241 lines
37 KiB
XML
241 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="9F951B406631885687C4008AAFAA7301" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00638.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10114738" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630447108002" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher, Nizinski, Martha & Lundsten, Lonny" docDate="2010" docId="C1391E19FF983756FED2F9C7FD7CB197" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2010.00638.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00638.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Sthenaster emmae Mah & Nizinski & Lundsten 2010, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="276" masterDocId="3D006661FF90375CFFF6FFF9FF98B214" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species" masterLastPageNumber="301" masterPageNumber="266" pageNumber="274" updateTime="1700039877626" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="6FCEE40A1C41B3904902D08CFF0836BC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5BDACFCC8F9AF7EC559572FEA4E433FC">
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<mods:title id="1DF67C478E30E2FDD3538D5EB525CC7F">Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="137789C03D35B8030752078634BB8589" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="4C3B09E639963469423779950AFECFB2">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D0EE9A0444D7DA8CD7A3A51611DD9BF3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1560E1A5AA4DB27AE82AEA17E027BE36">Mah, Christopher</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="326C78043925FB958F81462F5D481CEA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="67B1823074BAFFCDC44E1434EF93C4A1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="24E5233364667B1A57CFFC47ECF6F4DD">Nizinski, Martha</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="B11912C78519B171054D4858BA34DCAB" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F503171642D5432B23F75E0586F6E334">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F0C7A5FF6E5DC0B9997C5F1E49CB5985">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8A1534C84654E4F7A0165E74BBD1C99D">Lundsten, Lonny</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1EF20E7380B1ECB1AED96B6BB271B3D7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1F4352205CD1784D180F5530F1332B88">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="4DF620ADE2A959551552179FFCB099CD">
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<mods:date id="46D94B7BC698B2FD9F5CA8AB1EC48A6C">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="447C4486FCD42C4B7623370B3AE1F6B4" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="BE0CBC33B2C5CB61B8A1C80F94408220">2010-09-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="C3764EFB8C677D677FCB1E37DA107807" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="98F7B11E76155A1FB1A93A9205FD03D2">160</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="B62C792EE39BA0902EBF8D5E60EECDA6" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="0AD52B93DD9BED6EDE2F3FA0CE3D9CE0">2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="B1D292588E92D7278728BCB691D6C0E3" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="0921BDE81919EEC8D88AC81021EEC807">266</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="7BD4448C612C201379E8F895393D7BAD">301</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location id="294F77C01A908E89833A686C4AFF2FCC">
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<mods:url id="FB434FCDDE9F583742F7C520AE1A3371">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00638.x</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="AA2FBF27441B1A85CC5DB154512D9713">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A66CF87BF3CDB065622996968D638CAC" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00638.x</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D9F7F3897D09649174049AEBBA5C5CF2" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BD9226103D67BDC08F586B2C797C4C37" type="Zenodo-Dep">10114738</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="C1391E19FF983756FED2F9C7FD7CB197" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C1391E19FF983756FED2F9C7FD7CB197" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C1391E19FF983756FED2F9C7FD7CB197" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
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<subSubSection id="018AFC84FF983754FED2F9C7FD12B447" box="[292,650,1598,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF983754FED2F9C7FD12B447" blockId="8.[292,650,1598,1651]" box="[292,650,1598,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
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<heading id="12671863FF983754FED2F9C7FD12B447" box="[292,650,1598,1619]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="8E90D48CFF983754FED2F9C7FD83B447" ID-CoL="52HCN" authority="Mah & Nizinski & Lundsten, 2010" authorityName="Mah & Nizinski & Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[292,539,1598,1619]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sthenaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="emmae" status="sp. nov.">STHENASTER EMMAE</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FDD3F9BBFD12B447" bold="true" box="[549,650,1598,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="60D7CE66FF983754FDD3F9BBFD12B447" box="[549,650,1598,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="018AFC84FF983756FE71F9A7FD7CB197" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" type="description">
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<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF983754FE71F9A7FDBFB467" blockId="8.[292,650,1598,1651]" box="[391,551,1630,1651]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
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<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF983754FE71F9A7FDBFB467" box="[391,551,1630,1651]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">FIGURE 4A–H</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF983754FF52F97CFD34B4AD" blockId="8.[164,779,1669,1721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
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||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FF52F97CFEB0B48E" box="[164,296,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Occurrence:</emphasis>
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Known only from Savannah Banks and off the coast of Jacksonville, FL.
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<quantity id="8E6802EAFF983754FDDFF95AFD30B4AD" box="[553,680,1699,1721]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7649999999999997" metricValueMax="5.01" metricValueMin="2.52" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="376.5" valueMax="501.0" valueMin="252.0">252–501 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF983754FF52F927FBD9B32C" blockId="8.[164,779,1758,1903]" lastBlockId="8.[826,1441,197,312]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
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<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FF52F927FE13B4E7" box="[164,395,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Material examined:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="F9F8A552FF983754FE6BF926FBD9B32C" accessionNumber="E15539" collectingDate="2005-10-22" collectingDateMax="2005-10-26" collectingDateMin="2005-10-22" collectionCode="T, R, PARATYPE-" collectorName="Jacksonville, FL & Savannah Banks & C. Caddigan" elevation="498" latitude="31.733334" location="North Atlantic Ocean." longLatPrecision="1214" longitude="-79.083336" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" specimenCode="USNM 1124468, USNM 1124469" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="962B11ADFF983754FE6BF926FDA8B4E0" box="[413,560,1759,1780]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="19360774FF983754FDB3F926FC9EB4E0" box="[581,774,1758,1780]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" type="Museum">USNM 1124468</specimenCode>
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, Savannah Banks,
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<geoCoordinate id="2CA4C9C8FF983754FE77F904FE46B506" box="[385,478,1788,1811]" degrees="31" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" precision="925" value="31.7">31°42′N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="2CA4C9C8FF983754FE06F904FDC8B506" box="[496,592,1788,1811]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" precision="925" value="-79.11667">79°07′W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="8E6802EAFF983754FD96F904FD30B506" box="[608,680,1789,1810]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9799999999999995" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="498.0">
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<elevation id="C2BD483CFF983754FD96F904FD30B506" box="[608,680,1789,1810]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9799999999999995" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="498.0">498 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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, coll.
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<collectionCode id="2F8137CAFF983754FD00F904FC90B506" box="[758,776,1789,1810]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">T</collectionCode>
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||
. Casazza, JSL 4902,
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<date id="3D2E89CFFF983754FE6DF8E2FD90B525" box="[411,520,1819,1841]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" value="2005-10-26">
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<collectingDate id="2D6A7027FF983754FE6DF8E2FD90B525" box="[411,520,1819,1841]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" value="2005-10-26">26.x.2005</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
(1 wet spec.
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||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FD42F8E5FD5EB525" box="[692,710,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
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<collectionCode id="2F8137CAFF983754FD42F8E5FD5EB525" box="[692,710,1820,1841]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">R</collectionCode>
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||
</emphasis>
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= 9.6,
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<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FF52F8C2FF37B544" box="[164,175,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">r</emphasis>
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||
= 4.7). PARATYPE-USNM E15539, off coast of
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<collectorName id="E465CAD9FF983754FD3BF8C3FEB5B57A" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Jacksonville, FL</collectorName>
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||
,
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<location id="4C4FF9D4FF983754FECCF8A0FDAFB57A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C1391E19FF983756FED2F9C7FD7CB197:4C4FF9D4FF983754FECCF8A0FDAFB57A" box="[314,567,1881,1903]" latitude="31.733334" longLatPrecision="1214" longitude="-79.083336" name="North Atlantic Ocean." pageId="8" pageNumber="274">North Atlantic Ocean.</location>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="2CA4C9C8FF983754FDC8F8A0FD03B57A" box="[574,667,1880,1903]" degrees="30" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" precision="925" value="30.516666">30°31′N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="2CA4C9C8FF983754FD5EF8A0FC9FB57A" box="[680,775,1880,1903]" degrees="80" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" precision="925" value="-80.083336">80°05′W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="8E6802EAFF983754FCCCFF3FFC18B2CF" box="[826,896,198,220]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.52" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="252.0">
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<elevation id="C2BD483CFF983754FCCCFF3FFC18B2CF" box="[826,896,198,220]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.52" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="252.0">252 m</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
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||
(1 dry spec.
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||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FBC9FF3EFBC9B2C8" box="[1087,1105,199,220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
|
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<collectionCode id="2F8137CAFF983754FBC9FF3EFBC9B2C8" box="[1087,1105,199,220]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">R</collectionCode>
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||
</emphasis>
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= 9.3,
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<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FB5EFF3EFB2BB2C8" box="[1192,1203,199,220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">r</emphasis>
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||
= 4.4);
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||
<collectionCode id="2F8137CAFF983754FAE4FF3FFA39B2CF" box="[1298,1441,198,219]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">PARATYPE-</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="19360774FF983754FCCCFF1CFC6BB2EE" box="[826,1011,228,250]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" type="Museum">USNM 1124469</specimenCode>
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,
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<collectorName id="E465CAD9FF983754FBF6FF1DFB5FB2EE" box="[1024,1223,228,250]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Savannah Banks</collectorName>
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||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="2CA4C9C8FF983754FB22FF1CFAA8B2EE" box="[1236,1328,227,250]" degrees="31" direction="north" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" precision="925" value="31.733334">31°44′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="2CA4C9C8FF983754FAC8FF1DFA06B2EE" box="[1342,1438,227,250]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" precision="925" value="-79.083336">79°05′W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
|
||
<quantity id="8E6802EAFF983754FCCCFEFAFC1AB30D" box="[826,898,259,281]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.01" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="501.0">
|
||
<elevation id="C2BD483CFF983754FCCCFEFAFC1AB30D" box="[826,898,259,281]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.01" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="501.0">501 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="E465CAD9FF983754FC31FEFAFBC1B30D" box="[967,1113,259,281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">C. Caddigan</collectorName>
|
||
, JSL 4900,
|
||
<date id="3D2E89CFFF983754FB13FEFAFACAB30D" box="[1253,1362,259,281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" value="2005-10-22">
|
||
<collectingDate id="2D6A7027FF983754FB13FEFAFACAB30D" box="[1253,1362,259,281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274" value="2005-10-22">22.x.2005</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(1 dry spec.
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FC8AFEDBFC16B323" box="[892,910,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
|
||
<collectionCode id="2F8137CAFF983754FC8AFEDBFC16B323" box="[892,910,290,311]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">R</collectionCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
= ~9.2,
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FC1FFEDBFC6CB323" box="[1001,1012,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">r</emphasis>
|
||
= 4.8).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF983754FCCCFEA6FC31B3FB" blockId="8.[826,1441,351,495]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FCCCFEA6FC20B360" box="[826,952,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
Genus is derived from
|
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<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FB38FEA6FABAB360" box="[1230,1314,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">sthenos</emphasis>
|
||
, Greek for ‘strength’ and –
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FC09FE87FBAFB387" box="[1023,1079,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">aster</emphasis>
|
||
for ‘star.’ Specific epithet is named after Dr Emma Bullock in honour of her contributions to the geochemistry of meteorites and asteroids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF983754FCCCFDEEFB00B07D" blockId="8.[826,1442,534,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF983754FCCCFDEEFC5AB038" box="[826,962,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
Arms five, triangular in outline. Disk large, broad, swollen, especially in wet specimen. Body stout, thick (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF983754FBE2FDADFB13B07D" box="[1044,1163,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
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).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF983754FCA5FD8BFC1EB71F" blockId="8.[826,1442,534,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
|
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Abactinal plates round to polygonal to oblong in outline with numerous interspersed secondary plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF983754FCB4FD56FC0CB0D2" box="[834,916,687,710]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
) embedded in a thick, pulpy tissue forming heavily thickened abactinal body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF983754FAC9FD37FA0EB0F0" box="[1343,1430,718,740]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Plates with high-aspect; mound-like in shape, forming deep but open channels between plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF983754FAEAFCF2FA0CB135" box="[1308,1428,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Fig. 4A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abactinal plates are covered with two to ten blunt to conical spine-like granules, usually forming a periphery around plate edge with only one or two granules/ spines centrally located. Some plates bear enlarged conical, spine-like granules, surrounded by smaller blunt spinelets. Large abactinal clam-shell like pedicellariae present, each with nine to 12 interlocking teeth per valve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF983754FBF0FBF9FBC3B602" box="[1030,1115,1024,1046]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pedicellariae located centrally on plate surface varying in size from one-third to three-quarters of plate diameter, flanked by spinelike granules. Pedicellariae occurring unevenly over abactinal surface, becoming densely concentrated in some areas but absent from others. Madreporite sunken, bordered by seven to eight abactinal plates. Papulae, small, four to six, interspersed between plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF983755FCA5FAEAFDDEB40A" blockId="8.[826,1442,534,1903]" lastBlockId="9.[144,759,1269,1903]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">
|
||
Marginal plates wide (W> L), 42–45 per interradius (from armtip to armtip), which become smaller and with more equivocal dimensions distally adjacent to terminal. Large spines absent from marginal plates series. Fasciolar channels present between marginal plates, relatively deep (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF983754FB91FA55FB27B7D7" box="[1127,1215,1452,1475]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Superomarginals facing laterally, correspond 1:1 to inferomarginals along most of series with one to two plates irregularly offset, possibly because of sublethal predation. Superomarginal plate surface convex, bare except for 20–35 widely spaced, sharp, conical spinelets, which are most densely concentrated ventrally on plate at contact with inferomarginal plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF983754FB29F97AFAAFB48D" box="[1247,1335,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="274">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
||
). One to two relatively small clam-shell like pedicellariae with interlocking teeth present on nearly every marginal plate but regularly present, adjacent to inferomarginal contact, irregularly present closer to contact with abactinal surface. Periphery of each plate with 15–40 small evenly spaced conical spinelets, which occur more densely at contact with inferomarginals. Inferomarginal plates with ventral facing and more densely covered by ten to 70 irregularly sized conical to blunt spinelets. Higher number of larger, conical, more pointed spinelets present closer to superomarginal contact. Higher numbers of spinelets present inter-radially decreasing distally corresponding with smaller inferomarginal plate size. Pedicellariae, one to four, typically two, identical to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="962B11ADFF993755FDB2FA32FDEDB7F4" box="[580,629,1483,1504]" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">type</typeStatus>
|
||
on superomarginals present on inferomarginals facing ventrally. Terminal plate round, bulbous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="1DEFFF87FF993755FF66FBB5FE03B6AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="275" startId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" targetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF993755FF66FBB5FE03B6AC" blockId="9.[144,1421,1100,1208]" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF993755FF66FBB5FE43B674" bold="true" box="[144,475,1100,1120]" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E90D48CFF993755FEF2FBB5FE43B674" authority="Mah & Nizinski & Lundsten, 2010" authorityName="Mah & Nizinski & Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[260,475,1100,1120]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sthenaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="275" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="emmae" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF993755FEF2FBB5FE43B674" bold="true" box="[260,475,1100,1120]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">Sthenaster emmae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="60D7CE66FF993755FE12FBB5FD08B64B" box="[484,656,1100,1120]" pageId="9" pageNumber="275" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF993755FE12FBB5FD8CB64B" bold="true" box="[484,532,1100,1119]" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">gen.</emphasis>
|
||
et
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF993755FDCEFBB5FD08B64B" bold="true" box="[568,656,1100,1119]" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF993755FF5EF9DEFB63B40A" blockId="9.[144,759,1269,1903]" lastBlockId="9.[806,1421,1269,1903]" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">
|
||
Actinal intermediate plates, similar in size, shape to abactinal plates with well-developed fasciolar channels running between plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF993755FDFEF99DFD10B46D" box="[520,648,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Actinal plate series adjacent to adambulacral plate series with large pedicellariae nearly equal to size of plate on which it sits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF993755FEB8F939FE5DB4C1" box="[334,453,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), teeth poorly developed to absent relative to those on abactinal plates. Pedicellariae on actinal series adjacent to adambulacral plates occur with less frequency distally along the arm with some smaller actinal plates adjacent to armtip with pedicellariae absent, bearing only three to six spinelets. Actinal pedicellariae occur most heavily adjacent to mouth, becoming less common to absent adjacent to inferomarginal plate contact. Pedicellariae on each actinal plate surrounded by 20–35 sharp spinelets, some round, some triagonal to polygonal in cross-section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF993755FBA9FA77FB40B7B7" box="[1119,1240,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Actinal plates adjacent to inferomarginal plate series covered with four to 30 sharp, irregularly sized, conical granular spines. Some with polygonal to triangular in crosssection. Oral cavity sunken (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF993755FB81F9F1FB76B40A" box="[1143,1262,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">Fig. 4B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF993756FCC9F9DEFF68B342" blockId="9.[806,1421,1269,1903]" lastBlockId="10.[164,779,198,618]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">
|
||
Adambulacral furrow spines blunt tipped, three to four per plate, triangular to oblong ovate in crosssection in weakly convex series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF993755FB36F99DFA80B46E" box="[1216,1304,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distinct grooves between adambulacral plates. Central spines longest and thickest with spines shortest on ends. Subambulacral spines three in two series. Subambulacral spine series adjacent to furrow spines somewhat shorter than furrow spines but comparable in thickness, round to oval in crosssection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF993755FC79F8C3FC7FB544" box="[911,999,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="275">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subambulacral spine series farthest away from furrow spines shortest, with central spines only slightly less thick than furrow spines with smallest spines located on ends of second subambulacral series. Distinct fasciolar channel separates adambulacral plates from actinal intermediate plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF9A3756FF4AFEA6FE85B05F" blockId="10.[164,779,198,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="276">
|
||
Oral plates with four to six furrow spines. Oral plate surface with three to four spines per plate (six to eight total on paired oral plates) with one to three spines projecting into oral opening (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1ABB38AFF9A3756FDA7FE42FD30B3C5" box="[593,680,443,465]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-312@9.[144,1425,196,1070]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132531/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="276">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spines triangular to flattened triangular in cross-section, most are comparable in length to furrow spines but sometimes with one or two that are similar to granular spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF9A3756FF4AFDADFE4BB07D" blockId="10.[164,779,198,618]" box="[188,467,596,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="276">Colour in life is orange.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="492FAF0FFF9A3756FF52FD61FD7CB197" blockId="10.[164,779,664,900]" pageId="10" pageNumber="276">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF9A3756FF52FD61FE16B0B9" box="[164,398,664,685]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="276">Habitat description:</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="962B11ADFF9A3756FE20FD61FDAFB0BA" box="[470,567,664,686]" pageId="10" pageNumber="276" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected on hard substrata covered by the gorgonian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E90D48CFF9A3756FD68FD4FFE21B0FF" authority="(Verrill, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Eunicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="276" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="modesta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF9A3756FD68FD4FFE9AB0FE" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="276">Eunicella modesta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2D01D2FEFF9A3756FEEEFD2CFE29B0FF" author="Verrill AE" box="[280,433,725,747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="276" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref23487" refString="Verrill AE. 1883. Reports on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the Blake in 1877 - 1879, and by the US Fish Commission steamer ' Fish Hawk' in 1880 - 1882. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 11: 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1883">Verrill, 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other unidentified gorgonians, the scleractinian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E90D48CFF9A3756FE5FFD0AFDF1B11D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[425,617,755,777]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Lophelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="10" pageNumber="276" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pertusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE4731DFF9A3756FE5FFD0AFDF1B11D" box="[425,617,755,777]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="276">Lophelia pertusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sponges, and coral rubble were observed at the collection site. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="962B11ADFF9A3756FF52FCC8FE92B152" box="[164,266,817,838]" pageId="10" pageNumber="276" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected from Savannah Banks on hard substrata where various gorgonians, sponges, scleractinian corals, and coral rubble were also present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |