233 lines
33 KiB
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233 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="24FC6438FF2BACE364EB900C77B5679A">A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2E5A60ED5CDC287B23F7C7259908219F">Smith, Sarah M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE3A50D23EAA85EDE3F13F2C33B13F02">Cognato, Anthony I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="01CF66DDF448F4A0F12D32080B3EF257">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B241C75A695FEACFAB5B41E760D02CE2" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056110" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B241C75A695FEACFAB5B41E760D02CE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B241C75A695FEACFAB5B41E760D02CE2" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="B979E8406A23C782977851E75CAE6655" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="6261AB354BECAC367750AC4671073ACD" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Curculionidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0857964E787F866AC737DD3AA989890" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="18C7D30AC390C13172C02FC24597E310" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="A8E5EBF6E2C3415698F91B23448848E2" ID-CoL="4VTND" authority="Say, 1824" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus quadrispinosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosus">Scolytus quadrispinosus Say, 1824</taxonomicName>
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Fig. 22
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0DBDE0CF618F50453CA3157D3F7C3271" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="3907633AD76F11599F1F9B611FE75AD1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="762D76DA45F73A44EE47266950148A20" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus quadrispinosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosus">
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<pageBreakToken id="16B5DFE8D62CEBE6000443BB37B2EF89" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">Scolytus</pageBreakToken>
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quadrispinosus
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</taxonomicName>
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Say, 1824: 182.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CDFD4A0FD33B6EB536DD894BACEB3442" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="9151B98F2BBEB2BB45D91A204D58FFE9" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus carya" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carya">Scolytus carya</taxonomicName>
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Riley, 1867: 68.
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<bibRefCitation id="2FB0FC0269C15873339D63BB05457C98" author="LeConte, JL" editor="LeConte, JL" journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="341 - 391" title="Family IX. Scolytidae." volume="15" volumeTitle="Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico." year="1876">LeConte 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 371.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B5D13AFFC26601B29B1E00CA56964547" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="BE18D686D1332C4D2F5B6FCF045A4D32" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus caryae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caryae">Scolytus caryae</taxonomicName>
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Walsh, 1867: 58.
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<bibRefCitation id="89E14123F7CD8A8D38033B50690CF832" author="LeConte, JL" editor="LeConte, JL" journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="341 - 391" title="Family IX. Scolytidae." volume="15" volumeTitle="Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico." year="1876">LeConte 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 371.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BBD61C0686703C2E007DAE7D5E561861" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="ECA0A2537F9CB33B16C61F4A4A07DA15" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B0C26D6067C47AA690F33E27B94F941F" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="8F6A2576007DB5A06431B8BEC2945D03" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus quadrispinosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosus">Scolytus quadrispinosus</taxonomicName>
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male is easily distinguished by the autapomorphic features of the abdominal venter which include: the apical margin of ventrite 3 armed by three acute spines (two lateral and one medial), the apical margin of ventrite 4 armed by one median tooth, ventrite 1 apically descending, ventrite 2 deeply concave, with the basal margin produced and bearing a median tubercle. The female is distinguished by the flattened and moderately, finely longitudinally aciculate frons, bearing long, fine, incurved setae on the lateral and dorsal margins.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="90498BF0BE887E5E5486A1E1CF73634E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description (male)">
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<paragraph id="A3DC146C55BB6C8C747EA90109E89DC6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Description (male).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FF49D57D09836F2817A271B285C0DE28" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2.8-4.8 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 20); 1.8-2.25 times as long as wide. Color red-brown to dark red-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="652E82FCA6B2E9E273AE384752115CFF" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Head. Epistoma weakly emarginated; epistomal process strongly produced, moderately elevated, smooth, shining; median area above mandibles bearing a dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing strongly flattened when viewed laterally; strongly, densely, coarsely, aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; surface moderately covered by long, fine, yellow, erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye, setae on lateral and dorsal margins longer, thicker, incurved. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C87DE09B7994C6774BB2B23E0859F2E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, golden setae; base weakly bisinuate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F96FC8B102C74980AC33602803E6A17E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to weakly rounded, serrate apex; apex entire at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures.. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, twice width of striae, punctures large, uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, interstrial punctures bearing sparse, long, semi-erect yellow hair-like setae (may be abraded); striae moderately impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4F9ECC666AB15A4B3C0D437AFA2B3EBF" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 descending, strongly, acutely produced; ventrite 2 deeply concave, basal margin produced, bearing median tubercle. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface shagreened, dull, finely, obscurely punctate with small, fine, shallow punctures; apical margin armed with broad median denticle, occasionally absent. Apical margin of ventrite 3 armed by three acute spines (two lateral and one medial); apical margin of ventrite 4 armed by one median tooth. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to basal margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; median depression absent, apical half of segment pubescent.</paragraph>
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<caption id="738C704F535BBA82332C7C9446F39D7A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="0F5AFC66F2E64ADA0FFD86B66370B239" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Figure 22.
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<taxonomicName id="5062866B321C06765E4579A388D02362" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus quadrispinosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosus">Scolytus quadrispinosus</taxonomicName>
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A dorsal male habitus B lateral male habitus C male frons D male frons oblique E male venter F male venter oblique G dorsal female habitus H lateral female habitus I female frons J female frons oblique K female venter L female venter oblique.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DD9977A9DB89E511CF5875361C72FE92" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="female">
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<paragraph id="7039567BFAB32C774E9A3B84B98B0A20" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Female.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7DBAEA3382E4FF30DBB93C171A4E5996" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2.9-5.0 mm long (mean = 3.9 mm; n = 20); 1.8-2.4 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, frons less strongly flattened when viewed laterally, moderately and finely aciculate, setae shorter, less than width of eye and uniformly distributed. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 surface flattened, nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; setae erect, short, about half length of segment 3. Venter unarmed.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="915917B9AB81EB9DCDD4C9C45146ADF1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="specimens examined">
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<paragraph id="005003A0E5082ADEB7B71E4EC25C253F" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E10381BA6D3D02DA534539BC74DFFF19" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">143.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="77EBD3808044106B651F97142CF9B7B3" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="EF3312514BB1A6950D79B35D11984681" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E05E27F0893AFD53B24A3FCE3D38D6E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Holotype
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<taxonomicName id="E4944C38E168BE8235CB39600CB845A6" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus quadrispinosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosus">Scolytus quadrispinosus</taxonomicName>
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Say: male, Missouri (ANSP, lost). Holotype
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<taxonomicName id="F3F490268246AA838A08F5CE0C8F2BAD" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus carya" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carya">Scolytus carya</taxonomicName>
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Riley, location unknown. Holotype
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<taxonomicName id="22FD8C080E3D3780FD25C21E9F1708BC" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus caryae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caryae">Scolytus caryae</taxonomicName>
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Walsh, location unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A179343955C8DAC03D2486854C7ED134" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="non-type material">
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<paragraph id="E98382810EB104C07DC032417977923B" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Non-type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E6802B15E6AD85B9AB36737033930B23" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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CANADA:ONTARIO: Queenston, 15.VII.1938, D.F. Patterson, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="47272483336B2D7BAD6878C6CFDF51C4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carya ovata" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">Carya ovata</taxonomicName>
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(CNCI-2); Z17 E464 N4820, 20.VII.2004, Seaforth, ex. handpicked from eastern white pine [=
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<taxonomicName id="526AB5A9BF709B90F1706F7409EC79B5" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus strobus" order="Pinales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strobus">Pinus strobus</taxonomicName>
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], 04-5-0265 (CNCI-1). UNITED STATES:GEORGIA: 1.IX.[19]45 (CASC-4). ILLINOIS: [Cook Co.]: Edgebrook (CNCI-2). [Unspecified County]: Willow Springs, 21.VIII.[19]04 (FMNH-1), 13.V.[19]05, A.B Wolcott (FMNH-4). KANSAS: [Shawnee Co.]: Topeka, 16.VI.[?], Popenoe (USNM-1). MASSACHUSSETS: [Unspecified County]: (CASC-1). MICHIGAN: [Ingham Co.]: East Lansing, 15.VII.1932, (MSUC-4). Wayne Co.: Detroit, 18.VIII.1902 (MSUC-3). [Unspecified County]: Lansing, 9.IX.1929 (MSUC-36). MISSOURI:Dent Co.: 28.VIII.1973, M.P. Rolling (USNM-1), 31.VIII.1973 (USNM-3). [Unspecified County]: (FMNH-1). MINNESOTA: [Sherburne Co.]: Elk River, 8.VII.1959, E.J. Kingsley (CNCI-2). Mississippi: [Madison Co.]: Canton, 16.VI.[19]04 (CUIC-1). [Oktibbeha Co.]: [Starkville], Agriculture College of Mississippi [= Mississippi State University], 15.IV.1922, F.M. Hull (CUIC-1). New jersey: [Middlesex Co.]: Dunellen (CUIC-1). NEW YORK:Onondaga Co.: 10.VI.1942, N.M. Downie (FMNH-2), 14.VII.1946 (FMNH-1). Syracuse, C.J. Drake, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="578DC7A8A97BDE23A6A74C707FF47BAB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Hickoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hickoria glabra" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glabra">Hickoria glabra</taxonomicName>
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[=
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<taxonomicName id="079CBFA4CEF1B13BD44FDD9A5E3313E2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carya glabra" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glabra">Carya glabra</taxonomicName>
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] (USNM-1). [Orange Co.]: Highland Falls, 20.VI.1920, F. Schott (CUIC-1). Middletown (CUIC-1). [Queens Co.]: Long Island Aqueduct, 14.VII.1912 (MSUC-4). [Tompkins Co.]: Groton, 7.VII.1946, N.M. Downie (FMNH-1). Ithaca, 4.VIII.1928, P.P. Babiy (CUIC-1). [Westchester Co.]: Mount Vernon, VII.1913, ex. from hickory [=
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<taxonomicName id="B5CD78906532734AD877D2AF348082CF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carya" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carya</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (CASC-14). Yonkers, 28.V.1935, P.A. Readio, H. Dietrich, ex. taken on air trap (CUIC-1). [Unspecified County]: New York City, 15.V.1912, (CNCI-1), 13.V.1912 (CUIC-1). north carolina: [Buncombe Co.]: Asheville, Bent Creek, 17.VI.[19]29 (FMNH-1). Pennsylvania: [Allegheny Co.]: Allegheny [= Pittsburgh] (FMNH-3), 24.VI.[18]93 (CUIC-1). [Armstrong Co.]: Ford City, 28.VIII.[19]11 (USNM-1). [Blair Co.]: Tyrone, VII.[19]12, lot 367, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="A971EF23EA6855B0BEDEDDF91CC897EF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus alba" order="Lamiales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">Fraxinus alba</taxonomicName>
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[=
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<taxonomicName id="1350FBE2B0A7F5A6AE58C1FA7471EC95" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus americana" order="Lamiales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">Fraxinus americana</taxonomicName>
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] (CASC- 7). Cumberland Co.: Roadway Dr @ Schneider Dr, 40.229030°N, -77.111580°W, 26.VI.2009, L.R. Donovall (MSUC-1). [Dauphin Co.]: Harrisburg, 19.IV.1911 (CASC-1), VI.1911 (CASC-3); 1.III.[19]11, emerged 7.IV.[19]11, Champlain (CASC-12); Hopk. U.S. 10935-E, 13-14.VII.[?], W.S. Fisher, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC0302C1283E115009563C75D305C4C6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Hicoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hicoria" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hicoria</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25BB44235BDA697314050F964F0C0ED4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carya" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carya</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.] (CUIC-1). Hummelstown, 20.VI.[19]15 (CUIC-1). Linglestown, 8.VI.1912, W.S. Fisher (CNCI-1, CUIC-2). [Philadelphia Co.]: Angora [= Philadelphia], IX.[19]15, H.A. Kaeber, ex. Hickory bark [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="073814A5A5A95EA93EB36EDCE1C5A2B9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carya" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carya</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.] (USNM-7). [Westmoreland Co.]: Jeannette, H.G. Klages (CASC-2). TENNESSEE: [Hamilton Co.]: Chattanooga, 2.VI.[19]19, Leach (FMNH-1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="400E07D83E3F58C19ABD62212CAAB843" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="79752ED2BBE704139483831C03DEFF42" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F74DAA4BDB96733C5FB94DBB0E78C7D8" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">CANADA: Ontario, Quebec. UNITED STATES: Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachussets, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Washington, D.C., Wisconsin (Fig. 23).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="571D0E0268E6A11D3F0459B6F0F07AC6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="CB4FBF66936E7EC74A7F5197A8DC8132" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Figure 23.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AC2BF4EEF8A421506CF499D54CB98CE3" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus quadrispinosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosus">Scolytus quadrispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
distribution map.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="711A0773C21EA177F44D994449B0500B" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="hosts">
|
||
<paragraph id="C95395930AB06E834852460754DDCBE9" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B814660C0F2AB71B54A744C1AB130C23" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Primary hosts:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA34B3CEC3D6BCF78236636FB282E199" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carya" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carya</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (hickory) including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB9E667C1A3CBC791E89533774C214E0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carya illinoinensis" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="illinoinensis">Carya illinoinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Wangenh.) K. Koch (pecan). Incidental hosts:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8916A2B6DBB55CA4E2A388EA30A9666" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juglans cinerea" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinerea">Juglans cinerea</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (butternut).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DFC068BE4FA8D6F4BB43F3866EE78BBA" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="common name">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF096E6E16AF324168179A9A69072DB7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Common name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CC0EC6E3A23B5C73D512BB02E213DB58" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hickory bark beetle.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DF02881D83D4E8DD9BB5F2814D63BF24" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph id="135909B0A149F1EFED2B4D11EA6AFA56" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C216CDEABB41F8A324D503BF914D915" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ECFC8A73A2741C5802E5D2CC049AC43B" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus quadrispinosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosus">Scolytus quadrispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the most destructive pests of hardwoods in the US and the most important pest of hickory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="828975F021991E07ED275C157A1D3D63" author="Doane, RW" journalOrPublisher="McGraw-Hill Co., New York" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="Forest insects, a textbook for the use of students in forest schools, colleges, and universities, and for forest workers." year="1936">Doane et al. 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BB229CEE8A3D5744C911CC7093997C52" author="Baker, WL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 1175" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Eastern Forest Insects." year="1972">Baker 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species generally attacks and kills single trees, or solely treetops. However, outbreaks can develop during periods of drought, killing large tracts of hickory.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91D81FEA54E8F103A32412C5A02FCE06" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus quadrispinosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosus">Scolytus quadrispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
kills its host by mass attack in which a multitude of broods develop in the phloem and cambium, effectively girdling the host tree (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0614002A48AD85C884ABAD170B35E1F3" author="Blackman, MW" journalOrPublisher="Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Mississippi bark beetles." year="1922">Blackman 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="01F72F5783431F7B5A081E71B2F1C891" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Adult galleries are parallel to the grain of the wood and deeply score the sapwood; a nuptial chamber is not constructed. The adult gallery is short (2.5-5.0 cm), and consists of a single egg gallery (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="97D4623AFF6D1465FFEFBAB4D2E7B103" author="Blackman, MW" journalOrPublisher="Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Mississippi bark beetles." year="1922">Blackman 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eggs are deposited singly in niches on each side of the egg gallery with 20-60 niches per gallery (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D3205192255EBEA0F99B3C531FB136E2" author="Blackman, MW" journalOrPublisher="Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Mississippi bark beetles." year="1922">Blackman 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). After the eggs have been laid, the female constructs a postovipositional feeding tunnel parallel to the egg gallery (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="56F316FB4F960FC4BDFA08CD4E77E728" author="Goeden, RD" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="771 - 776" title="Some biological and ecological aspects of ovipositional attack in Carya spp. by Scolytusquadrispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." volume="58" year="1965 b">Goeden and Norris 1965b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larval mines are excavated in the cambium. From the egg gallery, the larval mines are first perpendicular to the grain of the wood and then gradually turn and diverge creating a fan shaped appearance. The larvae bore into the inner bark to overwinter. Larvae pupate the following spring and emerge as adults the following summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5B35959D503FE949F38F979CCAA5F17A" author="Blackman, MW" journalOrPublisher="Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Mississippi bark beetles." year="1922">Blackman 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Upon emergence, adults feed at twig crotches
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="84769EA5487D9A04A989BB7F88160D0B" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
leaf petioles before selecting a host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AB826E9536B6EDB4430D0B12F6B49E18" author="Baker, WL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 1175" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Eastern Forest Insects." year="1972">Baker 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E9A3606BE0C97BA309B3E5BE5C8B68F3" author="Goeden, RD" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="743 - 749" title="Some biological and ecological aspects of the dispersal flight of Scolytusquadrispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." volume="57" year="1964 b">Goeden and Norris 1964b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is one generation per year in the north with larvae completing their development in March and April and emergence in May. There may be two generations per year in the south with the brood overwintering as larvae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E99F398FF3C215C9C3CD1FC1B515F9F" author="Doane, RW" journalOrPublisher="McGraw-Hill Co., New York" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="Forest insects, a textbook for the use of students in forest schools, colleges, and universities, and for forest workers." year="1936">Doane et al. 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="654A81CECE5FD676AE7431EDA65F5708" author="Goeden, RD" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="141 - 146" title="Attraction of Scolytusquadrispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to Carya spp. for oviposition." volume="57" year="1964 a">Goeden and Norris (1964a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC1C41A26A5E466ECF508B412E23B0C9" author="Goeden, RD" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="743 - 749" title="Some biological and ecological aspects of the dispersal flight of Scolytusquadrispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." volume="57" year="1964 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E61072FE9B4EDDA02A39DF7946024688" author="Goeden, RD" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="249 - 252" title="The behavior of Scolytusquadrispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) during the dispersal flight as related to its host specificities." volume="58" year="1965 a">1965a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4986D26BF6253645788FD17A09B023E6" author="Goeden, RD" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="771 - 776" title="Some biological and ecological aspects of ovipositional attack in Carya spp. by Scolytusquadrispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." volume="58" year="1965 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for more information regarding the biology of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="51B9B02F77B312929864957486FBDC03" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="F7F3483BFE8050E47D5FE81771098794" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D97037F348AA870170DF8A2C620EB893" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DEF12EC55AAF316FD64CFD703070F07A" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus quadrispinosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosus">Scolytus quadrispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is lost (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F7C667FEA1DF55A5F2815E9C3C4E874" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="8" year="1982">Wood 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30AB441EEF9CF6649DB013E7A5720009" author="Say, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="139 - 216" title="Descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the late expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long." volume="3" year="1824">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B4E2F9B63E0A8FD28E6E803062304A73" originalValue="Say’s">Say's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1824)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description is unambiguous as to the characteristics of this species. The holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45CDA576E9F47BCF592FF02C07A273BD" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus caryae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caryae">Scolytus caryae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Walsh was likely deposited in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BFF06467FF826AC066AEB881ADFE253E" originalValue="Walsh’s">Walsh's</normalizedToken>
|
||
type collection, which was housed in the Chicago Academy of Science Museum. This collection burned in the Great Chicago Fire and the holotypes were lost (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C89A97F431F7C20A02BD5CDC7F0A3D09" author="Sheppard, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Entomology" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 25" title="Benjamin Dann Walsh: Pioneer Entomologist and Proponent of Darwinian Theory." url="10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123145" volume="49" year="2004">Sheppard 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; J. Colby, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |