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<document ID-DOI="10.3374/014.054.0202" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7a23d441-2224-4f17-9775-825dd8bfc76e" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3897695" checkinTime="1592345285956" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Dalman, Sebastian G." docDate="2013" docId="03BA87C4FFBFFFD3F40FFA54FB931E9E" docLanguage="en" docName="BPeabodyMusNatHi.54.2.241-254.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 54" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="246" masterDocId="FF83FFBCFFBBFFD5F70BFFF2FF831B53" masterDocTitle="New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States" masterLastPageNumber="254" masterPageNumber="241" pageNumber="244" updateTime="1673633875280" updateUser="felipe">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dalman, Sebastian G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Geosciences, Fort Hays State University, 600 Park Street, Hays, KS 67601 USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sebastiandalman@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2013-10-31</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>54</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>241</mods:start>
<mods:end>254</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3374/014.054.0202</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">7a23d441-2224-4f17-9775-825dd8bfc76e</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3897695</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4581014" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190304494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4581014" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87C4FFBFFFD3F40FFA54FB931E9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87C4FFBFFFD3F40FFA54FB931E9E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="244" type="multiple">
<heading bold="true" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" reason="0">
<paragraph blockId="4.[697,1171,1446,1758]" box="[772,1096,1446,1470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[792,855,1448,1469]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">ORDER</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Seeley, 1888" authorityName="Seeley" authorityYear="1888" box="[860,1096,1446,1470]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
Saurischia
<bibRefCitation author="Seeley" box="[971,1096,1446,1470]" firstAuthor="Seeley" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="165 - 171" part="43" refId="ref9560" refString="SEELEY, H. G. 1888. On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 43: 165 - 171" title="On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria" type="journal article" year="1888">Seeley, 1888</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[697,1171,1446,1758]" box="[744,1124,1478,1502]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,869,1479,1501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">SUBORDER</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1881" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1881" box="[875,1124,1478,1502]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Theropoda">
Theropoda
<bibRefCitation author="Marsh" box="[996,1124,1478,1502]" firstAuthor="Marsh" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Science" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="81 - 86" part="23" refId="ref9199" refString="MARSH, O. C. 1881. Classification of the Dinosauria. American Journal of Science 23: 81 - 86" title="Classification of the Dinosauria" type="journal article" year="1881">Marsh, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[697,1171,1446,1758]" box="[712,1156,1510,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[721,867,1511,1533]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">INTRAORDER</emphasis>
Coelurosauria
<bibRefCitation author="Huene" box="[1025,1156,1510,1534]" firstAuthor="Huene" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Science" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="145 - 146" part="38" refId="ref8414" refString="HUENE, F. R. V. 1914. The dinosaurs not a natural order. American Journal of Science, Series 4, 38: 145 - 146" title="The dinosaurs not a natural order" type="journal article" year="1914">Huene, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[697,1171,1446,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[709,830,1543,1564]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">SUBFAMILY</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[835,1171,1542,1566]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tyrannosauroidea">
Tyrannosauroidea
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[1031,1171,1542,1566]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref9275" refString="OSBORN, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(sensu
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno" box="[876,1057,1574,1598]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Phyloinformatics" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="1 - 21" part="8" refId="ref9592" refString="SERENO, P. C., S. MCALLISTER AND S. L. BRUSATTE. 2005. Taxon search: a relational database for suprageneric taxa and their phylogenetic definitions. Phyloinformatics 8: 1 - 21" title="Taxon search: a relational database for suprageneric taxa and their phylogenetic definitions" type="journal article" year="2005">Sereno et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</heading>
<paragraph blockId="4.[697,1171,1446,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[772,1096,1606,1630]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tyrannosaurinae">
Tyrannosaurinae
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[955,1096,1606,1630]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref9275" refString="OSBORN, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(sensu
<bibRefCitation author="Currie" box="[877,1055,1638,1662]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="227 - 234" part="48" refId="ref7767" refString="CURRIE, P. J., J. H. HURUM AND K. SABATH. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 227 - 234." title="Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[697,1171,1446,1758]" box="[725,1143,1670,1694]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[739,815,1671,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">FAMILY</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1906" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1906" box="[820,1143,1670,1694]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Tyrannosauridae
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[1003,1143,1670,1694]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="281 - 296" part="22" refId="ref9304" refString="- 1906. Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 281 - 296" title="Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication)" type="journal article" year="1906">Osborn, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[697,1171,1446,1758]" box="[741,1127,1702,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[759,820,1703,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">GENUS</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[826,1127,1702,1726]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[826,982,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[987,1127,1702,1726]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref9275" refString="OSBORN, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[716,1152,1734,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="4.[697,1171,1446,1758]" box="[716,1152,1734,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[716,807,1734,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">SPECIES</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[813,1006,1735,1758]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[813,1006,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[1011,1152,1734,1758]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref9275" refString="OSBORN, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="245" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="4.[684,1185,1790,1810]" lastBlockId="5.[184,685,1123,1197]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="245" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">
Material.
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383329" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" county="Big Horn County" formation="Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="245" location="SW1/4, SE1/4, Sec.7, T57N, R99W" pageId="4" pageNumber="244" preparations="right anterior dentary with teeth" specimenCode="YPM VPPU 016516" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">
<collectionCode box="[759,802,1791,1810]" collectionName="YPM" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">YPM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[805,920,1790,1810]" pageId="4" pageNumber="244">VPPU 016516</specimenCode>
,right anterior dentary with teeth. Horizon and locality.Upper Cretaceous,Lance Formation,
<collectingCounty pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Big Horn County</collectingCounty>
, SW1/4, SE1/4, Sec.7, T57N, R99W,
<collectingRegion box="[597,681,1150,1170]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry box="[184,225,1178,1197]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3897699" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3897699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3897699/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" startId="5.[184,242,955,974]" targetBox="[270,1131,187,894]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph blockId="5.[184,1216,953,1082]" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">
FIGURE 2. Map of the State of Wyoming, USA. The Buck Creek and the town of Lusk (A) from which pedal phalanges II-2 YPM VP 057488(A) and III-2 YPM VP 057488(B) of
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[779,953,980,1001]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[779,953,980,1001]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and isolated teeth cf.
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
YPM VP 002220(A), YPM VP 002220(B) and YPM VP 054459(A–G) were recovered. The Bighorn basin (B) from which a right anterior dentary YPM VPPU 016516 of
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[828,882,1034,1055]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[828,882,1034,1055]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">T. rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recovered. Map modified from
<bibRefCitation author="Trumbull" bookContentInfo="15 pp." box="[184,344,1060,1082]" firstAuthor="Trumbull" journalOrPublisher="Cheyenne: State of Wyoming, Geologist's Office" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" refId="ref9831" refString="TRUMBULL, L. W. 1913. Prospective Oil Fields at Upton, Weston County Buck Creek, Niobrara County Rattlesnake Mountains, Natrona County La Barge, Lincoln County. Cheyenne: State of Wyoming, Geologist's Office. 15 pp. (Bulletin 5.)" title="Prospective Oil Fields at Upton, Weston County Buck Creek, Niobrara County Rattlesnake Mountains, Natrona County La Barge, Lincoln County" type="book" year="1913">Trumbull (1913)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="5.[184,685,1230,1810]" lastBlockId="6.[152,653,185,1511]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">
Description.
<emphasis box="[289,360,1231,1249]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Dentary.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383320" box="[364,528,1230,1250]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" county="Big Horn County" location="SW1/4, SE1/4, Sec.7, T57N, R99W" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" preparations="right anterior dentary with teeth" specimenCode="YPM VPPU 016516" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VPPU 016516</materialsCitation>
is a well-preserved anterior end of the right dentary and identified here as an adult
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[184,330,1285,1303]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[184,330,1285,1303]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[339,402,1283,1303]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[184,242,1614,1633]" captionTargetBox="[222,1169,178,1454]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[222,1179,178,1454]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Tyrannosaurus rex (YPM VPPU 016516) right anterior dentary fragment from the Bighorn basin of Wyoming,USA.A, lateral.B, medial.C, dorsal.D, ventral. E, anterior. A1–E1, interpretive drawings of the dentary fragment. Abbreviations: ab, convex articular brace “chin” on the dentary symphysis; alv, alveolus; alvr, alveolar row of foramina; gdl, groove for dental lamina; idp, interdental plates; fio, foramen intermandibularis oralis; ip, inflection point where anterior and ventral margins of dentary meet; lb, lingual bar; mg, Meckelian groove; rim, sinuous rim continuing anterodorsally from articular brace of symphysis; ids, interdentary symphysis; rs, rugose surface; t, tooth; ventr, ventral row of foramina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3897701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3897701/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Figure 3</figureCitation>
A–E).The dentary is massive,mediolaterally thick along the tooth row, and deep. The length of the preserved dentary fragment is 25 cm and its depth is 20 cm. Approximately 3.5 cm of the bone in the dorsal region is missing, including a large portion of the interdental plates and the supradentary, which suggests that the dentary was deeper.In life the length of the entire dentary measured approximately 85 cm when comparing it to known dentaries of
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[517,563,1471,1489]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[517,563,1471,1489]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">T. rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383350" box="[572,681,1470,1490]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=47761 " pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383328" box="[184,262,1498,1517]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383332" box="[268,308,1498,1517]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="BHI 4100">4100</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383354" box="[314,354,1498,1517]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="BHI 4182">4182</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383310" box="[360,620,1497,1517]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=52853 " pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="CM 9380 [formerly AMNH 973]">CM 9380 [formerly AMNH 973]</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383324" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&amp;QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&amp;BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383345" box="[244,350,1523,1543]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="LACM 7509/10167">7509/150167</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383314" box="[361,681,1523,1544]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="FMNH PR 2081">FMNH PR 2081 [formerly BHI 2033]</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383311" box="[184,264,1551,1570]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="MOR 009">MOR 009</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383347" box="[270,300,1550,1570]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="MOR 555">555</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383307" box="[306,336,1551,1570]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="MOR 088">088</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383309" box="[342,372,1551,1570]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="MOR 980">980</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383304" box="[378,417,1550,1570]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="MOR 1125">1125</materialsCitation>
;ROM 1247;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383337" box="[519,625,1550,1570]" collectionCode="RTMP" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="RTMP 81.6.1">RTMP 81.6.1</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383351" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383362" box="[241,537,1577,1597]" collectionCode="TCM" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="TCM 2001.90.1 [formerly BHI 4960] ">TCM 2001.90.1 [formerly BHI 4960]</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383343" box="[546,681,1578,1597]" collectionCode="UMNH" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="UMNH 11000">UMNH 110000)</materialsCitation>
. On the basis of this estimate, the entire length of the animal to which the dentary
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383344" box="[338,504,1630,1650]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" county="Big Horn County" location="SW1/4, SE1/4, Sec.7, T57N, R99W" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" preparations="right anterior dentary with teeth" specimenCode="YPM VPPU 016516" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VPPU 016516</materialsCitation>
belongs was approximately 12 m. The lateral surface of the dentary under the tooth row is convex and perforated by several large neurovascular foramina. The foramina are arranged in two rows: an alveolar and ventral row. The alveolar row is situated directly ventral to the alveolar margin.There are two foramina at first alveolus,and four at each consecutive alveolus. The ventral row of foramina parallels the alveolar row and the ventral margin of the dentary in a way that is characteristic of
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[985,1033,1151,1169]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[985,1033,1151,1169]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">T. rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[1045,1153,1150,1170]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Currie" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref7698" refString="CURRIE, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie 2003a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Carr and Williamson" box="[773,994,1177,1197]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref7407" refString="- 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) fromthe western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) fromthe western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson 2004</bibRefCitation>
). The medial surface is flat, which gives the dentary a D-shaped cross section similar to other tyrannosaurids (
<bibRefCitation author="Brusatte" box="[845,995,1230,1250]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Brusatte" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" pagination="1 - 197" part="366" refId="ref7015" refString="BRUSATTE, S. L., T. D. CARR AND M. A. NORELL. 2012. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 366: 1 - 197." title="The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2012">Brusatte et al.2012</bibRefCitation>
).Anteriorly, the ventral and anterior margins of the dentary meet at a point ventral to the level of the third alveolus and brace the dentary symphysis medially (
<bibRefCitation author="Brusatte" box="[753,904,1310,1330]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Brusatte" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" pagination="1481 - 485" part="329" refId="ref7072" refString="BRUSATTE, S. L., M. A. NORELL, T. D. CARR, G. M. ERICKSON, J. R. HUTCHINSON, A. M. BALANOFF, G. S. BEVER, J. N. CHOINIERE, P. J. MAKOVICKY AND X. XU. 2010. Tyrannosaur paleobiology: new research on ancient exemplar organisms. Science 329 (5998): 1481 - 485." title="Tyrannosaur paleobiology: new research on ancient exemplar organisms" type="journal article" year="2010">Brusatte et al.2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Brusatte" box="[911,953,1311,1330]" firstAuthor="Brusatte" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" pagination="1 - 197" part="366" refId="ref7015" refString="BRUSATTE, S. L., T. D. CARR AND M. A. NORELL. 2012. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 366: 1 - 197." title="The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
).This ventrally projecting rugose process is known as the “chin” or transition point (
<bibRefCitation author="Carr" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" pagination="119 - 143" part="25" refId="ref7559" refString="CARR, T. D., T. E. WILLIAMSON AND D. R. SCHWIMMER. 2005. A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (1): 119 - 143." title="A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama" type="journal article" year="2005">Carr et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
); however, it is not as pronounced as in
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1100,1148,1365,1383]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[1100,1148,1365,1383]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">T. rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383356" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="FMNH PR 2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
.In adult examples of
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[949,1069,1391,1409]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[949,1069,1391,1409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383313" box="[1078,1213,1390,1410]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=47761 " pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH FR 5027</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383303" box="[716,792,1418,1437]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
and
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383361" box="[830,958,1418,1437]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="FMNH PR 2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
) the transition point is below the third alveolus (
<bibRefCitation author="Brusatte" box="[834,989,1443,1464]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Brusatte" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" pagination="1 - 197" part="366" refId="ref7015" refString="BRUSATTE, S. L., T. D. CARR AND M. A. NORELL. 2012. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 366: 1 - 197." title="The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2012">Brusatte et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). In other derived Asian and North American tyrannosaurids this point is variable:below the third alveolus in
<emphasis box="[862,975,1497,1516]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Bistahieversor</emphasis>
NMMNH P-27469,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
CMN 8506,
<taxonomicName box="[882,981,1524,1543]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[882,981,1524,1543]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ROM 1247,“
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1088,1208,1525,1543]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1088,1208,1525,1543]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” NMMNH P-1013-1, the new Ojo Alamo tyrannosaurid taxon ACM 7975,
<taxonomicName box="[811,959,1577,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Zhuchengtyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[811,959,1577,1596]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Zhuchengtyrannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ZCDM V0031, below the fourth alveolus in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[809,921,1604,1623]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[809,921,1604,1623]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
TMP 2003.45.64,
<emphasis box="[1071,1215,1604,1623]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Appalachiosaurus</emphasis>
RMM 6670,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[820,943,1631,1650]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[820,943,1631,1650]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MOR 533S,
<emphasis box="[1050,1170,1631,1650]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Teratophoneus</emphasis>
BYU 9398,
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[764,884,1658,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[764,884,1658,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383308" box="[889,966,1658,1677]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=52853 " pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="CM 9380 [formerly AMNH 973]">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
, and below the fourth and fifth alveoli in
<emphasis box="[790,873,1684,1703]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Alioramus</emphasis>
IGM 100/1844.In more primitive taxa such as
<emphasis box="[737,830,1711,1729]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Bagaraatan</emphasis>
ZPAL MgD-I/108 the transition point is below the third alveolus.In the juvenile forms of
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1043,1163,1738,1756]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1043,1163,1738,1756]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383301" box="[809,915,1763,1783]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
and “
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[963,1057,1764,1783]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[963,1057,1764,1783]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Aublysodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383348" box="[1070,1180,1764,1783]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
and
<taxonomicName box="[716,818,1791,1810]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[716,818,1791,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="245">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MPC-D 107/7 the transition point is below the fourth alveolus.These variations are most likely ontogenetic and changed during growth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[152,653,185,1511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
Located on the medial surface of the anterior end of the dentary is the interdentary symphysis.It is an elongated, elliptically-shaped and rugose surface terminating posteroventrally below the third alveolus. As in other tyrannosaurids (
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Currie" box="[199,303,345,365]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref7698" refString="CURRIE, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie 2003a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Currie" box="[310,360,345,365]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="651 - 665" part="40" refId="ref7733" refString="- 2003 b. Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 651 - 665." title="Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">2003b</bibRefCitation>
) the interdentary symphysis in YPM VPPU 016516 was weak in life.A small foramen intramandibularis oralis is located in the vicinity of the posteroventral tip of the interdentary symphysis and at the level of fourth alveolus as in other
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[219,339,453,471]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[219,339,453,471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383357" box="[380,486,451,471]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=47761 " pageId="6" pageNumber="246" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
and
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383338" box="[525,603,452,472]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
) (
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[152,210,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[188,1148,184,1445]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1148,184,1446]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Examples of an adult Tyrannosaurus rex dentaries from the Hell Creek Formation Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of North America. AMNH FR 5027 from Dry Creek, McCone County, Montana. BHI 3033 from the Niemi Ranch, near Buffalo, Harding County, South Dakota. A, lateral. B, medial. All photographs by Lawrence Witmer; used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3897703" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3897703/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Figure 4</figureCitation>
A–D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[152,653,185,1511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
The dentary
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383306" box="[291,450,505,525]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" county="Big Horn County" location="SW1/4, SE1/4, Sec.7, T57N, R99W" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="right anterior dentary with teeth" specimenCode="YPM VPPU 016516" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VPPU 016516</materialsCitation>
preserves five alveoli with partially erupted and broken off teeth.The first alveolus is small and laterally compressed. It contains a partially erupted tooth that is missing the apex. The second alveolus is slightly larger, rounded and empty. The third and fourth alveoli are significantly larger than the first and second.The fifth alveolus is only partially preserved; however, it is significantly larger than the other alveoli.The third alveolus contains a well-preserved tooth crown that is partially erupted,whereas the fourth and fifth alveoli are empty. The preserved tooth d3 is laterally compressed, but not as much as in other non-avian theropods such as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[152,235,799,818]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[152,235,799,818]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1931" box="[272,442,799,818]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[272,442,799,818]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and basal tyrannosauroids such as
<emphasis box="[221,330,826,845]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Sinotyrannus</emphasis>
,
<emphasis box="[342,465,825,844]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Xiongguanlong</emphasis>
and
<emphasis box="[511,608,826,844]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Yutyrannus</emphasis>
. The tooth is slightly re-curved distally and serrated.The carinae are mesiolingually and distolabially oriented and both are contiguous over the tip of the crown (
<bibRefCitation author="Smith" box="[392,486,905,925]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="865 - 887" part="25" refId="ref9632" refString="SMITH, J. B. 2005. Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4): 865 - 887" title="Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Reichel" box="[493,599,905,925]" firstAuthor="Reichel" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="477 - 491" part="49" refId="ref9437" refString="REICHEL, M. 2012. The variation of angels between anterior and posterior carinae of tyrannosaurid teeth. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49 (3): 477 - 491" title="The variation of angels between anterior and posterior carinae of tyrannosaurid teeth" type="journal article" year="2012">Reichel 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[152,653,185,1511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
The specimen
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383330" box="[308,470,931,952]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" county="Big Horn County" location="SW1/4, SE1/4, Sec.7, T57N, R99W" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="right anterior dentary with teeth" specimenCode="YPM VPPU 016516" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VPPU 016516</materialsCitation>
preserves a small remnant of the interdental plates. As in other tyrannosaurids, the interdental plates in
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383333" box="[323,491,985,1005]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" county="Big Horn County" location="SW1/4, SE1/4, Sec.7, T57N, R99W" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="right anterior dentary with teeth" specimenCode="YPM VPPU 016516" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VPPU 016516</materialsCitation>
are not fully fused; they flare out medially and are separated dorsally by a groove for the dental lamina ventral to the tooth row.As in other nonavian theropods including tyrannosaurids, in life, the interdental plates were covered by the ossified supradentarycoronoid (
<bibRefCitation author="Molnar" box="[238,348,1118,1138]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica Abteilung A" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="137 - 176" part="217" refId="ref9246" refString="MOLNAR, R. E. 1991. The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 217 (4 - 6): 137 - 176." title="The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="1991">Molnar 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[356,463,1118,1138]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Currie" box="[472,581,1118,1138]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref7698" refString="CURRIE, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie 2003a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Hurum and Sabath" firstAuthor="Hurum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="161 - 190" part="48" refId="ref8445" refString="HURUM, J. H. AND K. SABATH. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaur from Asia and North America: skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 161 - 190" title="Giant theropod dinosaur from Asia and North America: skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared" type="journal article" year="2003">Hurum and Sabath 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Brusatte" box="[308,478,1145,1165]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Brusatte" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 197" part="366" refId="ref7015" refString="BRUSATTE, S. L., T. D. CARR AND M. A. NORELL. 2012. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 366: 1 - 197." title="The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2012">Brusatte et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). However, in
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383323" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" county="Big Horn County" location="SW1/4, SE1/4, Sec.7, T57N, R99W" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="right anterior dentary with teeth" specimenCode="YPM VPPU 016516" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VPPU 016516</materialsCitation>
the supradentary is not preserved. The lingual bar (“medial bone” of
<bibRefCitation author="Currie" box="[349,463,1198,1218]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref7698" refString="CURRIE, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie 2003a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Brusatte" box="[473,643,1198,1218]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Brusatte" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 197" part="366" refId="ref7015" refString="BRUSATTE, S. L., T. D. CARR AND M. A. NORELL. 2012. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 366: 1 - 197." title="The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2012">Brusatte et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), which underlies the interdental plates and overlies the Meckelian groove, is flat and flared as it approaches the posterior margin of the interdentary symphysis. As in other tyrannosaurids, including
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[328,484,1306,1324]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[328,484,1306,1324]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the anterior end of the lingual bar in
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383325" box="[294,458,1331,1352]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" county="Big Horn County" location="SW1/4, SE1/4, Sec.7, T57N, R99W" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="right anterior dentary with teeth" specimenCode="YPM VPPU 016516" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VPPU 016516</materialsCitation>
covers the first and second alveolus. Below the lingual bar is a small portion of the Meckelian groove. It is a shallow and elongated structure, which is located in the middle of the medial surface and is approximately 1.5 cm above the foramen intermandibularis oralis. The same condition is also observed in other adult
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[152,276,1493,1511]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[152,276,1493,1511]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dentaries (
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[367,477,1491,1511]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="246" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="6.[193,611,1558,1646]" box="[193,611,1558,1582]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[193,283,1558,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">FAMILY</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1906" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1906" box="[288,611,1558,1582]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Tyrannosauridae
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[471,611,1558,1582]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="281 - 296" part="22" refId="ref9304" refString="- 1906. Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 281 - 296" title="Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication)" type="journal article" year="1906">Osborn, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[193,611,1558,1646]" box="[209,595,1590,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[209,288,1590,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">GENUS</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[294,595,1590,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[294,450,1591,1614]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[455,595,1590,1614]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref9275" refString="OSBORN, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[193,611,1558,1646]" box="[232,572,1622,1646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[232,426,1623,1646]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[232,426,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[431,572,1622,1646]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref9275" refString="OSBORN, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="246" type="materials_examined">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383342" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" formation="Lance Formation" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">
<paragraph blockId="6.[152,652,1683,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
Material.
<collectionCode box="[229,272,1685,1704]" collectionName="YPM" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">YPM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[276,392,1683,1704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">VP 057488(A)</specimenCode>
and YPM VP 057488B, two isolated digital pedal phalanges
<date box="[382,489,1710,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">II-2 and III-2</date>
of the left foot.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[152,652,1763,1810]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
Horizon and locality. Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87C4FFBFFFD3F40FFA54FB931E9E:8ECC6009FFBDFFD3F568F911FEF41C41" country="United States of America" name="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" stateProvince="Wyoming">
Buck Creek,
<quantity box="[209,259,1790,1810]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" unit="km" value="37.0">37 km</quantity>
north of Lusk
</location>
,
<collectingRegion box="[382,466,1790,1810]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry box="[473,514,1791,1810]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</materialsCitation>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="246" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="6.[684,1185,185,1485]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
Description. In this description the two isolated digital pedal phalanges are referred to as II-2
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383334" box="[943,1107,211,232]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
and III-2
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383322" box="[684,847,238,258]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(B)</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[684,1185,185,1485]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
Pedal phalanx II-2
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383326" box="[879,1044,265,285]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
(
<figureCitation box="[1055,1123,265,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[184,240,895,914]" captionTargetBox="[198,1203,185,848]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[198,1203,185,848]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5.Pedal phalanx II-2 YPM VP 057488(A) of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Buck Creek of Wyoming, USA. A, lateral view. B, medial view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, posterior view. F, anterior view. G, position of pedal phalanx II-2 in the foot (left foot). Abbreviation: lp, lateral ligament pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3897705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3897705/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Figure 5</figureCitation>
A–F) is missing a small portion of the distal articular region.The entire length of the phalanx is 16.5 cm. The specimen
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383331" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
compares well with pedal phalanx II-2 of other examples of
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[786,939,373,391]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[786,939,373,391]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383352" box="[987,1123,372,392]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" specimenCode="FMNH PR 2081">FMNH PR 2081</materialsCitation>
;
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[184,241,1541,1560]" captionTargetBox="[277,1125,1034,1487]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[277,1125,1034,1487]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Examples of the pedal phalanx II-2 of adult Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR 2081) from the Hell Creek Formation Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of South Dakota, USA. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. Abbreviation: lp, lateral ligament pit. Pedal phalanx II-2 redrawn from Brochu (2003)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3897707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3897707/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Figure 6</figureCitation>
A–C). In all other tyrannosaurids, including
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1067,1115,399,417]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[1067,1115,399,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">T. rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the pes phalanx II-2 is constricted at the middle and has expanded proximal and distal articular regions (
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[993,1102,451,471]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
), which is the same in
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383315" box="[780,945,478,498]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
.The long axis of phalanx II-2
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383359" box="[684,854,505,525]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
is not parallel to the sagittal plane and slopes medially (
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[818,924,531,551]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano" box="[932,1047,532,551]" firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="163 - 179" part="27 (sp 8)" refId="ref7613" refString="CARRANO, M. T. 2007. The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (sp 8): 163 - 179" title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2007">Carrano 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The dorsal surface of the phalanx is narrower than the ventral surface, which is a common characteristic of tyrannosaurid theropods, including
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[714,760,613,631]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[714,760,613,631]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">T. rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[770,877,611,631]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[684,1185,185,1485]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
The proximal articular region of phalanx II-2
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383360" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
is concave and oval as in other tyrannosaurids from the coeval Hell Creek, Willow Creek and Scollard formations of the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada. As in other tyrannosaurids, phalanx II-2
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383355" box="[1018,1183,745,765]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
has ventral rugosities that are adjacent to the proximal articular surface (
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[777,886,798,818]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
). These rugosities are well developed within the ventral surface and ventrolateral grooves (
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="246" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="6.[684,1185,185,1485]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383316" box="[724,888,878,898]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
preserves the lateral and medial distal condyles, which contain deep ligament pits. In large tyrannosaurids like
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[808,964,933,951]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[808,964,933,951]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the distal condyles of the proximal pedal phalanges are cleft and asymmetrical (
<bibRefCitation author="Carr and Williamson" editor="S. G. Lucas &amp; A. B. Heckert" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="113 - 145" part="17" refId="ref7343" refString="CARR, T. D. AND T. E. WILLIAMSON. 2000. A review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico. In: S. G. Lucas and A. B. Heckert, ed. Dinosaurs of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 17: 113 - 145" title="A review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Dinosaurs of New Mexico" year="2000">Carr and Williamson 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[832,939,985,1005]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
). This characteristic morphology is also evident in
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383317" box="[854,1019,1011,1032]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[684,1185,185,1485]" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">
Pedal phalanx III-2
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383302" box="[891,1058,1038,1058]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(B)</materialsCitation>
(
<figureCitation box="[1070,1140,1038,1058]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[152,207,921,940]" captionTargetBox="[152,1170,184,861]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1170,184,861]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pedal phalanx III-2 YPM VP 057488(B) of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Buck Creek of Wyoming, USA.A, lateral view.B, medialview.C, dorsal view.D, ventral view.E, posterior view. F, anterior view. G, position of pedal phalanx III-2 in the foot (left foot).Abbreviation: lp, lateral ligament pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3897709" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3897709/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Figure 7</figureCitation>
A–F) is missing a portion of the dorsoanterior surface. The entire length of the phalanx is 12. 5 cm.
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383353" box="[966,1134,1091,1112]" collectionCode="YPM" country="United States of America" location="Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" preparations="two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot" specimenCode="YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Wyoming">YPM VP 057488(A)</materialsCitation>
compares well with pedal phalanx III-2 of other examples of
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[684,838,1146,1164]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[684,838,1146,1164]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396383340" box="[886,1021,1146,1165]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" specimenCode="FMNH PR 2081">FMNH PR 2081</materialsCitation>
;
<figureCitation box="[1029,1095,1145,1165]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[152,209,1720,1739]" captionTargetBox="[238,1099,1078,1666]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[238,1099,1078,1666]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Examples of the pedal phalanx III-2 of adult Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR 2081) from the Hell Creek Formation Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of South Dakota, USA. A, lateral view. B, dorsal view. C, ventral view. Abbreviation: lp, lateral ligament. Pedal phalanx III-2 redrawn from Brochu (2003)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3897711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3897711/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">Figure 8</figureCitation>
A–C). The phalanx is shorter distally and constricted at the middle, with expanded proximal and distal articular regions (
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[1068,1175,1198,1218]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The proximal articular region for the articulation with the corresponding pedal phalanx is concave and oval. The ventrolateral surface of the proximal articular region is rugose as in other tyrannosaurids. These rugosities are large and situated within the ventral and ventrolateral grooves of the phalanx (
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu" box="[690,799,1358,1378]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 138" part="7, 22" refId="ref6852" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoire 7, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
). In dorsal view the lateral and medial condyles of the phalanx have linear margins, which are symmetrical. The ligament pits are circular, deep and are visible in dorsal view. The distal articular region of the phalanx is trapezoidal, as in other tyrannosaurids including
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[987,1034,1466,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[987,1034,1466,1484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="246">T. rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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