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<document id="C1C1F785D5BA1084D0C4DF865A6575EF" ID-CLB-Dataset="25927" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c807f833-9fe4-45ec-b5d6-62c6b88979b3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3376028" ID-ZooBank="D926CCEC-56EF-4E9A-98BE-CEB4D4D3D60A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1566575792581" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade &amp; Hendry, Katharine R." docDate="2019" docId="03B087EDFFECFFBFFF59FAD2FD71D953" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4658.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4658 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Homaxinella balfourensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="499" masterDocId="FF89FF95FFC9FF99FFCEFFD4FFA5DF62" masterDocTitle="Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (&lt;24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics" masterLastPageNumber="508" masterPageNumber="461" pageNumber="498" updateTime="1698752363291" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DF83401FEB4E651E70A5C581BB47D72F">Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (&lt;24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="263BE1F4E8680CB927157A9533238301">Goodwin, Claire E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2D62864250018162E036594F1EE84B3B">Berman, Jade</mods:namePart>
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<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFECFFBCFF59FAD2FE76DA43" bold="true" box="[151,467,1286,1313]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Homaxinella balfourensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFECFFBCFE2AFAD2FD52DA42" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[484,759,1286,1313]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" pagination="325 - 351" refId="ref36528" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459982" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BA636FBFFECFFBCFF59FABBFECBDAC7" blockId="37.[151,1436,1390,1445]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFECFFBCFF59FABBFEA2DAE4" box="[151,263,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Synonomy:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFECFFBCFEC3FABBFE46DAE5" box="[269,483,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Axinella balfourensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFECFFBCFE27FABAFD6BDAE5" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[489,718,1390,1415]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" pagination="325 - 351" refId="ref36528" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459982" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
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,
<taxonomicName id="4C194D78FFECFFBCFD19FABBFBCCDAE5" authority="Topsent, 1907" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1907" box="[727,1129,1391,1415]" class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Axinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="supratumescens">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFECFFBCFD19FABBFC76DAE4" box="[727,979,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Axinella supratumescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFECFFBCFC16FABBFBCCDAE5" author="Topsent, E." box="[984,1129,1391,1415]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" pagination="69 - 76" refId="ref37649" refString="Topsent, E. (1907) Poecilosclerides nouvelles recueillies par le Francais dans l'Antarctique. Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 13, 69 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4486" type="journal article" year="1907">Topsent, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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,
<taxonomicName id="4C194D78FFECFFBCFBBCFABBFECEDAC7" authority="(Topsent, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Homaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="supratumescens">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFECFFBCFBBCFABBFA39DAE4" box="[1138,1436,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Homaxinella supratumescens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFECFFBCFF00FA59FEC6DAC7" author="Topsent, E." box="[206,355,1421,1445]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" pagination="69 - 76" refId="ref37649" refString="Topsent, E. (1907) Poecilosclerides nouvelles recueillies par le Francais dans l'Antarctique. Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 13, 69 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4486" type="journal article" year="1907">Topsent, 1907</bibRefCitation>
)
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.
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<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFECFFBCFF59FA07FEB9DA8C" bold="true" box="[151,284,1491,1518]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Specimens.</emphasis>
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), depth
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<elevation id="0034D1C8FFECFFBCFEA8F994FE68D938" box="[358,461,1600,1626]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="14.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="12.0">1217 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; collected by
<collectorName id="26EC532DFFECFFBCFDA7F994FD56D938" box="[617,755,1600,1626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">C. Goodwin</collectorName>
and
<collectorName id="26EC532DFFECFFBCFCE5F994FC08D938" box="[811,941,1600,1626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">E. Priestley</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFA7103BFFECFFBCFC77F9EBFB99D938" box="[953,1084,1599,1626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" value="2015-02-14">
<collectingDate id="EFE3E9D3FFECFFBCFC77F9EBFB99D938" box="[953,1084,1599,1626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" value="2015-02-14">14/02/2015</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B713CA6FFECFFBCFB86F9EBFAC6D91C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2351015249" collectingDate="2015-02-21" collectionCode="BELUM" collectorName="C. Goodwin &amp; E. Priestley" elevation="11" latitude="-67.722084" location="Mc" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-68.34317" municipality="Jenny Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED08AE3EFFECFFBCFB86F9EBFB09D938" box="[1096,1196,1599,1626]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2x42-q9ch" name="Ulster Museum, Belfast" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">BELUM</collectionCode>
.
<location id="8EC66020FFECFFBCFB61F9EBFB71D938" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B087EDFFECFFBFFF59FAD2FD71D953:8EC66020FFECFFBCFB61F9EBFB71D938" box="[1199,1236,1599,1626]" latitude="-67.722084" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-68.34317" municipality="Jenny Island" name="Mc" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Mc</location>
2015.681—
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC2AC81FFECFFBCFA94F9EBFF7ED91C" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Jenny Island</collectingMunicipality>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE2D503CFFECFFBCFF23F9B7FEDBD91C" box="[237,382,1635,1662]" degrees="67" direction="south" minutes="43.325" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" precision="1" value="-67.722084">67°43.325S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE2D503CFFECFFBCFE45F9B0FD94D91C" box="[395,561,1635,1662]" degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="20.590" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" precision="1" value="-68.34317">68° 20.590W</geoCoordinate>
), depth
<quantity id="4CE19B1EFFECFFBCFD43F9B0FD42D91C" box="[653,743,1636,1662]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="11.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="6.0">
<elevation id="0034D1C8FFECFFBCFD43F9B0FD42D91C" box="[653,743,1636,1662]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="11.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="6.0">616 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; collected by
<collectorName id="26EC532DFFECFFBCFC46F9B0FBB6D91C" box="[904,1043,1636,1662]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">C. Goodwin</collectorName>
and
<collectorName id="26EC532DFFECFFBCFB80F9B0FB77D91C" box="[1102,1234,1636,1662]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">E. Priestley</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFA7103BFFECFFBCFB11F9B7FAC6D91C" box="[1247,1379,1635,1662]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" value="2015-02-21">
<collectingDate id="EFE3E9D3FFECFFBCFB11F9B7FAC6D91C" box="[1247,1379,1635,1662]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" value="2015-02-21">21/02/2015</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B713CA6FFECFFBCFAA1F9B0FDD5D9A4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2351015243" collectingDate="2015-02-24" collectorName="C. Goodwin &amp; E. Priestley" county="Pleneau Island" elevation="10" latitude="-65.10678" location="Mc" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-64.073616" municipality="Rocks" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" specimenCount="1">
BE- LUM.
<location id="8EC66020FFECFFBCFF14F953FF5AD9C0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B087EDFFECFFBFFF59FAD2FD71D953:8EC66020FFECFFBCFF14F953FF5AD9C0" box="[218,255,1671,1698]" county="Pleneau Island" latitude="-65.10678" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-64.073616" municipality="Rocks" name="Mc" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Mc</location>
2015.742
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC2AC81FFECFFBCFEBFF95CFE12D9C0" box="[369,439,1672,1698]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Rocks</collectingMunicipality>
on west side of
<collectingCounty id="62C74E77FFECFFBCFDA5F95CFCABD9C0" box="[619,782,1672,1698]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Pleneau Island</collectingCounty>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE2D503CFFECFFBCFCD3F953FC0BD9C0" box="[797,942,1671,1698]" degrees="65" direction="south" minutes="06.407" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" precision="1" value="-65.10678">65°06.407S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE2D503CFFECFFBCFC77F95CFBFED9C0" box="[953,1115,1672,1698]" degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="04.417" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" precision="1" value="-64.073616">64° 04.417W</geoCoordinate>
), depth
<quantity id="4CE19B1EFFECFFBCFB7CF95CFAAFD9C0" box="[1202,1290,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="8.0">
<elevation id="0034D1C8FFECFFBCFB7CF95CFAAFD9C0" box="[1202,1290,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="8.0">812 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; collected by
<collectorName id="26EC532DFFECFFBCFF59F978FE87D9A4" box="[151,290,1708,1734]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">C. Goodwin</collectorName>
and
<collectorName id="26EC532DFFECFFBCFE92F978FE45D9A4" box="[348,480,1708,1734]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">E. Priestley</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFA7103BFFECFFBCFE23F97FFDD5D9A4" box="[493,624,1707,1734]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" value="2015-02-24">
<collectingDate id="EFE3E9D3FFECFFBCFE23F97FFDD5D9A4" box="[493,624,1707,1734]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" value="2015-02-24">24/02/2015</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B713CA6FFECFFBCFDB2F97FFC08D988" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2351015232" collectingDate="2015-03-01" collectionCode="BELUM" collectorName="C. Goodwin &amp; E. Priestley" elevation="14" latitude="-62.203083" location="Mc" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-58.946" municipality="Diomedea Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED08AE3EFFECFFBCFDB2F97FFD45D9A4" box="[636,736,1707,1734]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2x42-q9ch" name="Ulster Museum, Belfast" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">BELUM</collectionCode>
.
<location id="8EC66020FFECFFBCFD2DF97FFCADD9A4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B087EDFFECFFBFFF59FAD2FD71D953:8EC66020FFECFFBCFD2DF97FFCADD9A4" box="[739,776,1707,1734]" latitude="-62.203083" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-58.946" municipality="Diomedea Island" name="Mc" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Mc</location>
2015.827
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC2AC81FFECFFBCFCB2F978FB99D9A4" box="[892,1084,1708,1734]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Diomedea Island</collectingMunicipality>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE2D503CFFECFFBCFB83F97FFB7BD9A4" box="[1101,1246,1707,1734]" degrees="62" direction="south" minutes="12.185" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" precision="1" value="-62.203083">62°12.185S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE2D503CFFECFFBCFB25F97FFA35D9A4" box="[1259,1424,1707,1734]" degrees="58" direction="west" minutes="56.760" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" precision="1" value="-58.946">58° 56.760W</geoCoordinate>
), depth
<quantity id="4CE19B1EFFECFFBCFF12F904FEE7D988" box="[220,322,1744,1770]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">
<elevation id="0034D1C8FFECFFBCFF12F904FEE7D988" box="[220,322,1744,1770]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">1018 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; collected by
<collectorName id="26EC532DFFECFFBCFE13F904FDC3D988" box="[477,614,1744,1770]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">C. Goodwin</collectorName>
and
<collectorName id="26EC532DFFECFFBCFD52F904FCBBD988" box="[668,798,1744,1770]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">E. Priestley</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFA7103BFFECFFBCFCE4F91BFC08D988" box="[810,941,1743,1770]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" value="2015-03-01">
<collectingDate id="EFE3E9D3FFECFFBCFCE4F91BFC08D988" box="[810,941,1743,1770]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" value="2015-03-01">01/03/2015</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA636FBFFECFFBCFF09F920FEB8D8FC" blockId="37.[151,1437,1491,1950]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFECFFBCFF09F920FE6BD86C" bold="true" box="[199,462,1780,1806]" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">External morphology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C194D78FFECFFBCFE1BF921FD0CD86C" box="[469,681,1781,1806]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="situ" subSpecies="appearance">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFECFFBCFE1BF921FD0CD86C" box="[469,681,1781,1806]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">In situ appearance</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13222A7EFFECFFBCFD77F920FC98D86C" box="[697,829,1780,1806]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1091,1116]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,337,1071]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 22. Homaxinella balfourensis (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886). A. In situ appearance BELUM.Mc2015.575. B. Skeleton BELUM.Mc2015.742, scale bar 1000 µm. C. Styles BELUM.Mc2015.742, scale bar 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3376074/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="498">Figure 22A</figureCitation>
): Yellow branching sponge with branches ~
<quantity id="4CE19B1EFFECFFBCFAFEF927FADBD86C" box="[1328,1406,1779,1806]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" unit="cm" value="0.5">0.5 cm</quantity>
in diameter. Specimens can be over
<quantity id="4CE19B1EFFECFFBCFDC0F8CCFDF6D850" box="[526,595,1816,1842]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="498" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
in height. Branches come abruptly to a sharp point. Some individuals have many branches, some only a few, and sometimes an individual may consist of a single branch. Branches may be undivided or divided. Dividing is sometimes dichotomous but can be very untidy and give the sponge a straggly appearance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA636FBFFEFFFBFFF09FF4DFAEADFD1" blockId="38.[151,1437,153,323]" box="[199,1359,153,179]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFF09FF4DFE66DFD1" box="[199,451,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Preserved appearance</emphasis>
. Fairly soft pale cream branch with smooth surface. Alcohol stained pale yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA636FBFFEFFFBFFF09FF68FD95DF99" blockId="38.[151,1437,153,323]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFF09FF68FE8BDFB5" bold="true" box="[199,302,188,215]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Skeleton</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13222A7EFFEFFFBFFEF5FF69FE19DFB5" box="[315,444,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1091,1116]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,337,1071]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 22. Homaxinella balfourensis (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886). A. In situ appearance BELUM.Mc2015.575. B. Skeleton BELUM.Mc2015.742, scale bar 1000 µm. C. Styles BELUM.Mc2015.742, scale bar 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3376074/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Figure 22B</figureCitation>
): Choanosomal ascending columns of styles, up to 10 spicules thick, are joined by brush- es of ectosomal styles at the surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA636FBFFEFFFBFFF09FED0FC1CDE7D" blockId="38.[151,1437,153,323]" box="[199,953,260,287]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFF09FED0FE8CDE7D" bold="true" box="[199,297,260,287]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13222A7EFFEFFFBFFEF6FED1FE1FDE7D" box="[312,442,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1091,1116]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,337,1071]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 22. Homaxinella balfourensis (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886). A. In situ appearance BELUM.Mc2015.575. B. Skeleton BELUM.Mc2015.742, scale bar 1000 µm. C. Styles BELUM.Mc2015.742, scale bar 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3376074/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Figure 22C</figureCitation>
): Measurements from
<collectionCode id="ED08AE3EFFEFFFBFFD74FED0FCBADE7D" box="[698,799,260,287]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2x42-q9ch" name="Ulster Museum, Belfast" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">BELUM</collectionCode>
.Mc2015.742.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA636FBFFEFFFBFFF09FEFDFB6FDE21" blockId="38.[151,1437,153,323]" box="[199,1226,296,323]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">
Styles: 341(472)576 by 7.5(10.9)
<quantity id="4CE19B1EFFEFFFBFFDF3FEFCFD2DDE21" box="[573,648,296,323]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 µm</quantity>
. Thin styles, often slightly curved, heads not tylote.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF666673FFEFFFBFFF59FB97FBEADBE2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3376074/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" startId="38.[151,250,1091,1116]" targetBox="[151,1436,337,1071]" targetPageId="38">
<paragraph id="8BA636FBFFEFFFBFFF59FB97FBEADBE2" blockId="38.[151,1437,1091,1152]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFF59FB97FE86DB3E" bold="true" box="[151,291,1091,1116]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C194D78FFEFFFBFFEE2FB97FCE5DB3E" authority="(Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886)" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" baseAuthorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[300,832,1091,1116]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Homaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="balfourensis">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFEE2FB97FE0ADB39" box="[300,431,1091,1115]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Homaxinella</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFE76FB97FD91DB39" box="[440,564,1091,1115]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">balfourensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFD8AFB97FC9DDB3E" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[580,824,1091,1116]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="325 - 351" refId="ref36528" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459982" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. A.
<taxonomicName id="4C194D78FFEFFFBFFCA2FB90FB8EDB39" box="[876,1067,1092,1115]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="503" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="situ" subSpecies="appearance">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFCA2FB90FC15DB39" box="[876,944,1092,1115]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">In situ</emphasis>
appearance
</taxonomicName>
BELUM.Mc2015.575. B. Skeleton BELUM.Mc2015.742, scale bar 1000 µm. C. Styles BELUM.Mc2015.742, scale bar 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA636FBFFEFFFBFFF09FB06FDBBDAC3" blockId="38.[151,1437,1234,1585]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFF09FB06FE9EDB8E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1234,1260]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Remarks.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54A28859FFEFFFBFFEB8FB06FE03DB8E" box="[374,422,1234,1260]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D78FFEFFFBFFDE6FB06FBBBDB8E" authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" box="[552,1054,1234,1260]" class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Axinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="balfourensis">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFDE6FB06FCB3DB8E" box="[552,790,1234,1260]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Axinella balfourensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFCD0FB06FBBBDB8E" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[798,1054,1234,1260]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="325 - 351" refId="ref36528" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459982" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is Kerguelen Island in
<quantity id="4CE19B1EFFEFFFBFFAEBFB06FA3DDB8E" box="[1317,1432,1234,1260]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.35" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="73.5" valueMax="110.0" valueMin="37.0">
37
<specimenCount id="9D1FFD72FFEFFFBFFA81FB06FA3DDB8E" box="[1359,1432,1234,1260]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" type="generic">110 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C194D78FFEFFFBFFF59FB22FDF3DA72" authority="Topsent, 1907" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,598,1270,1296]" class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Axinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="supratumescens">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFF59FB22FE0ADA72" box="[151,431,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Axinella supratumescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFE79FB22FDF3DA72" author="Topsent, E." box="[439,598,1270,1296]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="69 - 76" refId="ref37649" refString="Topsent, E. (1907) Poecilosclerides nouvelles recueillies par le Francais dans l'Antarctique. Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 13, 69 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4486" type="journal article" year="1907">Topsent, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was described from Ile Wiencke in
<quantity id="4CE19B1EFFEFFFBFFC21FB22FBE0DA72" box="[1007,1093,1270,1296]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="2.0">230 m</quantity>
and Booth Island, dead specimen on shore. Both are now placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C194D78FFEFFFBFFD81FACEFC36DA57" authority="(Topsent 1916)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[591,915,1306,1333]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Homaxinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFD81FACEFD45DA56" box="[591,736,1306,1332]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Homaxinella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFD21FACEFC2FDA57" author="Topsent, E." box="[751,906,1306,1333]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="163 - 172" refId="ref37806" refString="Topsent, E. (1916) Diagnoses d'eponges recueillies dans l'Antarctique par le Pourquoi-Pas? Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, 22, 163 - 172." type="journal article" year="1916">Topsent 1916</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and considered synonyms (
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFB03FACEFA34DA56" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[1229,1425,1306,1332]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="227 - 244" refId="ref37280" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (2002 c) Family Suberitidae. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 227 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 25" type="book chapter" year="2002">Van Soest 2002c</bibRefCitation>
). The species has been shown to be heavily impacted by anchor ice, with up to 87% being lost in a two year period (
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFF51FAB6FE92DA1E" author="Dayton, P. K." box="[159,311,1378,1404]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="1484 - 1486" refId="ref34716" refString="Dayton, P. K. (1989) Inter-decadal variation in an Antarctic sponge and its predators from oceanographic climate shifts. Science, 245, 1484 - 1486. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 245.4925.1484" type="journal article" year="1989">Dayton 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Overwintering specimens may develop thinner branches and have a twiggy rather than bushy appearance (Jade Berman pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA636FBFFEFFFBFFF09FA7DFD71D953" blockId="38.[151,1437,1234,1585]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFF09FA7DFEC4DAA6" bold="true" box="[199,353,1449,1476]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">Distribution.</emphasis>
This species is widely distributed in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic, in depths of between 0 and
<quantity id="4CE19B1EFFEFFFBFFF59FA19FF44DA8A" box="[151,225,1485,1512]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFF3DFA1AFE2DDA8A" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[243,392,1486,1512]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="6 - 133" refId="ref35597" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic I. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavilovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological reports of the Soviet Antarctic expedition (1955 - 1958). Vol. 2. Akademya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad, pp. 6 - 133." type="book chapter" year="1964">Koltun 1964</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFE59FA1AFDC9DA8A" author="Brueggeman, P." box="[407,620,1486,1512]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" refId="ref34246" refString="Brueggeman, P. (1998) Porifera-Demospongiae: demosponges. In: Brueggeman, P. (Ed.), Underwater Field Guide to Ross Island &amp; McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Available from: http: // peterbrueggeman. com / nsf / fguide / index. html (accessed 12 December 2018)" type="url" year="1998">Brueggeman 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Published records include the Ross Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFB93FA1AFB54DA8A" author="Burton, M." box="[1117,1265,1486,1512]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="393 - 458" refId="ref34303" refString="Burton, M. (1929) British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report. Porifera: Part II: Antarctic Sponges. Zoology, 6, 393 - 458." type="journal article" year="1929">Burton 1929</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFACEFA1AFA9EDA8A" author="Burton, M." box="[1280,1339,1486,1512]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="58" refId="ref34410" refString="Burton, M. (1934) Sponges. In: Block, S. (Ed.), Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 03. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, pp. 58." type="book chapter" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFA84FA1AFF76D96E" author="Dayton, P. K." pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="1484 - 1486" refId="ref34716" refString="Dayton, P. K. (1989) Inter-decadal variation in an Antarctic sponge and its predators from oceanographic climate shifts. Science, 245, 1484 - 1486. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 245.4925.1484" type="journal article" year="1989">Dayton 1989</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F30E766BFFEFFFBFFF26FA26FE2ED96E" box="[232,395,1522,1548]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFE54FA26FD8BD96E" author="Burton, M." box="[410,558,1522,1548]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="237 - 392" refId="ref34378" refString="Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24379" type="journal article" year="1932">Burton 1932</bibRefCitation>
), Kerguelen (
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFD08FA26FC6DD96F" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[710,968,1522,1549]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="325 - 351" refId="ref36528" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459982" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy 1886</bibRefCitation>
), the Antarctic Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFB3FFA26FA35D96E" author="Topsent, E." box="[1265,1424,1522,1548]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="69 - 76" refId="ref37649" refString="Topsent, E. (1907) Poecilosclerides nouvelles recueillies par le Francais dans l'Antarctique. Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 13, 69 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4486" type="journal article" year="1907">Topsent 1907</bibRefCitation>
), and the South Shetland Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B0AFFEFFFBFFE31F9C2FD6DD953" author="Hajdu, E. &amp; Fonseca, C. &amp; Schories, D. &amp; Kohlberg, G." box="[511,712,1558,1585]" pageId="38" pageNumber="499" pagination="56 - 78" refId="ref35122" refString="Hajdu, E., Fonseca, C., Schories, D. &amp; Kohlberg, G. (2016) Sponges, Porifera. In: Schories, D. &amp; Kohlberg, G. (Eds.), Marine Wildlife, King George Island, Antarctica: Identification guide. Dirk Schories publications, Rostock, pp. 56 - 78." type="book chapter" year="2016">
Hajdu
<emphasis id="B96DEAE9FFEFFFBFFD82F9C3FD20D952" box="[588,645,1558,1584]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="499">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>