" authorityName="Ellis" authorityYear="1912" box="[845,1101,488,513]" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Porotergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FCFB508B72AFFA02" bold="true" box="[845,979,489,513]" pageId="62">Porotergus</emphasis>
Ellis, 1912
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFDFE406FDB05351722BFBE5" blockId="62.[486,1461,563,1483]" pageId="62">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FDB05351726AFA48" bold="true" box="[518,790,563,587]" pageId="62">Adductor mandibulae.</emphasis>
The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FCF9535172E7FA48" box="[847,923,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="62">malaris</emphasis>
is partially differentiated into a dorsal subsection
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FE50533A7328FA73" box="[486,596,600,624]" italics="true" pageId="62">promalaris</emphasis>
and a ventral subsection
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FCC0533A728EFA73" box="[886,1010,600,624]" italics="true" pageId="62">retromalaris</emphasis>
, which are well-differentiated from the remaining
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FDD1531D7252FA95" box="[615,814,638,662]" italics="true" pageId="62">segmentum facialis</emphasis>
, except for some set of fibers associated with the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FACC531D734EFAB8" italics="true" pageId="62">ricto-stegalis</emphasis>
. The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FDCB53C17397FAB8" box="[637,747,675,699]" italics="true" pageId="62">promalaris</emphasis>
is positioned dorsolaterally to the dorsal portion of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FACC53C6734EFAE3" italics="true" pageId="62">ricto-stegalis</emphasis>
, and arises from the mid-dorsal portion of the hyomandibula. This subsection converges to the buccopalatal membrane, with its anterodorsal fibers differentiate into an endomaxillary ligament equal to its fibrous portion; and inserting to the connective tissue between the anterior margin of the premaxilla and upper lip. The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FAA9525A74E7FB53" box="[1311,1435,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="62">retromalaris</emphasis>
is positioned lateroventrally to the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FCD2523C729BFB75" box="[868,999,862,886]" italics="true" pageId="62">ricto-stegalis</emphasis>
, arising from the anteroventral portion of the preopercle and hyomandibula, with its fibers converging into an elongated ectomaxillary ligament, equal to one and a half of its fibrous portion, that inserts at the posterolateral face of the maxilla.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C364B2A9FFDFE406FDB05291729BFF43" pageId="62" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFDFE406FDB0529173BAFD35" blockId="62.[486,1461,563,1483]" pageId="62">
The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FD88529173BDFC08" box="[574,705,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="62">ricto-stegalis</emphasis>
originates in the hyomandibula, quadrate, and metapterygoid. At its origin, the lateralmost portion of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FC7D557A7532FC33" box="[971,1102,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="62">ricto-stegalis</emphasis>
, presumably corresponding to the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FDA2555C7324FC55" box="[532,600,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="62">rictalis</emphasis>
, is separated dorsally from the fibers of the presumed
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FB7F555C746FFC55" box="[1225,1299,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="62">stegalis</emphasis>
by the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FAD9555C730BFC78" italics="true" pageId="62">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
, becoming continuous at their mid-portion and partially differentiated towards their insertion sites. The fibers corresponding to the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FB7455EA747AFCA3" box="[1218,1286,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="62">rictalis</emphasis>
inserts mainly into the coronoid process; and the presumed
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FC5C55CC7548FCC5" box="[1002,1076,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="62">stegalis</emphasis>
converges into an intersegmental aponeurosis, where its ventral portion differentiates into the meckelian tendon to an insertion to the coronomeckelian bone, and the anterodorsal fibers converges into the mandibular tendon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFDFE406FDB054217224FDC8" blockId="62.[486,1461,563,1483]" pageId="62">
The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FD8C54267240FD58" box="[570,828,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="62">segmentum mandibularis</emphasis>
is located dorsally to Meckels cartilage, extending about 30% of the dorsal portion of this cartilage. The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FBA9540B7415FD83" box="[1055,1385,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="62">ramus mandibularis trigeminus</emphasis>
nerve trespasses the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FD3354EC7274FDA5" box="[645,776,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="62">ricto-stegalis</emphasis>
, and lies lateral to the presumptive
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FB2954EC7595FDA5" box="[1183,1257,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="62">stegalis</emphasis>
and mesial to the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FE5F54D17351FDC8" box="[489,557,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="62">rictalis</emphasis>
and subsections of
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FCB354D1722DFDC8" box="[773,849,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="62">malaris</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFDFE406FDB0549C729BFF43" blockId="62.[487,1459,1534,1856]" pageId="62">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FDB0549C7269FE15" bold="true" box="[518,789,1534,1558]" pageId="62">Levator arcus palatini.</emphasis>
The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FCE4549C7556FE15" box="[850,1066,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="62">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
has a roughly parallelogram shape, originating from the ventral margin of the frontal, pterosphenoid, and sphenotic; and inserting onto the hyomandibula. The origin of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FB8B572A746BFE63" box="[1085,1303,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="62">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
is equal to its insertion. At the insertion, the posterolateral fiber bundles of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FB60570C74CFFE85" box="[1238,1459,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="62">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
are lateral to the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FD1857F17260FEA8" box="[686,796,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="62">promalaris</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FCEF57F172A0FEA8" box="[857,988,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="62">ricto-stegalis</emphasis>
, while its anterolateral, anteromesial and posteromesial bundles are medial to the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FC7D57DA7545FED3" box="[971,1081,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="62">promalaris</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FBCA57DA7583FED3" box="[1148,1279,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="62">ricto-stegalis</emphasis>
(specifically to the presumed
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FD3D57BC73B3FEF5" box="[651,719,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="62">rictalis</emphasis>
). The anteriormost fibers of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FBFB57BC7457FEF5" box="[1101,1323,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="62">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
presents an aponeurotic aspect. This muscle has a mesial arrangement where the anterior margin of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFDFE406FDA4564A73D2FF43" box="[530,686,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="62">dilator operculi</emphasis>
exceeds its median portion.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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