252 lines
35 KiB
XML
252 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="307CE4CAA5E15439E1933D08EE4794F6" ID-CLB-Dataset="26624" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944" ID-GBIF-Dataset="aae6d6bf-f424-4c8d-92ba-562185c0cfc0" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0889-3-121" ID-ZooBank="F242A4EA12CF4F7390A54CBACF71FD10" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="2535-0889-3-121" ModsDocOrigin="Alpine Entomology 3" ModsDocTitle="Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species" checkinTime="1559196978224" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Patrick, Brian H., Patrick, Hamish J. H. & Hoare, Robert J. B." docDate="2019" docId="7D8BF47F8FB1F02D30B5AC2E227D3E9B" docLanguage="en" docName="AlpEntomol 3: 121-136" docOrigin="Alpine Entomology 3" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944" docTitle="Arctesthes catapyrrha Butler 1877" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="FFF3FFBB6330FFF07433B72F2C59FFF9" masterDocTitle="Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species" masterLastPageNumber="136" masterPageNumber="121" pageNumber="121" updateTime="1701384734390" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="8982503A615CBCACC4871E409448F55C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="C04785AA7E5BBBC335F07C1B38B3E052">
|
||
<mods:title id="74F300E16E804822835E113EA82ED547">Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="D326142AB955A7A56024CD2B4A9CE65C" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="553772BFD3C76E623829BFD6999E6B44">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="77EEF06104DEE38077C3722C2DCB588E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="80008460E93D8C4C8B1014634A3D6749">Patrick, Brian H.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A6BB5DA215218F1E8F3B5E496069FE38" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="7F8E3C70CAEB78E0B0A898EFA049FB23">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2C645613BA6FB16CF8EF0C6D4B530FE9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="0307BD8C438E93F6E017F7932AC86457">Patrick, Hamish J. H.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="99F1ABF3C4E3B23F4C974AC33C549300" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="CF500A4115724253CDEE9A52620FE48D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="41184D9766B417F3C5E72024A547E23D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="D96B0E467271D410E4D82F6365B8F595">Hoare, Robert J. B.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="86BAC11E062825DAD5753081A115D073">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="F357A1E3B41A1256350016F158F6C602" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="14692CCFB0253881FCEA4537FFA41249">
|
||
<mods:title id="B4767C92A4F9F16A5340FF4BBE4D4B51">Alpine Entomology</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="B1EF81369C71FCCB4F6ADE5F5998DC11">
|
||
<mods:date id="86784BD0EC002411A114349073AD76AC">2019</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="CFD999EF748BDEDA2F52F20FED0DE0AD" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="FFC863236B1A8D49B65268C72FF9593E">3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="0C076A234E324DD4222B3E8F44211E95" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="F47DBA54A1DCCD51E5A2F970A2E64517">121</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="394189C48A86B175D3E9D485E66F27E0">136</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="E6CF2EE06561670814BEF786984937AE">
|
||
<mods:url id="B2CAB86F0AD72E79A268BE0C966BD271">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="C0113D977E433AA1617476FABFC01AEC">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="05012B076C0E96D84A37E7CCDB9E7D2C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="FB31A974FDBE52AA4C6FEA97F9C5A9CF" type="Pensoft-Pub">2535-0889-3-121</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="33FEB90E39C322D88D98B0FBDACC5747" type="ZooBank">F242A4EA12CF4F7390A54CBACF71FD10</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="7D8BF47F8FB1F02D30B5AC2E227D3E9B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157322420" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D8BF47F8FB1F02D30B5AC2E227D3E9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D8BF47F8FB1F02D30B5AC2E227D3E9B" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<subSubSection id="1F0F0D2B241329BB59102AB398E726AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="1624AF53424BEEF4534BAB6F8D2B1CF6" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B92FEF89288A76E71709EFA6DA9813B2" ID-CoL="5VRN5" authority="Butler, 1877" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes catapyrrha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">Arctesthes catapyrrha (Butler, 1877)</taxonomicName>
|
||
Figs 1-6, 14, 18, 20, 21-23, 30, 34 (map)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BBE23003864570CF76ABF12672A28A09" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="FD8ED97F217310C8DB2BB4FE8C21419B" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90516DE820AF5E7310B5BD757F70F7AB" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fidonia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Fidonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5082DE3DD205888871C05A079DE5790F" family="Geometridae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="catapyrrha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
Butler, 1877. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1877: 392, pl. 43 fig. 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="70379A8BCE12BBA19847005BA0167A6C" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28ADA19434355A6D797549400CF2D5F0" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes catapyrrha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="catapyrrha" subspecies="kaikourensis">Arctesthes catapyrrha kaikourensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Prout, 1939. In Seitz, A., The Macrolepidoptera of the World (Stuttgart) 12: 247. Described as subspecies; synonymised (by implication) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CCA0B6BFC98683C392888563969D80D1" author="Dugdale, JS" journalOrPublisher="DSIR, Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand 14." year="1988">Dugdale (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 171, as '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCA28681B3457EED0A0F50CD506EDE90" aberration="kaikourensis" family="Geometridae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" infraspecific-rank="ab." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="aberration">ab. kaikourensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
'); synonymy upheld here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4DF7681069037E3A5F858896C5047B33" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="CF7B3E135A7918B240A8E18A60734A7E" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Type material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D578C041E4FB31AEF050D75D6B1FD348" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5D2A86CBBD688A71E818B9C357F92CF2" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fidonia catapyrrha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">Fidonia catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Lectotype: male (here designated), 'Type [red-ringed circular label] / N. Zeal. 77.34 /
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8922F7C24AA4E8E1014AFA724AA95A6B" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fidonia catapyrrha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">Fidonia catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
Butler
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5057078C7FC768CABCCE4A3A677B3DAD" originalValue="Type’">Type'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(BMNH) (not examined, but photograph seen).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BB77A85C6ADA99A7E84C0FE7EAF2164E" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA49318033D773B217B3E3774F82B925" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Note.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E41297DB7A4FB6AEEA90DFE61A55264B" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09BE4EFDB073C03812C88DE6FCE33378" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fidonia catapyrrha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">Fidonia catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from an unspecified number of specimens, but since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EDFF680FB4D80985515AB8E55557F51E" author="Butler, AP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" pagination="379 - 407" title="On two collections of heterocerous Lepidoptera from New Zealand, with descriptions of new genera and species." volume="1877" year="1877">Butler (1877)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that it was in both collections that he had received (from Enys and Hector), he clearly had more than one specimen. There is no mention of type material in the original description, so the type series must be regarded as syntypic (ICZN Article 73.1) and neither the labelling of a specimen by Butler as
|
||
<normalizedToken id="73DC2796EF23A95AC3A385C979D62B80" originalValue="‘Type’">'Type'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E1631DE0150853AA9A21655C3BFC98E1" author="Dugdale, JS" journalOrPublisher="DSIR, Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand 14." year="1988">Dugdale 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 171) nor the mention of a holotype by Dugdale constitutes a valid lectotype designation (Article 74.5). The specimen hitherto regarded as holotype is here designated lectotype to prevent further confusion.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EBFBC147AD695ECFB8187CAB0EE6FF85" originalValue="Hector’s">Hector's</normalizedToken>
|
||
collection was probably largely from Otago and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C342AFDDDE7700C352CBFF3E649A59E6" originalValue="Enys’">Enys'</normalizedToken>
|
||
from mid-Canterbury:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C38F95B8AB7BEDE9D492CB68385B37B" author="Dugdale, JS" journalOrPublisher="DSIR, Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand 14." year="1988">Dugdale (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 171) suspected the lectotype to be from Canterbury based on the strong red flush on the hindwing underside, but this character is not restricted to Canterbury specimens and cannot be relied on as an indication of the type locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="756936528CB376AAFABB020CD48CA214" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5A08A477CFA117AA8FD20449A0A0ABE" genus="Arcesthes" lsidName="Arcesthes catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="subspecies" species="catapyrrha" subspecies="kaikourensis">Arcesthes catapyrrha kaikourensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Lectotype: male (designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E5029B730E65717D16F71F8A93142036" author="Dugdale, JS" journalOrPublisher="DSIR, Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand 14." year="1988">Dugdale (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 171)), 'Mt Tapuae-nuku (slopes of) 1.3.16 / 219
|
||
<normalizedToken id="762F05A7994A345473BA7AF31586FBB8" originalValue="z’">z'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(MONZ) (not examined but photograph seen).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8DB4EE6968FB5E1DFF67A7CD384F0C52" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="99D12E3BF4B2A9D8E40A689A2935EF31" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Note.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A500F278DEEAC59653B456A49AD5060D" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5FB07B070D20EBF3513017E990D94DB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Prout (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
clearly described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59EE700888AE7DC470A4022DFA662D37" lsidName="kaikourensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="kaikourensis">kaikourensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies rather than an aberration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFD30A5EA2C40A2AFE09EA02FCF6CEA0" lsidName="catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so the name is available under the Code;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51AFAD807695E1AEE471AE75A0DBBF1B" author="Dugdale, JS" journalOrPublisher="DSIR, Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand 14." year="1988">Dugdale (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 171) incorrectly listed the name as an aberration. The description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA6B425A2EC1A9896D8C04E6BCE27E8F" lsidName="A. c." pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="subspecies" species="c." subspecies="kaikourensis">A. c. kaikourensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
runs as follows: 'According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="66D66388D75E2718AD6ECC887216A97D" author="Hudson, GV" journalOrPublisher="Ferguson & Osborn Ltd., Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="The butterflies and moths of New Zealand." year="1928">Hudson (1928)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: "a local variety occurs in the Kaikoura Mountains, having the upperside of the hindwing bright orange.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6DEF79D8E166CC176EF9EAA4011E5A20" originalValue="”’">"'</normalizedToken>
|
||
Based on this, and the lack of specimens under this name in the BMNH (J.S. Dugdale, notebooks), it is very likely that Prout took the remarkable action of describing the subspecies without seeing any material. This does not affect the availability of the name (ICZN Article 13.1). Specimens with bright orange hindwings occur perhaps throughout the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4551A67C517B2EEEC59FA0A67D157F66" lsidName="A. catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">A. catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and there appears to us no evidence to support the separation of any populations as subspecies. Therefore the synonymy implied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EA43D749F22E625A7F61FBA5E94026AB" author="Dugdale, JS" journalOrPublisher="DSIR, Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand 14." year="1988">Dugdale (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in indenting this name under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="999287C4FE83D786188E147E4F9D47D2" lsidName="catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
is upheld here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1AE1651E8914DD1801F69AADD6CB5598" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2F3AD358486F8DC636610FECEB52F3CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A9F4AD377E4375EDC4B7A94B6488F56" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Differences from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDBBA336143AD93310ECF28E7D92E777" lsidName="A. siris" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="siris">A. siris</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="923E087034428CCDF8ECA155196CB655" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
are detailed under those species, below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3C1BFD74548C4BE93A171EA2A339D3DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="redescription">
|
||
<paragraph id="FBA9CD5839838E108CE11E499C0C72BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Redescription.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EAAF669216AF34DEF375F9F9413B4430" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Adult male (Figs 1-3, 14, 18): Wingspan 14-19 mm. Antennal pectinations long, up to ca 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5EB5F4C67258068C62A1F36E2E8C8800" originalValue="–5×">-5x</normalizedToken>
|
||
flagellum width. Labial palpi with numerous long erect black hairlike scales laterally and ventrally, mixed with long white hairlike scales ventrally. Head and thorax grey to blackish, with variable admixture of white scales, sometimes with suffusion or overlay of bright orange-brown scaling of varying extent; strip of pure white scales along antero-ventral margin of eye. Forewing ground colour (areas between transverse markings) grey to blackish depending on variable admixture of whitish scales; proximal line white to greyish, with gentle convex curve (away from wing base); antemedian line white to greyish, with gentle convex curve; discal dot black, more or less equidistant between antemedian and postmedian lines or closer to antemedian; central fascia usually pallid in central band around discal dot, dark lines or bands either side of this band parallel with antemedian and postmedian lines; postmedian line greyish to white, strongly sinuous, with large V- to U-shaped evagination centrally, section between evagination and costa straight to weakly convex; veins often more or less distinctly lined blackish beyond discal cell; distal line whitish, often indistinct; fringe basally more or less distinctly chequered, distally whitish to grey. Forewing sometimes with suffusion of bright orange-brown scaling, especially along veins and in terminal area. Hindwing ground colour bright orange; basal blotch more or less suffused blackish; antemedian line distinct, weakly W-shaped, blackish; postmedian line very variably developed, sometimes almost obsolete, sometimes more or less continuous with terminal line, leaving only narrow orange area between, blackish, weakly V-shaped; terminal line a blackish suffusion, often obsolete; series of black dashes along termen distinct in specimens with terminal line obsolete; fringe basally blackish, distally greyish to white, sometimes with weakly chequered appearance. Forewing underside (Fig. 14) pale to bright orange; antemedian line indistinct or absent; discal dot distinct, black; postmedian line usually distinct, black, sometimes double centrally, with strong median evagination; white spot on costa between postmedian line and subterminal fascia; subterminal fascia more or less developed as blackish suffusion bordering subterminal line towards costa, sometimes continued as narrower line to tornus; subterminal line white, usually only distinct towards costa; terminal fascia blackish, often suffused bright reddish brown or rose-brown towards apex, sometimes obsolete (i.e. termen orange as ground-colour). Hindwing underside pale orange (this colour usually confined to a wedge-shaped streak in wing centre); a more or less well-defined strip along costa and around termen bright rose-brown, this colour sometimes extending as suffusion through centre of wing to base; broad white streaks subcostally and along anal margin to 2/3 length of wing; subbasal, antemedian and postmedian lines usually very distinct and rather broad, blackish, sometimes postmedian indistinct or obsolete; antemedian line sometimes preceded by distinct spot above middle; postmedian line with variably defined narrow white distal margin. Abdomen blackish, sprinkled white and with distal margin of each segment white; anal tuft mixed blackish and white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E2DDFC3276D83CC5191F13D6A7D8933C" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<paragraph id="170138E86AED2C44A92E6C241800152C" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Figures 1-6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36C6DF7A0417C28C0833FB55AB191155" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes catapyrrha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">Arctesthes catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, uppersides. 1) Male, Yaldhurst MC; 2) Male, Harris Mts OL3) Male, [locality unknown]; 4) Female, Dunstan Range CO; 5) Female, Ben Lomond OL; 6) Female, Ben Lomond OL. Scale bars: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5FE941F2EC4FEA8E18943F75541025A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Male abdomen and genitalia (Figs 21-23): S3-6 moderately elongate (rectangular), either uniformly well sclerotised or rather weakly sclerotised except along caudal margin; T2-6 either evenly sclerotised, or sclerotisation strongest in 2 lateral patches caudally on each segment. Uncus digitate, moderately robust, very blunt apically; labides robust, straight to gently curved, with weakly to strongly hooked apices; dorsal scobinate portion of manica with blunt teeth of various sizes; juxta tongue-shaped to arrowhead-shaped; valva very short, with smoothly rounded apex; basal costal sclerite with straight or concave costal edge, ending in blunt process more or less strongly projecting beyond valval costa; sacculus process a short rounded lobe, not reaching valval costa, finely and evenly scobinate; saccus short to long, blunt, Y-shaped, variably recurved under genital capsule. Phallus (Fig. 23) with tongue-like apical process; vesica with 2 or 3 small, rather weakly to moderately melanised spine-like cornuti.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B704337AE2E1C0D87C6A3F8CCB0F6E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Adult female (Figs 4-6): Wingspan 14-20 mm. Similar to male, but antennae without pectinations; labial palpi without lateral hairlike scales and with ventral scaling much shorter than in male, usually white without or with few black scales; forewing and hindwing both tending to be slightly narrower than in male; forewing markings tending to be better defined with cross-lines more distinct and central fascia often broader; hindwing upperside with postmedian line usually less distinct than in male.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3DEFD59D30C724F8ACCC335FB5C01A6E" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Female genitalia (Fig. 30): Total length ca 2.4-2.8 mm. Ovipositor lobes subtriangular, apically blunt. S8 with strongly sclerotised, strongly concave, round to lobe-shaped lamella postvaginalis. Ostium round, narrow; antrum a variably distinct flask- or cup-shaped sclerotised chamber; ductus bursae with strongly rugose posterior portion and smoothly sclerotised anterior portion. Corpus bursae membranous, round to oblong.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="42278D9DE03998BED216BDFDCD6C01E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="F2C56FBEBB799972DB2E5D7B88EC9D7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8CB380A65703D0067095128BAF5D6192" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
(Fig. 34). Widespread in the central and southern South Island, becoming very local north of mid-Canterbury and not definitely known from the Nelson district.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DBC0C9A82B1D2C3C1C7371909EAED628" author="Hudson, GV" journalOrPublisher="Ferguson & Osborn Ltd., Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="The butterflies and moths of New Zealand." year="1928">Hudson (1928)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gives 'near
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C41BE780210D2C0F5808E74A17F41E4F" originalValue="Nelson’">Nelson'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, but no specimens from this area have been seen in collections and the record requires confirmation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE9DD6C43AADC14A351D032FE7A5A5E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">WD, MB, KA, MC, SC, MK, OL, CO, DN, FD, SL</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3F26F31A5FA95433B26F3DE52DF26118" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="AC0AA8CFCA1070D24AF53D8679586A04" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E0C1496B7E871A9B75EF9DAE64EDBF59" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
This small geometrid is widespread in open low vegetation in the eastern and central South Island, but also near the West Coast in riverbed vegetation. It is found in coastal turfs (i.e., saltmarsh, dune slacks, and river-mouth habitats) as well as riverbeds, river terraces, saltpans, kettleholes, lake-edge turfs and short tussock grasslands of the interior valleys; it also occurs up to 1920 m on the drier eastern and central South Island mountains in cushionfield, snow banks, wetland and open, often depleted grasslands. It can be locally abundant over cushionfield, bare ground or low herbs and grasses, flying by day low to the ground. It often settles and is easily observed as it sunbathes on bare ground or low vegetation, or feeds on flowers (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8D483A9E1786E112F251C30D96E99E1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Aciphylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aciphylla aurea" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">Aciphylla aurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B00DCC00888DBD93E1985E732340A524" family="Apiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B868FD6745DDFCCBD0D41225BECAC20A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gentianaceae" genus="Gentiana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gentiana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gentiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B081DF469D48DA584A6ECE85B067560B" family="Gentianaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="family">Gentianaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)). The species is a survivor and can sometimes be found in quite modified short and open grasslands, some of which are kept short by local management needs, such as at the Saint Clair Golf Course in Dunedin or Waimate Airstrip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A3D385655DE85F5B28C97A946FEEE0B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
The brightly coloured larvae (Fig. 20) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A4DC07CA3C61B7BE54B854C44B7157A" author="Patrick, BH" journalOrPublisher="Report to Works Consultancy, Dunedin" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="Lower Waitaki Hydro-electric Investigations. Entomology Survey Report." year="1989">Patrick and Chisholm 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are polyphagous, having been found and reared from various native and exotic plant species including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FFCBD1DBEAAD716495A79B4FE5F3131" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trifolium" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
(exotic clover,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C598F8A658509BB8D83891BDA5C704F" family="Fabaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the creeping
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C69F20AB93B7A432506E9A3AB9A2F794" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Nertera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nertera balfouriana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balfouriana">Nertera balfouriana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC750EB3A142CC416DE505726D641368" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Nertera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nertera setulosa" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setulosa">Nertera setulosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85B9C2669C8C79E0BAD0EC64823BA7AE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma atropurpurea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atropurpurea">Coprosma atropurpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE5E2FCAA654CE7338C3785E816DD561" family="Rubiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Scleranthus, Stellaria and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44F6D626F9208A561821DC0507D98B13" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Colobanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Colobanthus" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Colobanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26F8D30E26CE9F62266FE978A9BDAF24" family="Caryophyllaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="family">Caryophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E00CAFDDB48C3F58DD5B9403ADE709DE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Polygonum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polygonum plebeium" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="plebeium">Polygonum plebeium</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9FCE57A423CE2A021CC6761BB46293F1" family="Polygonaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="family">Polygonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6C24BFB6F1BD15AB17E69F23DEC43D6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Oreomyrrhis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Oreomyrrhis rigida" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigida">Oreomyrrhis rigida</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3B919B3F27B903576E0F0FE2AB84E76" family="Apiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the cushionplant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9E089A2CD727F5F8010CD538B14921B3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Raoulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Raoulia tenuicaulis" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">Raoulia tenuicaulis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7EC6C4197C9C3D8105CC0C7BC5475E05" family="Asteraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In captivity the larvae will readily feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D0C994ADF0117DD765996CA8AEE4D6D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Plantago" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plantago" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Plantago</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D22E22808644D1E1E492BEE0DF603F9E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epilobium" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Epilobium</taxonomicName>
|
||
and as these plants are present at many of its known sites, they are possible natural hostplants. Interestingly larvae have been observed in captivity to be cannibalistic on fellow larvae that had died. The larvae are active by day, and grow to 16mm. No detailed description of the larva is available, but a drawing of the habitus was provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FCC53244FEE7255E8E179C6D281EC3E6" author="Craw, RC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" pagination="131 - 140" title="Review of the genus Notoreas (sensu auctorum) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae; Larentiinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1986.10422654" volume="13" year="1986">Craw (1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 21) and a brief description is made here from photographs (see Fig. 20): the head is reddish brown with paler marbling; prothorax red-brown dorsally; the body pale grey to rosy pink, with an interrupted broad green dorsal line on the abdominal segments, bordered by oblique subdorsal stripes that are green anteriorly and black posteriorly; there is some white between the dorsal line and the subdorsal stripes; the stripes merge on the thorax into a broad blackish subdorsal line tinged green centrally; anal prolegs brown. Larvae move forward with a quick, repetitive, jerking action.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="654BF1C4AB14BBFD8D57886C54AFD45F" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">The adults first appear by mid-September at low altitude sites, and the last records are from early May. Most alpine and high alpine records are between December and March. There appear to be up to three generations per year at lowland and inland montane sites, but perhaps just one at the highest altitudes.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9B9485F843C60C119AA6D5CFA358A7FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="8187A7DF954D283C40BCA04A9F5FEE99" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D9268C05A94D7E6C40F2417EC06A05FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
This is a common and widespread species: BHP has made 214 records since 1971 (BHP notebooks, Christchurch). There is considerable variation in the form of the saccus in the male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14924FC5621E504B32D341D904085570" lsidName="A. catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">A. catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While most specimens have a long saccus that is more or less aligned with the genital capsule (Fig. 22), a few have a much shorter saccus that is recurved beneath the capsule. Since this character does not seem to align consistently with any other morphological character or any area of distribution, and since one specimen from Mt Maungatua DN (genitalia slide NZAC Geo. 45) has a saccus of intermediate form, no taxonomic significance is accorded to the variation here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE328DECEE50152510652D95892885D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4F50BC07D22D0320BAB287587332ABA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Prout (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="440AE93181934F0CA362CE22EBA40E80" aberration="fasciata" infraspecific-rank="ab." lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="aberration">ab. fasciata</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1814A0C965139F495CE01B105D3A4290" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes catapyrrha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">Arctesthes catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FBCB81159A295C4C82F3F876E1E359CE" author="Dugdale, JS" journalOrPublisher="DSIR, Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" title="Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand 14." year="1988">Dugdale (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 171) mentions a female
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4DBE954CAE10AD58CDEB51647E1AD1F1" originalValue="‘holotype’">'holotype'</normalizedToken>
|
||
collected by Philpott at Ben Lomond OL designated by Prout in the BMNH. Since the original description makes it clear that the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57218A7A8C2739BE43DE3C877819B5B1" lsidName="fasciata" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="fasciata">fasciata</taxonomicName>
|
||
refers to an aberration, it is infrasubspecific and therefore unavailable (ICZN Article 45.6.2). The provisions of the Code do not apply (Article 1.3.4), and no type material was mentioned in the original description, so the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A775E3008E22FBD639F5B013AECCC47E" originalValue="‘holotype’">'holotype'</normalizedToken>
|
||
mentioned by Dugdale has no nomenclatural status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |